Carolinensiel
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Carolinensiel
City of Wittmund
Coordinates: 53 ° 41 ′ 32 ″ N , 7 ° 48 ′ 9 ″ E
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| Height : | 3 m | |
| Incorporation : | July 1, 1968 | |
| Incorporated into: | Harlesiel | |
| Postal code : | 26409 | |
| Area code : | 04464 | |
Location of Carolinensiel in Lower Saxony |
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Carolinensiel is a district of Wittmund in the Wittmund district of the same name in Lower Saxony . Sielort and fishing village , founded in 1730, was named after the wife Sophie Caroline of the local founder Georg Albrecht von Ostfriesland .
history
Land reclamation and demarcation
A few centuries ago, where Carolinensiel lies today, there was an extension of the North Sea . The Harlebucht stretched between today's Neuharlingersiel and Minsen until shortly before Funnix and Werdum . The systematic reclamation of land by dike began around 1500 . Bit by bit, new, fertile marshland was wrested from the North Sea .
To avoid conflicts over the new land, Princess Christine Charlotte von Ostfriesland and Lord von Jever , Count Anton Günther von Oldenburg , agreed on the future border in 1666 . From the meeting point of the East Frisian and Jever dykes on the Pfahldeich southeast of Carolinensiel, a line was drawn in gold ink on the nautical chart to a point exactly between the islands of Spiekeroog and Wangerooge . The " Golden Line " is still the border between the East Frisian district of Wittmund and the district of Friesland . The old railway line (Jever Bf - Harle Bf) of the former Grand Ducal Oldenburg State Railways (GOE) to Harlesiel and the ferry terminal to Wangerooge are already on the Frisian territory, as they were used to connect the Frisian / Oldenburg island of Wangerooge. The border runs right through the harbor basin.
Creation of the sluice port
In 1729 the dike of the Carolinengroden was completed. Where the Harle met the dike , a sluice port was built , today's museum port . The inland water could flow into the sea at low tide through the sluice under the bridge . On March 16, 1730, Prince Georg Albrecht of East Friesland awarded the first land to the first 23 new settlers. They only covered 200 m² and were located around the harbor. The settlers got 1–2 hectares of land for self-sufficiency and enjoyed tax exemption for ten years . This was the hour of birth of Carolinensiel. It was named after the Prince's wife, Sophie Karoline von Brandenburg-Kulmbach . The prince gave her the domain Fürstinnen-Grashaus in Carolinengroden as a gift, from which she received income until her death in 1764. Around 70 years after it was founded in 1798, the town had around 750 residents who were active in shipping or agriculture .
Carolinensiel also developed into the most important port in northern East Frisia due to its protected location. With the construction of the new dike and the Friedrichs lock in 1765, it was the only East Frisian sluice port that was no longer directly exposed to the sea and protected from storm surges . The construction of an open sluice and a bascule bridge at the Friedrichsschleuse enabled the sailing ships to reach the old port without any problems. Small freighter sailed from Carolinensiel. With their shallow draft , they were adapted to the Wadden Sea . The ships had a crew of 3 to 6 men and sailed the North and Baltic Seas and the Mediterranean . Some of them even crossed the Atlantic . The boatmen exported the march's agricultural products: grain, vegetables, potatoes and dairy products. Imports were wood, stone, coal and groceries from Scandinavia and Britain with its colonies.
Heyday
During the seven-year French occupation by Napoleon from 1806, trade in the port almost came to a standstill. The continental barrier issued by France prohibited trade with Great Britain. In this time of flourishing smuggling of tea , an important for East Frisian food. Although smuggling was punishable by death, tea was imported via Heligoland , which at that time belonged to Great Britain . Until 1997, Carolinensiel had a customs office (border inspection office).
The port of Carolinensiel experienced its heyday in the middle of the 19th century. Around 1860 there were 40 captains here with a total of 59 ships, as well as two shipyards , four breweries and numerous restaurants. Around seven ships came in or out every day. Today the typical flat-bottomed ships are anchored again in the museum harbor and are reminiscent of the great times of the Carolinensiel seafaring. In the exhibitions of the German Sielhafenmuseum Carolinensiel , sailing ships, maritime crafts and the life of the captain's families on land are presented.
At the beginning of the 20th century, however, this era came to an end. The sailing ships could no longer compete with the larger, faster steamships and the railroad . The Carolinensieler switched to fishing. The Sielhafen was no longer maintained and gradually became clogged up to a drainage channel with silt .
fishing
The fishing cutters were based in the harbor at the Friedrichsschleuse . They caught flatfish and mussels , but mostly crabs ( North Sea shrimp ). Until the 1930s there was a canning factory in Carolinensiel that shipped mussels and shrimps to Berlin . Many farming families in the hinterland earned extra income by peeling garnet, the table crabs for human consumption. In front of the Friedrichsschleuse, the Albrecht company operated a kiln on which smaller crabs, the Gammel, were dried for processing into cattle feed. After the construction of the new outer harbor in Harlesiel, the Carolinensiel cutters found a new home there.
North Sea resort
The history of North Sea tourism began for Carolinensiel with the first bathing season on Wangerooge in 1804. The place became a transit station for the bathers of the islands. The ferries to Wangerooge and Spiekeroog initially left the Friedrichsschleuse. The Grand Ducal Oldenburg Railway (GOE) opened the railway line from Jever to Carolinensiel in 1888 (shut down in 1988). In 1890 it was extended to the ferry terminal in Harlesiel. The train schedule was based on the tide . Attempts at the beginning of the 20th century to establish Carolinensiel as a seaside resort failed due to competition from the islands.
The development towards the North Sea resort began in 1953 with the construction of the new dike, the pumping station and the harbor in Harlesiel. With the backfilling of 20,000 m³ of sand, a private beach was created. In the period that followed, the beach hall, campsite and open sea water pool were added. Until 1989, entertained German Federal Railroad a station in Harlesiel on the railway line Jever Harle , the airfield Harle took in 1973 on its operation. The concentration of train station, ferry terminal and airfield within a radius of 500 meters was unique. In 1980 the guest house on the Kurpromenade was completed, in 1983 the place was officially recognized as North Sea resort Carolinensiel- Harlesiel . In 1984 the German Sielhafenmuseum opened its doors, and from 1986 to 1990 the museum harbor and the Friedrichsschleuse were restored.
In Carolinensiel, Friedrichsschleuse and Harlesiel, with the three dykes and three harbors, you can still experience the history of the cargo port to the fishing site and the North Sea resort up close.
Local development
The embankment of the area began in 1617 and ended with the establishment of the village of Carolinensiel in 1730. Although the plots were advertised nationwide for distribution, only people from the surrounding area reported in the hope of better economic conditions. The development of the place followed a detailed plan, the houses were mostly one-story at the port and two-story at the rear. The plan enabled a settlement-architectural unit by merging the port, dyke niche, traffic lines and rows of houses.
Due to its very good transport connections and fertile marshes, the place experienced an economic boom already in its early days, so that as early as 1758 the development plan could no longer be adhered to and the place began to grow along the main roads. The settlement got an increasingly patchy appearance.
In 1756 Prussia decided on a new land reclamation program , which resulted in the inauguration of Friedrich-Augsten-Groden on March 6, 1768 in this region. This threatened to cut the place off from the sea, so an open sluice was left in the new dike. This gave the port in Carolinensiel the advantage of storm surge and flood security. The port became the most important East Frisian port after Emden . Around 1800 the place counted 749 people. This resulted in an increased settlement of artisanal, commercial and service-oriented businesses. Further ring developments followed. These new settlements were characterized by their unity and gable-free arrangement; together with the older areas, a largely composite floor plan was created, which, due to the high density of buildings, had almost urban features. The town stagnated under Napoleonic rule, after which trade and shipping flourished again, but craftsmen and workers emigrated.
After that, the place lost its importance because inland trade was withdrawn from the place. One turned to fishing , which meant a social decline for the population. The port was moved to the Friedrichsschleuse and the place became self-sufficient. From 1880 it was increasingly only used as a place to sleep for its residents who commuted to Wilhelmshaven to work . In 1956 the place finally lost its port function.
Before the First World War, there were attempts to establish tourism in Carolinensiel , but this soon fell asleep. In the 1950s there were further attempts of this kind with the establishment of the bathing and tourist association in 1956. In the 1970s, the existing buildings were used as a basis for tourism. This is done to this day, which can be seen from the museum orientation of the place. Through tourism, the diversity of the businesses is preserved, it can almost be called urban. In 1983 this development culminated in the recognition of Carolinensiel as a North Sea resort. The museum harbor was opened in 1987 .
tourism
First touches
Since a seasonal bathing establishment for the state baths of Norderney and Wangerooge had been established since the middle of the 19th century , one inevitably came into contact with tourism in Carolinensiel. This is evidenced by the archived extensive correspondence from 1837 between the Oldenburg and Hanover-East Frisian authorities, in which Carolinensiel business people and innkeepers also took part.
Around 1900 attempts were made to establish a bathing establishment on the mainland in the area of the Harle, which at that time was economically rather insignificant for the place and thus fell asleep again.
Impulses at the beginning of the 1950s
The new construction of the Harlesiel pumping station in Carolinensiel is regarded as the initial spark for local tourism impulses. A possible tourism aspect was neither considered nor foreseen during the planning. The pumping station was supposed to improve Carolinensiel's economic environment. However, there was no industrial settlement in the region. In this situation, the "Swimming and Tourist Association" founded in 1956 was very popular.
Organizations
The founding of the tourist association in 1956 was well prepared by public figures, so that the local residents were positive about the new idea. 120 people joined the association when it was founded. The association took care of matters related to tourism and also helped with the construction of private accommodation.
“Once set in motion and carried out according to the organizational plan, the largely unprofessional work of the swimming and tourist association reached its limits relatively quickly. In 1964 the community Carolinensiel took over the tasks of a spa administration in its own department. "
In 1969 the spa administration was separated from the municipal administration and handed over to the newly founded Harlesiel GmbH . After the merger of the municipalities Carolinensiel, Berdum and Funnix to form the municipality of Harlesiel, the GmbH was subject to an area with several tourism-oriented interests. After the incorporation by the city of Wittmund, it also took over the largest share in Harlesiel GmbH. With this, a significant part of the tourist development of the place was withdrawn from the local action initiatives.
In addition to the health resort administration, private initiatives by the landlords have developed which, in addition to “specific services and programs for house guests”, also deal with the advertising of guests for their own accommodation.
The city of Wittmund is currently levying a visitor's tax for the Carolinensiel-Harlesiel area from January 1 to December 31 .
Carolinensiel is the seat of the shipping company Warrings, which operates in the excursion and ferry traffic .
Settlement structure and use of space in the context of tourism
The center of Carolinensiel and in particular the former port area is designed to be viewed from a touristic perspective, in particular due to its representative gardens. The restoration of the historical “harbor without use”, which serves museum purposes, is another visual effect, “which occupies the open spaces and yet only conceals the structural sins of the past, to which the diversity of the system of use and its originality fell victim”. The locals all build their houses in the same style to create a visual effect, making them a photo object for tourists. In search of idealized family life in the museum environment, they even enter the back gardens.
Culture and sights
Gallery Dutch
The windmill on a dike was first mentioned as a gallery Dutchman in a long lease from 1773. It is completely preserved in its exterior and received new wings in June 1993; however, there is no longer a grinder. The mill was built on a dike and was previously used as a landmark due to its prominent location for seagoing ships . Today it is used by pilots of Jagdgeschwader 71 "Richthofen" as a "turnpoint". The mills are now used as holiday apartments. On the mill premises there is an exhibition room on the history of the mill.
Phenomania adventure museum
Since 2008 there is a scientific adventure museum in Carolinensiel . It is located in the historic Carolinensiel train station and offers around 80 different experiments to try out for yourself. The station was built in 1909 and was used until 1987. It is one of the few listed railway stations in East Friesland.
Dike church
The dyke church dates from 1776. It is the northernmost church in Harlingerland and the only one on the coast that was built on a dyke. In 1793 the bell tower was built separately from the church. The tower is built low because of frequent storm winds and carries a swan on its top, the symbol of the Lutherans . A baroque pulpit dominates the interior of the simple hall building. The organ by Hinrich Just Müller from Wittmund was installed with the gallery in 1782. The three ship models donated by the faithful as votive offerings are remarkable : to the left of the altar is the brig VENUS from 1776, to the right of it the frigate Alje Mehrings from 1921 and on the north side the three-masted barque Marie Emilie from 1985.
German Sielhafenmuseum
The German Sielhafenmuseum with its four historical exhibition houses (Groot Hus, Kapitänshaus, Alte Pastorei and the old rescue shed) is located around the museum harbor in Carolinensiel. The "Groot Hus" is the granary at the old port, which was completed in 1840. On its storage floors, it shows an exhibition on land and sea, the history of sluices and ports, building dykes, as well as fishing and sailing. The "captain's house" tells of life on land, in which the parlor of a captain's family is shown. The exhibition also includes the harbor pharmacy, a former grocery store and a seaman's bar. Weddings can be held in the " Marie-Ulfers-Zimmer ". The "Alte Pastorei" houses a permanent exhibition on maritime handicrafts and the trades of ship carpenters, blacksmiths, rope makers and sail makers. There is also a collection of true-to-original models of historic sailing ships and the "Man and Sea" painting gallery. The four buildings of the museum are listed .
Carolinensiel museum harbor
Once the second largest East Frisian sluice and trading port on the North Sea coast. Having become worthless through the Harlesiel harbor , it was filled in. The museum harbor was reopened on September 9, 1987. A special highlight is the annual Sielhafenfest, a meeting of traditional ships, which takes place on the second weekend in August .
sons and daughters of the town
- Ihno Hayen Fimmen (1808-1897), Oberkammerrat in the service of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg , was instrumental in the planning and construction of Hunte-Ems Canal , the precursor of the coastal channel involved,
- Heinrich Janssen (1864–1919), first mine director of the Radbod colliery in Hamm
- Karl-Heinz Janßen (1930–2013), editor of the weekly newspaper Die Zeit and historian on German contemporary history
- Gerhard Tjarks (1858–1941), editor of the Deutsche La Plata newspaper in Buenos Aires
- Marie Ulfers (1888–1960), writer, including "Windiger Siel"
literature
- Andreas-Michael Pajonk: The Harle Bay . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2003, ISBN 3-89598-973-8 , p. 97 ff .
Web links
References
- ↑ Achim Hahn, Friedrich Reuter, Gerd Vonderach: Tourism in the village environment: on social change in a Sielhafenort. Campus Verlag; Frankfurt / Main 1987, p. 86
- ↑ Achim Hahn, Friedrich Reuter, Gerd Vonderach: Tourism in the village environment: on social change in a Sielhafenort. Campus Verlag; Frankfurt / Main 1987, p. 96.
- ↑ Achim Hahn, Friedrich Reuter, Gerd Vonderach: Tourism in the village environment: on social change in a Sielhafenort. Campus Verlag; Frankfurt / Main 1987, p. 103.
- ↑ Achim Hahn, Friedrich Reuter, Gerd Vonderach: Tourism in the village environment: on social change in a Sielhafenort. Campus Verlag; Frankfurt / Main 1987, p. 54
- ↑ Rustic windmill Carolinensiel ( Memento of 17 December 2005 at the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Hans Friedl u. a. (Ed.): Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg . Edited on behalf of the Oldenburg landscape. Isensee, Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-135-5 , p. 183.
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