Spotted hemlock

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Spotted hemlock
Spotted hemlock (Conium maculatum), illustration

Spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum ), illustration

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Genre : Hemlocks ( conium )
Type : Spotted hemlock
Scientific name
Conium maculatum
L.
More than 2 m high specimen of the spotted hemlock
The stem is usually spotted red.

The spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) is a species of the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). Together with the water hemlock ( Cicuta virosa ) and the dog parsley ( Aethusa cynapium ) it is one of the most poisonous species of the umbelliferous plants. In ancient times, convicts, such as the Greek philosopher Socrates, were executed with a drink made from its fruits or roots .

description

The spotted hemlock grows as a biennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 80 cm to 2 meters. The whitish root is spindle-shaped. A good distinguishing feature is an intense odor of mouse urine. Their round, hollow stems are bare, ribbed lengthways and - like ripe plums - covered with a kind of blue hoop, with red spots in the lower part. The bare leaves are broadly triangular in outline and two to four times pinnate or pinnate, they are similar to those of the non-poisonous meadow chervil .

The compound umbellate inflorescence has 8 to 20 somewhat hairy umbel rays with five to six skin-edged bracts. It has several envelopes at the base of the dome. The white petals are inverted heart-shaped and have weak margins with a very small, pointed lobule. The split fruit is egg-shaped and 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, there is a two-part stylus pad (stylopodium), the partial fruit is round-pentagonal in cross-section with wavy-notched main ribs.

The species blooms from June to September.

The chromosome number is 2n = 22.

Occurrence

The distribution area of ​​the spotted hemlock originally includes Europe, West and Central Asia, West Siberia, the Caucasus, India, Pakistan, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Ethiopia. In the Canary Islands, the originality is doubtful. In North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and in Xinjiang the species is a neophyte.

The spotted hemlock can be found on typical ruderal areas such as rubble or fallow land , on arable land, on roadsides, and sometimes on beet fields. It prefers deeper, nutrient-rich clay soils and is considered a nitrogen indicator. He is a species of the dead nettle hemlock (Lamio albi-Conietum). Because of the numerous deaths in livestock from hemlocks in green forage , conium deposits in the field were deliberately eliminated by farmers in many places.

Toxicity

See also under: hemlock cups

The hemlock is one of the most poisonous native plant species. Its active ingredient, which is present in all parts, is the pseudo-alkaloid coniin , which is fatal for adults in a dose of 0.5 to 1 g. The spotted hemlock contains between 1.5 and 2.0% of the alkaloid.

In addition, other alkaloids (here especially conium alkaloids ) such as conhydrin , pseudoconhydrin, coniceine and methylconiine occur in the spotted hemlock. The poisons are particularly concentrated in the unripe fruits. It mainly affects the nervous system . The poisoning manifests itself in a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, nausea, impaired vision, loss of the ability to speak and swallow, and muscle cramps, until finally death occurs due to respiratory paralysis while consciousness is fully preserved. Poisoning can occur primarily through confusion with similar-looking umbelliferae, such as the very similar meadow chervil or parsley . The strong mouse odor, the divided leaves and the reddish spots of the frosted shoots are, however, a clear distinguishing feature.

  • Infructescence: the ribs of the partial fruits are clearly notched

  • Conium maculatum

  • Structural formula of Coniin

Common names

The other German-language common names exist or existed for the spotted hemlock : Bangenkraut, Bitscherling, Blutpeterlein, Blutschierling ( Pomerania ), Butzerling, Düllkrut ( East Friesland ), Real hemlock, Erdschierling, garden hemlock, dog parsley, calf kernel, Krottenpeterling ( Silesian hemlock ), Mauerschierling ( Bern ), Pipkraut, Scharmpiepen, Scharnpiepen ( Bremen ), Scharpenpiepen ( Elsfleth ), Scherline, Scherling (Pomerania), Schierling ( Transylvania ), Schirbingk, Schirling, Schirsing, Teufelspeterling ( Switzerland ), madcap, madcap, Wogeltod, Wütscherling, Wuitschirling, Wutscherling, Wutzerling, Ziegendill (Silesia) and horny goat weed (Switzerland).

history

The therapeutic indications given by Pedanios Dioscurides ( De materia medica ) and Pliny the Elder ( Naturalis historia ) largely agree. It is therefore believed that both drew from the same sources. The plant called "koneion" or "cicuta" is, in retrospect, interpreted as a hemlock species, mostly as a spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum ).

Indications for the “koneion” in Pedanios Dioskurides Indications for the “cicuta” in Pliny the Elder
Hemlock kills by cold The seeds and leaves have cold power
The antidote for hemlock poisoning is unmixed wine In the early stages of hemlock poisoning, wine serves as an antidote, but only if the hemlock has not been ingested in wine
The juice squeezed out of the green umbels serves as a remedy You squeeze the juice from leaves and flowers
The juice mixed with wine serves as a topping for painful eye infections The juice is used to calm the eye pain
In ointments, the juice is to be used externally against erysipelas and creeping ulcers
The juice of cabbage and umbel is a cure for pollution . Makes the boy's testicles wither The juice suppresses the sex drive at the time of manhood
The juice of the cabbage and umbel as an envelope drives the milk away and prevents the virgin breasts from getting bigger The juice, when applied externally, suppresses the milk for those who have recently given birth. If you rub the juice on the breasts during virginity, they will always stay firm

Under the names sucara ( Avicenna ) - cicuta ( pseudo-Macer ) - wutscherling ( German Macer ) - scherling ( Hildegard ) - wontzerling ( garden of health ) - wüeterich ( Hieronymus Brunschwig ) - schirling ( Hieronymus Bock ) hemlock was in the Middle Ages and in the early modern times and only the external use of the plant or its parts was recommended. It was not until the 17th century that a distinction was made between the species Cicuta virosa (water hemlock) and Conium maculatum (spotted hemlock).

In the 18th century, the Viennese doctor Anton von Störck propagated hemlock as a "resolving or dividing and altering" agent for the treatment of enlarged lymph nodes, for the treatment of putrid ulcers and for the treatment of "cancer". Hemlock medicinal preparations have also been used as antispasmodics for tetanus and whooping cough. In the 19th century, official pharmacopoeias listed hemlock as a herb (Herba), as a plaster and ointment and as an extract.

Already in 1539 Hieronymus Bock reported that he had seen "eyn Ehrlich women" who accidentally cooked hemlock roots together with "Pestnachen" . As soon as she had eaten some of this food, "she [began] to squeeze dol and zů, eager to climb over her and fly, etc. the wardt helped with a squeeze of vinegar, so she was frydig and quiet."

The homeopathic school prescribes hemlock preparations for long-term hardening of the glands , prostate and breast cancer after shock trauma, dizziness and visual impairment after severe loss experience, also with compulsions and states of confusion. The Rademacher School describes hemlock as an "external spleen remedy".

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Spotted hemlock. In: FloraWeb.de.
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  • Albert Thellt : Conium . In: Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (2) (Cactaceae - Cornaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-74021-1 , p. 1081-1087 (unchanged reprint from 1926 with addendum).
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  705 .
  2. ^ A b Conium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  3. ^ R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Conium
  4. ↑ Karl Hiller & Günter Bickerlich: poisonous plants & medicinal plants Tosa Verlag, Vienna 2002, p 64, ISBN 3-85492-617-0
  5. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 106 f. ( online ).
  6. ↑ Georgos Vithoulkas: Homeopathic Medicines. Materia Medica Viva. Volume IX. Urban & Fischer, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-55061-4 , pp. 265-302.
  7. ↑ Theophrastus of Eresus : Natural history of the plants . 4th century BC Chr. Edition. Kurt Sprengel . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Volume I, p. 343 (Book 9, Chapter 15, Section 8) Translation (digitized version ) , Volume II, p. 382: Explanations (digitized version )
  8. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 413 (Book IV, Chapter 79): Koneion (digitized version )
  9. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXV, Chapter XCV (§ 151–154): Cicuta (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , book VII, chapter X / 67 (based on the edition Kühn 1826, volume XII, p. 55): Cicuta (digitized version )
  11. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 671: Sucara (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 376: Cicuta (digitized version )
  13. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 194v: Cicuta (digitized)
  14. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 148v (No CCCXLVII): Cicuta. Sucaram (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume II 1842, p. 111: Schawkaran (digitized version )
  16. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, chapter 65 (p. 112–113): Cicuta (digitized version )
  17. ^ German Macer . Cicuta. Wutscherling . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 344 (Chapter 24). --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 188v – 189r: '' (.xxiij. (Cycuta means wutscherling and is cold nature / and is used as narrowly as poisoned and who is forgiven with it the landlord stains / that sint his signs // (Whoever has eaten the werm starcken win vnd drinck the and whoever he has sinted for death / and how much he has eaten poisoned / so he is good for many things (where the eyes are heated / poke the wutscherlings bletter vnd put it vff the thinning it helps / or nym the juice vnd smear the eyes with it (you spoil the holy too (which wib die milich wee düt die stampff wutscherling vnd put the vff the breast / the milk trucket vnd ​​vergeet ( Which likes the breast grows too much, the smeared you thickly with wutscherling juice, they become jr not bigger (if you smear yourself with the juice vmb your breast it spoils human desire (against the podagra on the feet nym wutscherling and silver foam and put a plaster off your feet it helps (Wutscherling is good before all sorts of wrongly hicze whether you put it on it or tie it up '' (digitized)
  18. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 39: Scherling . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1144 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 78: Scherling is warm and dangerous because it tears down everything that is well and properly established in blood and juices, causing bad floods, as they otherwise bring about restless storms in water. After the storm it leaves the worst dampness and the worst disease in people. Whoever is badly hit by arrows and clubs, or who has fallen from a height so that flesh and limbs are scraped off, boil hemlock in water and place the squeezed out water on the aching limbs, so that it spreads the juices gathered there, as it is used to do. If someone swells under skin and flesh from being hit or thrown or thrown, warm hemlock in water and place it on the swelling, which will pass. Hemlock is not suitable for driving out another tumor because it drives the bad juices that should go out back into the person.
  19. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 87: Cicuta. Wontzerling (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 115: Cicuta (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 113v – 114r: Wuntscherling (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 159: Schirling (Conium maculatum) (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 154: Wüeterich (digitized version )
  24. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheets 384r – 384v: Schirling and Wütterich (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Johann Jakob Wepfer : Cicutae aquaticae historia et noxae . R. König, Basel 1679 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 196-197: Cicuta ( Cicuta major = Conium maculatum ) ( Cicuta minor = Cicuta virosa ) (digital copy) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 309 (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 408 - 409: Cicuta major. Hemlock. Sp. 409: Cicuta aquatica. Cicutaria. Water hemlock (digitized)
  28. ^ Anton von Störck : Libellus quo demostratur cicutam non solum usu interno tutissime exhiberi: sed et esse simul remedium valde utile in multis morbis, qui hucusque curatu impossibiles dicebantrur. Trattner, Vienna 1760 (digitized version) ; Libellus secundus quo confirmatur: cicutam non solum usu interno tutissime exhiberi: sed et esse simul remedium valde utile in multis morbis, qui hucusque curatu impossibiles dicebantrur. Trattner, Vienna 1761 (digitized version) --- treatise; which proves: that the hemlock (Cicuta) can not only be given inwardly with certainty ... Trattner, Vienna 1761 (digitized version) ; Second treatise; which affirms that the hemlock cannot only be given with certainty for internal use. Trattner, Vienna 1761 (digitized version) ; Gröll, Dresden 1762 (digitized version)
  29. ^ Anton de Haen : Epistola de cicuta . Without place, 1765 (digitized version) ; Epistola de cicuta, cum alethophilorum viennensium elucidatione necessaria . Amsterdam 1766 (digitized version)
  30. ^ Peter Jonas Bergius : Materia medica e regno vegetabili . Hesselberg, Stockholm 1778, Volume I, pp. 193-196: Conii (Cicutae) Herba, Succus inspissatus (digitized version ) . Volume I, pp. 212-214: Cicuta virosa (digital copy )
  31. ^ Johann Peter Frank : System of a complete medical police. Volume III, Schwan, Mannheim 1783, pp. 281-283: Hemlock for parsnip root ; New edition 1804, pp. 258–260 (digitized version )
  32. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 263-268: Cicuta. Cicuta conium (digitized version ) ; Volume II, pp. 268-269: Cicuta virosa (digitized version ) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 297-305: Schierling (cicuta) (digitized) ; P. 305: Wutscherling (cicuta virosa) (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Antoine François de Fourcroy in: Félix Vicq-d'Azyr , Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (ed.) Encyclopédie méthodique. Médecine . Volume IV, Paris 1792, pp. 847-849: Cicutaire aquatique (digitized version )  ; Pp. 851–859: Cigue (digitized version )
  34. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 421-427: Grande Cigue. Herba Conii maculati. Cigue aquatique. Herba cicutae aquaticae. Petite Cigue ou Oethuse. Herba Oethusae cynapii. (Digitized version)
  35. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 490–494: Herba Aconiti (digitized version ) ; Pp. 495-501: Conium maculatum (digital copy ) ; P. 505: Cicuta virosa (digitized version )
  36. ↑ Mathieu Orfila : Traité des poisons tirés des règnes mineral, végetal et animal, ou toxilogie générale, considérée sous les rapports de la physiologie, de la pathologie et de la médecine légale . Crochard, Paris 1814-1815, Volume II, Part 1 1815, pp. 279-291: Grande Cigue (Conium maculatum) (digital copy )  ; Pp. 291-295: Cigue aquatique (Cicuta aquatica) (digitized version )  ; Pp. 295–298: Petite Cigue (Aerhusa cynapium) (digitized version ) --- Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt (translator). General toxicology or poison science: in which the poisons of the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms from the physiological, pathological and similar. medico-judicial aspects are examined. After the French of Mr. MP Orfila . Amelung, Berlin 1818, part III, p. 309: Fleckter Schierling (digitized version) ; P. 322: Wasserschierling (digitized version) p. 326: Dog parsley (digitized version )
  37. ^ Heinrich Friedrich Link : Cicuta . In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link, Karl Asmund Rudolphi (eds.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences , Volume VII, Boike, Berlin 1831, pp. 649–650 (digitized version )
  38. ^ Emil Osann : Conium (hemlock) . In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Karl Asmund Rudolphi (eds.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences , Volume VIII, Boike, Berlin 1832, pp. 308-314 (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, pp. 526-537: Conium maculatum. Cicutin (digitized version )
  40. ↑ Johann Gottfried Rademacher : Justification of the misunderstood, intellectual empirical teaching of the old divorced secret doctors and faithful communication of the result of 25 years of testing this teaching on the sickbed . 2 volumes. Berlin 1841-1848. 2nd edition 1846, Volume I, pp. 211–212: Hemlock as a spleen remedy (digitized version ) , p. 214: Hemlock water as an external spleen remedy (digitized version )
  41. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom, pp. 335–343: Conium maculatum L. (digitized version ) ; P. 343–345: Cicuta virosa L. (digital copy)
  42. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 255-277: Coniin (digitized version ) ; P. 280: Cicutin (digitized version ) ; P. 1129: Cicuten (digitized version )
  43. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, pp. 904–910: Herba Conii (digitized version )
  44. ^ Carl Wilhelm Juch: Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by comments and additions by Dr. Carl Wilhelm Juch Stein, Nuremberg 1805, p. 65: Herba Conii maculati (digital copy ) ; P. 213: Hemlock plaster (digitized version) ; P. 220: Extractum Conii maculati (digital copy )
  45. ↑ Friedrich Mohr Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: together with a translation of the text ... After the sixth edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica. Friedrich Vieweg - Braunschweig, Volume I 1848, p. 395: Extractum Conii maculati (digital copy ) ; P. 482: Herba Conii maculati (digitized version ) . Volume II 1849, p. 416: Tinctura Conii (digital copy ) ; P. 469: Table D, the greatest gifts ... (digitized version)
  46. ^ Hermann Hager : Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica . Springer, Berlin, Volume I (1873), p. 590: Emplastrum Conii. Emplastrum Conii ammoniacatum (digital copy ) ; P. 646 Extractum Conii (digital copy ) . Volume II (1874), p. 130: Herba Conii (digital copy ) ; P. 836: Unguentum Conii (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Spotted Hemlock  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files