Nazaré (Portugal)
| Nazaré | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| Region : | Centro | ||||
| Sub-region : | Oeste | ||||
| District : | Leiria | ||||
| Concelho : | Nazaré | ||||
| Coordinates : | 39 ° 36 ′ N , 9 ° 4 ′ W | ||||
| Residents: | 10,309 (as of June 30, 2011) | ||||
| Surface: | 42.2 km² (as of January 1, 2010) | ||||
| Population density : | 244 inhabitants per km² | ||||
| politics | |||||
| Address of the municipal administration: | Junta de Freguesia de Nazaré Avenida Vieira Guimarães nº81 2450-113 Nazaré |
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| Website: | www.freguesia-nazare.com | ||||
| Nazaré district | |||||
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| Residents: | 15,158 (as of June 30, 2011) | ||||
| Surface: | 82.42 km² (as of January 1, 2010) | ||||
| Population density : | 184 inhabitants per km² | ||||
| Number of municipalities : | 3 | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Administration address: | Câmara Municipal de Nazaré Avenida Vieira Guimarães, 54 2450-951 Nazaré |
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| President of the Câmara Municipal: | Jorge Codinha Antunes Barroso ( PSD ) | ||||
| Website: | www.cm-nazare.pt | ||||
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Nazaré (pronunciation: [nɐzɐ'ɾɛ]) is a Portuguese city located on the Atlantic in the subregion Oeste the Centro region and the historical province of Estremadura , about 100 km north of Lisbon area. It has 10,309 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2011) and an area of 42.2 km².
Nazaré is known as a fishing and tourism town as well as a place of pilgrimage. It is the seat of the district of the same name ( Município da Nazaré ) with 15,158 inhabitants and a total area of 82.4 km².
Like the district, the city was called " Pederneira " until 1912 , a name that is still used today by the district that houses the historic center. Pederneira was one of the thirteen cities of the Coutos de Alcobaça , the dominion of the Abbey of Alcobaça .
More recently, the big wave north of Nazaré has caught the attention of the international surfing elite. The giant waves and the surf events are marketed as tourist attractions.
geography
city
Nazaré has a fishing port that was completely renovated and expanded in the 1980s. The population lives mainly from fishing, fish processing and tourism, which is favored by the sheltered location on an approximately 2 km long sandy beach. There is another district of Nazarés, the Sítio, 110 meters above the Bay of Nazaré, on a rocky plateau jutting out into the sea, with its Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Shrine of Our Lady) since the 13th century and until the beginning of the 20th century of Nazareth) was the most important pilgrimage site in Portugal, Nazaré had already developed into an important tourist town in the 19th century. The city also borrowed its current name from this pilgrimage site in 1912. Nazaré was elevated to a small town ( Vila ) in 1936 . From 1801 to 1900 the population of Nazaré increased by almost 300%, from 1900 to 2000 by almost 175% and thus showed the greatest growth in the old towns of the Coutos de Alcobaça .
Creation of Nazaré Beach
The city of Nazaré consists of three districts, the two districts Sítio and Pederneira as well as the modern district stretching along the beach, where the majority of the population now lives. This zone was barely populated until the second half of the 18th century, especially since the geological formation caused the sea to hit the rock faces that sloped steeply from Pederneira to the coast.
Over the centuries, the rocky outcrops under the incessantly rolling waves, the bay of Nazaré silted up in its entire width, so that in a geologically extraordinarily short time a sandy beach was created in front of the former coastline formed by mountain ranges, which continues steeply to Sítio the rising rock face in a southerly direction, where today the modern Nazeré extends to the new port. South of the port, the landed area reaches a depth of one and a half kilometers. Before the middle of the 18th century, the residents of Pederneira and Sítio only owned their fishermen's huts on the beach, and kept themselves and their other belongings safe from the constant attacks of pirates in their partially fortified settlements on the hills. From the beginning of the 18th century these raids also subsided, so that now the fishermen began to settle down on the newly forming beach. At the end of the 18th century, 58 houses were counted there. The fishermen allowed their boats to drift into the sea with the surf, and when they returned they were pulled back onto the dry beach by teams of oxen. This close proximity to the sea takes its toll even today during the autumn and winter storms, when the residents have to barricade their shops, restaurants and other facilities against the oncoming tide with boards depending on the weather.
Medieval port, Pederneira lagoon
The narrow zone in which modern Nazaré is located opens up to the south, and behind the extensive port area there is a plain that also lies in front of the ridge that otherwise forms the coastline and which has been silted up over the past two to three centuries this area originated.
At the point where the range of ridge that otherwise locks the coastline is interrupted at a width of around two hundred meters, the Alcoa River emerges through this gate from a plain behind the ridge that is also at sea level and now flows through the new one just under 1.5 km in front Silted up plain into the sea. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the bay of Nazaré reached this opening of the ridge, which then inland to a lagoon about 4 km deep inland and about 10 km to the north, the lagoon of Pederneira (Lagoa de Pederneira), widened, partly where the bed of the Alcoa River runs today. In this area of the transition from the bay to the lagoon, the port of Pederneira was still located until the 17th century, which could even be used by the largest ocean-going ships of the time. It was already a port of the Abbey of Alcobaça from the 12th century and also played an important role during the Portuguese expeditions of the 15th and 16th centuries. You can still get an idea of this today if you look around 10 km south of Nazaré to São Martinho do Porto , where behind the mountain range that seals the land from the sea to a narrow opening also almost two hundred meters wide, there is a lagoon a size of about 1.4 kilometers by 900 meters, which in the Middle Ages reached about 3 km inland to Alfeizerão and extended 10 km to the south, the Lagoa de Alfeizerão . This lagoon was separated from the Pederneira lagoon by a narrow elevation stretching only a few hundred meters from Alfeizerão to Famalicão .
The Alfeizerão lagoon was also used as a port by the Alcobaça Abbey. In the first centuries of the abbey rule, the port near Pederneira was the larger and the population of Pederneira evidently had such independence as early as the 12th century that it was mentioned in the documents of the young Portuguese kingdom under the second king of Portugal, Sancho I . (1154–1211) found entry because it - unsuccessfully - defended itself against the royal decreed dependence on the abbey. The lagoon, which was originally also used for salt production, has receded over the centuries, the swamps of which were drained with great success by the monks of the Alcobaça Abbey, who were famous throughout the country for this art. Even today a network of trenches runs through the entire area. In the 17th century the port was moved from the lagoon to the open sea, where it was operated for a while as Porto da Vila de Pederneira and from which parts of the lagoon could still be sailed with flat boats.
Reasons for the strong silting up in modern times
The disappearance of the port and the simultaneous strong siltation on the sea side of the mountain range that otherwise forms the coastline over the past 300 years means that a conclusive explanation is still waiting for a conclusive explanation. An attempt to explain this relates to the great flood that took place in 1772, presumably triggered by a tsunami , which caused even the monastery of Alcobaça, which is about ten kilometers inland, to sink into the mud of the backflowing water that it took years to clear it . The water masses flowing back from the hinterland could only flow away over a width of ten kilometers both to the south and to the north through the approximately 200 meter wide gate of the old lagoon, otherwise access is blocked through the closed ridge. The mud masses pouring into the bay in the process may have contributed significantly to the acceleration of the siltation that has been known since then.
A deep sea trench in front of Nazaré is considered to be the cause of very large surf waves that pile up after storms off Nazaré. Extreme athletes use the waves for surfing .
administration
Nazaré County
| local community | Population (2011) |
Area km² |
Density of population / km² |
LAU code |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Famalicão | 1,740 | 21.71 | 80 | 101101 |
| Nazaré | 10,309 | 42.20 | 244 | 101102 |
| Valado dos Frades | 3,109 | 18.51 | 168 | 101103 |
| Nazaré district | 15,158 | 82.42 | 184 | 1011 |
Nazaré is an essential part and seat of the small district of the same name, the Município da Nazaré . With the exception of its coastline, this district is completely enclosed by the neighboring district of Alcobaça , to whose historical dominion it belonged until the closure of the Abbey of Alcobaça in 1833/34 - with the exception of the Sítio district. The district has existed since 1895 and existed before from 1834 to 1855. Two other parishes ( Freguesias ) belong to it, the municipality of Valado dos Frades , which is adjacent to the east and has 3100 inhabitants (as of 2001) and an area of 19.2 km² the south adjoining municipality Famalicão with 1,600 inhabitants (status 2001) and an area of 21.8 km². In Famalicão, near the sea, the Church of São Gião is one of the oldest Christian churches on the Iberian Peninsula.
Population development
| Population of the Nazaré district (1801–2011) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 1849 | 1900 | 1930 | 1960 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| 2,877 | 4,277 | 8 393 | 10 406 | 13 511 | 15 436 | 15 313 | 15 060 | 15 158 |
Town twinning
Ascensor de Nazaré
The modern part of Nazaré arose in a major structural development that began in the second half of the 18th century, which culminated in the 19th century with the connection of Nazaré beach with Sítio by a mountain railway, the Ascensor de Nazaré . Since then, the railway has overcome the height difference of 110 meters between the two districts on a 318 meter long route with a gradient of 42%. The train was designed by Raoul Mesnier du Ponsar , who also designed the Elevador de Santa Justa in Lisbon from 1902. The elevator of Nazaré, as the Portuguese call the railway, was inaugurated on July 28, 1889 and since then has been connecting the districts separated by a steep wall with a five-year break between 1963 and 1968. In 1963 there was the only accident with two deaths and a large number of injuries, with one of the two cabins being destroyed. In the first decades, the connection between Nazaré beach and Sítio was primarily used to transport pilgrims to the Shrine of Our Lady of Nazareth, while later the connection also became increasingly important for the medical care of the population after the Confraria de Nossa Senhora there Nazaré (Brotherhood of Our Lady of Nazareth) (or its legal predecessor the Real Casa da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré , Royal House of Our Lady of Nazaré), who is still responsible for the administration of the sanctuary's facilities, and operated a hospital there from 1878. Nowadays Sitio can also be reached by car via a five-kilometer detour from the beach.
The old town of Pederneira
Pederneira is considered a founding of the Abbey of Alcobaça and was one of the thirteen cities of the Coutos de Alcobaça formed by the abbey . The population of Pederneira certainly existed before, especially since initial resistance to the newly established rule of the abbey was reported. Pederneira received its own right of use from the abbey in 1236/1238. Due to its port, it soon gained a special status and was the most populous city of the Coutos after Alcobaça. At the beginning of the 16th century, when the cities in the abbey's dominion strived for greater independence, Pederneira also received a new city statute from King Manuel I (1469–1521) in 1514 , which gave the citizens greater independence, but at the same time paid tribute to the abbey Alcobaça reiterated.
The stake set up as a sign of jurisdiction in all monastic foundations, in Portuguese "Pelourinho", was replaced by a new one, the base of which is still in place in the historic center of this district of Nazaré. After the monastery was closed in 1833/34, the stake was lost and in memory of it a new unadorned stone was placed on the base in 1886, as the Pelourinho has come down to today. There is also another typical sign of monastic rule, the Church of Matriz (Igreja Paroquial de Nossa Senhora das Areias), which in its current form dates from the 16th century. It is a matter of dispute whether the earlier chapel from the founding period was located here or elsewhere. The old town hall and the later seat of the Pederneira district are also located on this site until 1855, when the district was added to the Alcobaça district, a decision that was corrected again in 1895. This building in its current form dates from the 19th century, but, like other buildings in this square, apparently dates back to the early 16th century. The “da Misericórdia” foundation also dates back to the 16th century and ran a hospital until 1877, and the church of the same name still bears witness to this today.
religion
Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
As the place name chosen in 1912 shows, Nazaré derives its historical origin more from the other district of Sítio de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (translated: Place of Our Lady of Nazareth) than from belonging to the rule of the Abbey of Alcobaça, which is always felt to be burdensome it was also one of the oldest and largest whose cities. Sítio is located on the rock massif rising above Nazaré beach, the steep walls of which drop almost perpendicularly to the bay of Nazaré. There is a high terrace with the Largo de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré square , around which the historical center with the Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Shrine of Our Lady of Nazaré) is grouped. This was the starting point for the devotion to Mary in the form of the Nossa Senhora da Nazaré , which was important on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Portuguese-speaking area (especially in Brazil) . The sanctuary consists of the church of the same name on the western side and the former royal palace to the south. To the west of it follows the complex of the former palace of the rector of the brotherhood administrating the sanctuary, or the later Casa Real (royal house). This building was converted into a hospital at the end of the 19th century, and modern buildings have been added over the last few decades. North of the Santuários is the Chaby Pinheiro Theater. In the middle of the square is the “Coreto”, a music pavilion built in 1897.
The image of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
In the church of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré, the Sagrada Imagem de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Holy Image of Our Lady of Nazaré) of Our Lady of God is kept, a small, almost 30 cm high, wood-carved, dark statue of Mary breastfeeding Jesus. According to religious legend, it is supposed to be an authentic representation of Mary with Jesus, since the carving was made in Nazareth at that time in her presence. The figure is said to have been found in a rock niche in the rock massif that slopes down to Nazaré Beach in 1179 by Dom Fuas Roupinho, knight of Porto de Mós and a comrade in arms of the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, during the liberation from the Moors. According to legend, it was there that the last Christian king of the Iberian Peninsula, the Visigoth Roderich and his companion had brought them to safety from the Moors of other faiths and hid them there around 714 . According to the legend, Roderich's companion, Roman, had retired as a hermit on the hill Sítios, Roderich on the 156 m high mountain São Bartolomeu (also called São Brás) about four kilometers inland near Valado dos Fradres. Dom Fuas, who had found the statue, was there hunting again on September 8, 1183 and pursued a stag on horseback in the thick fog and would have fallen down the steep face like the stag if the Senhora da Nazaré had not warned him at the last moment . The rescued is said to have built a chapel over the hiding place in gratitude and given Sítio to the Senhora da Nazeré. At this point, on the southeast side of the square on the steep slope towards Nazaré, the 16th century “Ermida da Memória”, which means memorial chapel, stands today. This event formed the basis for the veneration of the Nossa Senhora da Nazeré , who made Sitio the most important Marian shrine in Portugal until the beginning of the 20th century, when it was replaced by Fátima , about 30 km away inland . Today the worship of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré in Brazil is still one of the most important Marian worship.
The Church of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
The Church of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré goes back to a simpler and smaller church that King Fernando I (1345-1383) ordered to be built in 1377 on a pilgrimage to Sítio. Previously, the statue of the Madonna was housed in a chapel that was supposedly built in 1182 and built directly above the site. The church was enlarged at the beginning of the 17th century and then completely renovated between 1680 and 1691, giving it its present form. In 1709 it was beautifully decorated with the azulejos designed by the Dutch ceramic artist Willem van der Kloet . At that time, the statue found its current place in a shrine in the main altar, where pilgrims can approach the shrine via a platform built into the altar, which is accessible from the rear of the chancel. In the 18th century several redesigns took place in which the church received its current baroque elements.
Growing veneration
The veneration of Our Lady of Nazareth in the form of her legendary image kept in Sítio as Jesus breastfeeding Mother of God in Nazareth goes back historically to the 13th century. Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) visited the pilgrimage site in 1497 before beginning his journey to discover the sea route to India and after returning in 1499. In 1939, a memorial was erected on the Santuários Square in memory of this. Around the turn of the century, the king's chief chronicler, the monk and historian Frei Bernardo de Brito , published a historical account of the history of the Senhora da Nazaré, based on documents in the abbey. He confirms the entire legend as a historical fact up to the reproduction of the document with which D. Fuas Sítio is said to have donated the Senhora da Nazaré. Frei Bernardo de Brito belonged to the Chronistas de Alcobaça , these were monks who for over two hundred years published the Monarquia Lusitana , a continuous work on the history of Portugal, and who enjoyed the utmost respect. Investigations by subsequent and modern historians have neither found such documents nor able to prove the name of D. Fuas Roupinho, Knight of Porto de Mós outside of the legend and consider Bernado de Brito's report to be a historical forgery, at least with regard to the documents. In the 17th century, however, the report sparked a wave of veneration for the Senhora da Nazaré that lasted three centuries. From the alleged donation from Sítio to the Senhora da Nazaré, the brotherhood administrating the sanctuary (Confraria de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré), which consisted of respected men from the city of Pederneira, concluded that Sitío was not part of the territory of the Abbey of Alcobaça, the Coutos de Alcobaça , could belong. This view was finally confirmed by the crown, so that the abbey lost Sítio in the 17th century. Pederneira (as the predecessor of Nazarés) asserted this fact at the end of the 19th century in order to regain the independence as a district, which it had lost to the Alcobaça district for 40 years.
Meaning of the Confraria and Real Casa de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
The pilgrims brought gifts to the Senhora da Nazaré in the form of gold, precious stones and other precious objects, so that the brotherhood quickly amassed an enormous fortune in view of the increasing demand, for which an inventory from 1608 still accounts today. This did not go unnoticed by the crown, which then took over the administration of the sanctuary, which from then on called itself A Real Casa de Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (Royal House of Our Lady of Nazereth). The wealth enabled the Real Casa to expand Sítio. In 1718 the administrator of the Real Casa, the Duke of Cadaval , had the royal palace built on the south side of the church. The other buildings surrounding the church were also built by the Real Casa. Sítio was fortified, unless it had already been done in the 16th century, and part of the high city wall is still there today. In 1712, the Real Casa de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré built the first bullring, which was renovated in 1802 but was set on fire and destroyed during the first French invasion during the Napoleonic Wars in 1808. After decades of makeshift arrangements, the Real Casa built the new bullring in 1891 with space for 5,000 spectators. The railway connection between Nazaré Strand and Sítio, opened in 1889, was built with the substantial participation of Real Casa, which also owned the railway for a while until it was sold to the Nazaré district. In 1877 the palace of the rector and head of the Real Casa was converted into a hospital, which has since been used for medical care in the Nazaré district and has been considerably expanded. At the beginning of the 20th century, a theater with 410 seats was built on the north side of the Santuário. After the abolition of the monarchy in 1910, the Confraria de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Brotherhood of Our Lady of Nazareth) was re-established as a Catholic lay order and was entrusted by the state with the further administration of all these institutions. The brotherhood still operates all facilities such as church, hospital, theater with congress center, museum, bullring, kindergarten, retirement home, day care centers, agriculture and forestry as well as other tourist facilities.
Fort Sao Miguel Acanjo
The rocky plateau on which Sítio is located drops to the west on a narrow ridge to the sea, where the Forte S. Miguel Acanjo (now also known as Farol de Nazaré , lighthouse of Nazaré) is about a third of the height . This fort was built in 1577 under the government of King Sebastião (1554–1578) to protect the Santuários of Sítio and the population of Pederneira and its important port, in order to stop the constant attacks by pirates. It was founded in 1600 at the time Portugal belonged to Spain by the Spanish King Philip III. , who is listed as Philip II according to Portuguese census. During the French invasion of 1807/8 the French occupied the fort. The population of Pederneira, outraged by the devastation caused by the French in Sítio, drove the soldiers entrenched in the fort on their own. At the beginning of the 20th century the fort was deactivated and a lighthouse was built in it in 1903. Today it works with a luminosity of 15 nautical miles.
Nazaré in the film
Nazaré was, in its earlier capacity as a small and typical fishing village, the scene of film recordings several times. These included both international productions such as Pierre Gaspard-Huits The Beautiful Portuguese (orig .: Les Lavandières du Portugal ; 1957, with Darry Cowl , Anne Vernon and Jean-Claude Pascal ), as well as productions of Portuguese films such as Manuel Guimarães ` Nazaré (1952, with Virgílio Teixeira and Helga Liné ).
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.ine.pt - indicator resident population by place of residence and sex; Decennial in the database of the Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- ↑ a b Overview of code assignments from Freguesias on epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
- ↑ www.ine.pt - indicator resident population by place of residence and sex; Decennial in the database of the Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- ↑ Cf. on the silting up of the port: Célia Quico: Lagoa da Pederneira: como desapareceu um dos principais portos Portugueses do período áureo dos Descobrimentos? - Pederneira lagoon: how did some of Portugal's main ports disappear from the golden age of voyages of discovery? 2008 (Portuguese)
- ↑ Conjunto monumental urbano e enquadramento paisagístico da Nazaré. In: Pesquisa Geral - Pesquisa do Patrimonio. Direção Geral do Património Cultural , accessed March 23, 2018 (Portuguese).
- ↑ Pelourinho da Pederneira. In: Pesquisa Geral - Pesquisa do Patrimonio. Direção Geral do Património Cultural , accessed March 23, 2018 (Portuguese).
- ^ Page of the Câmara Municipal da Nazaré ( Memento of January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (Portuguese)
- ↑ José Pedro Duarte Tavares: Mosteiro de Alcobaça, O Claustro Sul no Mosteiro de Alcobaça. Relatório CB 25, Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico, 1999, p. 62; José Pedro Duarte Tavares: Hidráulica, Linhas Gerais de Sistema Hidráulico Cisterciense em Alcobaça. in: Roteiro Cultural da Região de Alcobaça. Pp. 39-109, Alcobaça 2001, ISBN 972-98064-3-8 , pp. 94-95.
- ↑ Der Canyon on Spiegel Online , complete in: DER SPIEGEL issue 13/2014
- ↑ a b Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré, incluindo os azulejos que a revestem. In: Pesquisa Geral - Pesquisa do Patrimonio. Direção Geral do Património Cultural , accessed March 23, 2018 (Portuguese). ; Confraria de Nossa Senhorar da Nazeré: Santuário (Portuguese)
- ^ Pedro Penteado: A Lenda de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré. Uma versão crítica. (Portuguese); Confraria de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré: Lenda (Portuguese)
- ↑ Pedro Penteado (ed.), Manuel de Brito Alão: Antiguidade da Sagrada Imagem de Nossa Senhora de Nazaré. Lisbon 2001, ISBN 972-772-206-7 , p. 51, footnote 66
- ↑ Pedro Penteado, A Lenda de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Uma versão crítica) (Portuguese)
- ^ Page of the Confraria de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Portuguese)
literature
- Maria Zulmira Albuquerque Furtado Marques: Monumentos dos antigos coutos de Alcobaça. In: Roteiro Cultural da Região de Alcobaça. 2000 Alcobaça, ISBN 972-98064-3-8 , pp. 112-137.
- Pedro Penteado: A Lenda de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (Uma versão crítica). on-line
- Pedro Penteado: Tesouros do Santuário da Nazaré: estudo de bens de 1608. 1996, Sep. de Museu, IV série, No. 5, (1996), pp. 43-72.
Web links
- Map of the Freguesia Nazaré (Portugal) at the Instituto Geográfico do Exército ( page no longer available )
Alcobaça | Alvaiázere | Ansião | Batalha | Bombarral | Caldas da Rainha | Castanheira de Pera | Figueiró dos Vinhos | Leiria | Marinha Grande | Nazaré | Óbidos | Pedrógão Grande | Peniche | Pombal | Porto de Mós