Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System
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Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System
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General information
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| Military designation | Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System |
| Developing country | United States of America |
| Developer / manufacturer | Javelin joint venture |
| Development / introduction | 1989 |
| Production time | In production since 1996 |
| Weapon category | Anti-tank weapon |
| total weight | 22.4 kg |
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FGM-148A Javelin
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| length | 1.08 m |
| diameter | 12.7 cm |
| Wingspan | 38.0 cm |
| Weight | 11.8 kg |
| Operational range | 2000 m |
| Maximum range | 4000 m |
| stages | 2 |
| fuel | Solid |
| Warhead | 8.4 kg tandem shaped charge |
| Penetration performance | 600+ mm |
| Seeker head | imaging, infrared |
| Wavelength range | 8-10 micrometers |
The Javelin Medium Anti Armor Weapon System ( English for " spear " or "medium anti-tank weapon system") is the first portable fire-and-forget - anti-tank missile , which in the United States developed in the US armed forces was introduced. The weapon can be operated by a soldier and can fight armored targets up to a maximum distance of 2000 m. After the soldier has captured the target, the infrared-guided missile steers itself to the target.
The system was introduced in 1996 by the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps as a replacement for the FGM-77 Dragon and is now exported to about a dozen states.
The weapon system consists of a device for observation and target acquisition and the launch tube that contains the missile. This also includes battery and cooling kits. Two training systems are available for training.
The U.S. Forces System Index for the missile used is FGM-148 .
development
Preliminary projects
As early as January 1978, a program with the abbreviation IMAAWS (Infantry Manportable Anti Armor Assault Weapon System) was launched, which should lead to the replacement of the Dragon anti-tank missile. However, the expectations placed on this development were not fulfilled and the project was discontinued. In the early 1980s, the Assault Breaker program was pursued, which also included an anti-tank guided weapon, but was also discontinued.
Main project
On December 12, 1983, the Viper Project Office located in the Redstone Arsenal was entrusted with the new task and renamed the Advanced Manportable Weapon System (AMWS) Project Office (Provisional) (provisional project office for an advanced portable weapons system). The office was responsible for the FGR-17 Viper , the AT-4 and the M72E4 . It was not until April 13, 1984 that the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development and Procurement approved the strategy for the Advanced Antitank Weapon System-Medium-Program (AAWS-M) (advanced medium anti-tank weapons program). Before it was named AAWS-M , the project was provisionally called Rattler (American slang for rattlesnake).
On September 3, 1985, the Under Secretary of the Army and the Vice Chief of Staff, Army (VCSA) signed the memorandum that should bring AAWS-M and AAWS-Heavy (AAWS-H) into a demonstration and validation phase. This also took over responsibility for the AAWS-H program, which was later continued as MGM-166 LOSAT (Line-of-Sight Anti-Tank), but was then canceled.
On May 2, 1986 the tenders for the project study were released and on May 15, 1986 the Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council (DSARC) I allowed the demonstration and validation phase to continue. As a result, contracts for a technology demonstration were signed on August 28, 1986 with Texas Instruments , Hughes Aircraft, and Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation.
The AMWS was renamed by the MICOM (Missile Command, now: United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM)) to the AAWS Project Office on October 1, 1987. The competition contracts for the development of an alternative warhead for the AAWS-M to DynaEast from Philadelphia and Aerojet from Tustin were awarded on July 30, 1987. In February 1988, the AAWS-M alternative warhead program began in parallel with the technology demonstration phase of the AAWS-M project study.
On September 6, 1988, tenders for complete development (AAWS-M full-scale development (FSD)) and pre-series production were issued. In December 1988, the AAWS-M project study was completed, and by March 1989 the alternative warhead program was complete. The aim was to reduce the technical risks with the development of the warhead subsystems. The AAWS-M FSD contract was then awarded on June 21, 1989 to the joint venture of Texas Instruments and Martin Marietta .
In August 1989, an agreement was signed between MICOM and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on the transfer of infrared optical technology (Infrared Focal Plane Array, IRFPA) from DARPA to the rocket developers led by MICOM. These transducers were configured according to the AAWS-M seeker head specifications and tested by the main contractor and the Advanced Sensors Directorate of MICOM.
On October 25, 1989, the order for an alternative warhead within the AAWS-M specifications was awarded to Conventional Munitions Systems, a subsidiary of Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm . The focus was on weight reduction and effectiveness against armor. Tests of the warhead began in January 1990. In the end, the Javelin project decided on a combination of the two designs. The design from Conventional Munitions Systems was used for the first charge of the tandem hollow charge, whereas the design from Physics International was used for the main charge .
In September 1990, the Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center provided the AAWS-M FSD program with an infrared image sensor that met specifications.
From November 1990 to March 1991, basic tests (Baseline Test, BST) were successfully carried out.
In 1991 the project was finally renamed JAVELIN . On September 27, 1991, the Engineering Manufacturing Development (EMD) program was approved.
From December 1, 1992 to April 30, 1993, the first training plans were drawn up in Fort Benning . On March 24, 1993, a factory gunner fired a telemetry missile. A portability test was conducted from April 14, 1993 to May 14, 1993 at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . This included an obstacle course , marches , loading into vehicles and the effects on clothing.
In February 1994 the EMD phase was completed and on June 23, 1994 the pre-series production-I and on March 9, 1995 the pre-series production-II were awarded to the joint venture of Texas Instruments and Martin Marietta.
An induction ceremony for the Javelin was held on September 29, 1995 at the Lockheed Martin plant in Troy . The first two missiles were officially handed over to the military. Live Fire Test & Evaluation (LFT & E) were carried out from November 1995 to October 1996. Among other things, a large number of missiles were used to determine the penetration capacity and the effect achieved behind the armor.
From April to June 1996 the test program Pre-Series Production-II was carried out, which consisted of smaller tactical field exercises and the launch of six guided missiles equipped with warheads. However, three false starts at the beginning of the program required an overhaul before testing could continue. Furthermore, it should be found out whether the training system is able to replicate the real system.
On June 27, 1996, the first unit, the third battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment at Fort Benning was fully equipped with javelin. On February 29, 1996, the Pre-Series Production III contract was signed with the joint venture. The decision to go into series production was made on May 13, 1997.
Further development
The FGM-148 is now available in versions A to D. Official documents from the US Department of Defense only show that in version C changes were made in the front area of the missile, i.e. probably in the viewfinder and / or control electronics. Version D is designed for export and should contain various modifications. With the Block I version of the Javelin produced from September 2006 , the enlargement of the infrared system was increased from nine to twelve times. This means that targets can now be identified and marked over a distance of 2000 m. Other changes include an increase in airspeed and improvements to the warhead and system software. Flight tests on the Redstone Arsenal site were successfully passed.
An operational range of 4 km may be planned from 2012.
Manufacturer
The Javelin is manufactured by the Javelin Joint Venture, which was founded in 1988 by Texas Instruments and Martin Marietta . Meanwhile, the defense division of Texas Instruments in Raytheon risen and Martin Marietta was part of a merger with Lockheed Corporation to Lockheed Martin .
Raytheon Missile Systems' stake in Tucson, Arizona is nearly two-thirds of the system's value. This includes the manufacture of the CLU , the control electronics and the software. Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control in Orlando produces the seeker head, general electronic components and is responsible for assembling the guided missiles. Both companies, however, also use suppliers: for example, DRS Technologies in Dallas builds infrared imaging systems and cooling components for Raytheon and Hercules, the rocket motors.
Great Britain only wanted to introduce the Javelin if it was also built in Great Britain, which is evident from a change in the supplier structure for the Javelin Joint Venture United Kingdom Program . This created around 300 new jobs. The Javelin Joint Venture Company has its administrative headquarters in London.
The British partners of the joint venture include BAE SYSTEMS as supplier for the seeker head, Brimar as manufacturer of cathode ray tubes for the starter unit, Cytec Engineered Materials for components made of carbon, Express Engineering as supplier of machine parts and FR-HiTemp as supplier of covers. Gardner Aerospace also supplies mechanical components for the seeker head, Hymatic components for pressurized gases and Instro feet. In the field of training systems, Leafield Engineering supplies the training ammunition and Lockheed Martin UK Information Systems supplies the training system for closed rooms. Further suppliers are MB Aerospace with motor covers, Muirhead Aerospace with servomotors, the Tanfield Group with storage systems, Thales Optics with components for optics and Woven for cabling.
properties
Compared to its predecessor, the FGM-77 Dragon , the Javelin has decisive advantages. In contrast to the Dragon , it is a fire-and-forget weapon that no longer has to be steered into the target after takeoff, but finds its own way. Moving targets are pursued. This means that the shooter can change his position while the rocket is in flight in order to evade enemy fire. The so-called soft launch also made it possible to start from buildings and coverings. At 2500 meters, the range of the Javelin is roughly twice that of the Dragon missile. There is a possibility of exaggerated attack against the weakly armored top of armored vehicles. At the same time, the Javelin can also be used against hovering helicopters. The Javelin's starting unit is reloadable.
While the Dragon has a penetration capacity of around 450 mm RHA , this is around 600 mm for the Javelin, and even around 800 mm for new versions.
The cost of the missile were in 2003 at 68,500 USD .
The starter unit can also be used as a separate binoculars or infrared vision device.
technical description
The Javelin consists of the M98A1 Command Launch Unit (CLU) and the ammunition. The ammunition consists of the launch tube assembly (LTA) , the actual FGM-148 guided missile and the battery and cooling unit Battery Coolant Unit (BCU) . The launch tube assembly serves as a transport container and launch platform for the guided missile.
M98A1 Command Launch Unit (CLU)
The CLU is a reusable control and start unit. Several removable components known as absorbers protect you and the shooter when transporting and starting the weapon. There are two handles on the underside of the housing that contain all the operating elements. The weight with bag and accessories is 6.4 kg; the dimensions (L × W × H) are 34.8 cm × 33.9 cm × 49.9 cm.
A battery container under the CLU contains the non-rechargeable lithium-sulfur dioxide battery BA-5590 / U with a service life of 0.5–4 hours or the rechargeable battery BB390A, which is only approved for training .
The day sight works like a telescope , offers four times the magnification with an observation angle of 4.80 ° × 6.40 ° and does not require a power supply. It is used for observation during the day.
As a thermal imaging device, the night sighting device is the main aiming device of the weapon. It has an infrared imaging system that can be used day and night, in fog and smoke. Infrared interference can be filtered out through the many setting options of the image system. The night vision device consists of a lens system, the image sensor and the cooler with a double-walled Dewar vessel . The cooler cools the imaging system to operating temperature within 2.5 to 3.5 minutes by means of a small Stirling engine. The image sensor is a line sensor with a resolution of 240 × 1 (later 240 × 2 and 240 × 4) pixels. A mirror moves back and forth so that the narrow image sensor can capture the entire field of view. The image sensor converts infrared energy into electrical signals, which are then converted into a coherent image for the cathode ray tube screen . The system can be enlarged between four and nine times. The viewing angle is between 4.58 ° × 6.11 ° and 2.00 ° × 3.00 °.
Both sighting devices are offered to the shooter via an eyepiece . The change between the day and night visor is done by tilting an internal deflecting mirror .
An active infrared filter is intended as an electronic countermeasure to mask the infrared signature of the CLU.
The CLU has an interface that connects it directly to the training system or test equipment. Another interface establishes the connection to the ammunition. In addition, a moisture meter shows whether there is moisture inside the device and whether maintenance is necessary.
Screen and indicator lights
The shooter looks through an eyepiece, which is intended to prevent glare from stray light and to correct the dioptre for the shooter. The focus can be adjusted using an adjustment ring.
Fourteen signal lamps around the screen indicate functions, operating modes and errors.
The green displays show the selected view mode (day, low magnification, high magnification, display of the viewfinder image), the selected attack mode (excessive target approach or direct attack). The last green display lights up when the filter is activated.
Two amber indicators indicate that the thermal imaging system has not cooled down to operating temperature (left) and that the missile is not ready for launch (right). Either the seeker head is not cooled, no target information was transmitted from the CLU or the self-test failed. If the light flashes, the electronics are overheated and the system shuts down automatically.
The five red lights indicate warning messages for a failed self-test of the missile, failure when attempting to start, battery of the BCU , battery of the CLU and a failed self-test of the CLU .
The screen also has various displays. This includes a kind of rear sight at the bottom of the screen, as well as various displayed measuring threads for target acquisition. If you want to lock onto a target, the viewfinder mode shows four angles around the target that enclose it in a rectangle. The center point is defined by a crosshair.
Controls
The main operating modes OFF, DAY, NIGHT and TEST can be selected using the selector switch on the left . When switched off, no battery power is consumed, but it can be observed with the fourfold target optics. In the TAG position, the CLU is supplied with power, but no infrared monitoring is available. In the NIGHT position, the infrared system is cooled to operating temperature and the shooter can use both the visible light and the infrared range. If TEST is selected, the CLU runs through a test program.
There are four control elements on the left hand grip: infrared filter as an electronic countermeasure, focus adjustment to adjust the infrared image of the CLU to the target, selection of view and magnification (day view, infrared fourfold, infrared ninefold, infrared seeker head) and the trigger for the viewfinder that locks the target and releases the trigger for the missile.
On the right hand grip there are further control elements: settings for contrast and brightness, height and width of the target acquisition rectangle, the selection for the attack types and the trigger.
ammunition
The ammunition consists of the launch tube unit, the battery and cooling unit BCU and the guided missile of the type FGM-148. The weight is 16 kg.
Launch tube unit
The launch tube is made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). The launch tube unit also includes two end caps, a handle, a shoulder strap, the interface to the CLU and a shoulder pad. The launch tube unit serves as a transport container and launch platform for the missile. The service life of this assembly is ten years. The length is 121 cm with a diameter of the launch tube of 14 cm; the diameter with end caps is 30 cm.
Battery and cooling unit (BCU)
The battery and cooling unit ( BCU ) is attached to the starting tube unit . It consists of a non-rechargeable lithium battery and the cooling module with pressurized argon . The battery supplies the missile with power before take-off, while the cooling module cools the missile's viewfinder to its operating temperature. The cooling is based on the Joule-Thomson effect . The BCU is intended for single use only and has a service life of four minutes. There are two different versions of the BCU , which differ significantly in appearance. Both have a battery level indicator. The weight is 1.3 kg, the length 20.7 cm and the width 11.8 cm.
Guided missile
The guided missile consists of a control unit, middle section, warhead, drive unit and steering unit.
The control unit contains the seeker head and the control electronics and is responsible for target tracking and flight attitude control. The seeker head contains the imaging infrared system and the ignition contacts for the warhead. The seeker head's cooled infrared detector is made of mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) and has a resolution of 64 × 64 pixels .
The central part of the missile contains the Electronic Safe Arm and Fire Unit (ESAF ), six tail surfaces and the main charge of the warhead. ESAF is the main safety system and protects against unintentional engine start-ups and a detonation of the warhead. To do this, the system checks whether all the necessary specifications for the start have been met and the trigger has been pressed. When it hits the target, it detonates the two explosive devices in the correct order. The six tail surfaces fold out to the rear after the missile takes off and create a stable flight attitude.
The warhead consists of a tandem shaped charge . The aim of the front hollow charge is to detonate any reactive armor that may be present and thus enable the main charge to have the full effect on the actual armor of the target. If there is no reactive armor, this explosive charge already causes corresponding effects on the main armor.
The main charge is the same diameter as the missile. It is designed to penetrate the main armor of a target in order to destroy it.
The drive area contains the two-stage rocket motor. The starter motor starts the missile from the launch tube and goes out before the missile leaves the launch tube so that the jet of fire cannot endanger the shooter. Due to the recorded speed, the missile moves so far away from the take-off point that the aircraft engine can be started without endangering the shooter. The fuel is completely consumed, which is responsible for the low smoke development and the associated low visibility of the missile launch.
The aircraft engine generates the power necessary to bring the missile to the target. It burns out after about 850 m. The combat range was given for the first model with 2000 m, later with 2500 m. However, this is based on the fact that more distant targets can no longer be recorded safely. The real range of the missile is between 4000 and 4500 m. The maximum range may, however, be increased in the future, as there is talk of increasing the operational range to 4000 m.
The areas of the starter engine and aircraft engine are separated by a rupture disk, which absorbs the pressure of the gases in the starting stage, but breaks when the second stage is started and forwards the gases produced there through the area of the first stage to the gas outlet. The rupture disc has been sued for infringement of the Fike Corporation's patent rights by the United States of America. The company won this.
The steering unit triggers the missile's control movements and provides electrical energy for the system components. It consists of four control surfaces that fold out after takeoff, four thrust deflectors and a thermal battery . The control surfaces fold out to the rear when you leave the launch tube by spring pressure. The thrust vector control supports the control surfaces in their function. An adjustment deflects the exhaust gas flow and thereby changes the direction of flight.
Start preparation
Launch of the FGM-148 from the launch tube
First drive stage burns out when leaving the launch tube
Flight with the second drive stage
Types of attack
The javelin can attack in two different ways: direct and by inflated attack.
Due to the possibility of an attack from above, the weapon can more easily penetrate the upper side of a tank, which is less protected than the front and side parts. The missile rises to 160 m and maintains this altitude until it falls on the target at a steep angle. The minimum distance to the target must be 150 m. This attack mode cannot be used if the target is under a protective structure, such as a bridge.
In a direct attack, the missile reaches the target at a shallower angle. The altitude reached depends on the distance to the target. At a distance of 2000 m it is about 60 m. The target is the front, rear or the sides of the vehicle. The distance to the target must be at least 65 m. This mode is also used for attacking hovering helicopters.
Handling, hazards and training
service
Starter unit and ammunition are transported separately. Before starting, the two components must be plugged together.
Sitting is the preferred starting position. A standing position is possible if the shooter can support himself. In the lying position, however, the shooter must make sure that the reflected beam does not injure his legs.
Normally, the shooter searches for the target using the CLU's infrared sight. With the wide angle of view , targets can be located more easily. The image can be adjusted using the parameters focus, contrast and brightness.
The shooter then switches to the missile's own viewfinder, which has a significantly smaller angle of view than that of the CLU. The shooter must now enclose the target in a rectangle. For correct detection, the desired target must stand out from its surroundings.
In an emergency, if the thermal imaging sight of the CLU is not available due to insufficient cooling, the shooter must search for the target using the daytime sight and then switch directly to the missile's viewfinder.
Dangers in handling
When the FGM-148 starts, danger areas arise both in front of and behind the weapon. In addition to the weapon, there is a danger from the hot gases flowing out of the launch tube. For this reason, an angle of 30 ° on both sides of the extended axis of the launch tube is designated as the main danger zone up to a distance of 25 m. When extending to a distance of 100 m and 25 m on both sides of the launch tube, ensure that adequate eye and hearing protection are provided.
The weapon does not necessarily aim directly at the target. The deviation from the straight line to the target can be more than 40 °. It is therefore important to ensure that no troops of your own are in this area.
There are no official statements about the behavior of the weapon in the event that the target is not picked up correctly or is lost from observation during the take-off phase. In a 2003 newspaper report, however, Captain Michael McCrady, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, is quoted as saying "that the weapon either hits you or scares you to death because you don't know where it's going."
Extended precautionary measures must be taken when starting the weapon from shooting positions and buildings. The shooter should use the face protection on the CLU, there must be no moving objects behind the weapon and easily inflammable objects must be removed. In addition, it is necessary to ventilate the premises.
The batteries also pose additional risks. The BCU becomes very hot and can cause burns if touched. Batteries must be disposed of as hazardous waste due to the substances they contain, including lithium.
Training on the system
Basic skills trainer
The BST is a training system for use in closed rooms. It consists of a station for the student and the station for the instructor.
The student has a simulation CLU (SCLU) and an attached MSR, while the instructor has a desktop PC with a monitor, keyboard and mouse in front of him. Both stations are connected by cables. The BST uses real terrain models and the display of daylight and infrared images.
Field tactical trainer
The training system (Field Tactical Trainer, FTT) intended for use in military training areas enables realistic training in the field. The student uses a CLU and a launch tube without a missile (Missile Simulation Round (MSR)) , but which has a MILES system . The equipment for the instructor consists of a data transfer station and video recorder connected to the launch platform.
training
The US Army training system is divided into five areas: entry training, maintenance training, joint exercises, field exercises and training for unit leaders.
The training plan of the 197th Infantry Brigade at Fort Benning , which serves as a training unit, is given here as an example of the initial training.
The contents of the ten-day course are the evaluation of infrared images, target identification, attack exercises with the BST , troubleshooting, outdoor exercises with the FTT and a missile launch (sharp shot).
The maintenance training consists of monthly changing exercises, each from the BST and FTT. The entire introductory course is repeated every quarter. Joint exercises and field exercises are intended to integrate the Javelin system into the overall tactics of the respective unit. Problems such as: Who carries additional ammunition? Who will replace the shooter if he fails? How does the javelin system affect unit exercises?
The training for commanders not only includes the technology of the Javelin system, but also the basics of tactical use and integration into the unit. The officers and other management personnel are trained to hold exercises themselves, maintain weapons and use them. This course is accordingly longer. In the New Zealand armed forces, for example, it is set at seven weeks.
commitment
Hit rate
The manufacturer assumes a hit probability of 94%, based on a test in which 31 out of 32 starts were successful. However, the effective hit rate in combat seems to be lower.
CBS, CNN, and the New Zealand Herald describe incidents in the Iraq war in which missiles fell in front of or behind the target, or did not even take off. In all the cases described, only a second launched missile hit. In a battle at Debacka Pass, 14 of 19 launched missiles hit.
Virtual training is cited as one of the reasons for the poorer hit rate in practice. A computer simulation can complement the training but cannot replace a real exercise. The shooter has difficulties in targeting and maintaining target lock. The result is missed shots.
As can be seen in the graphic on the right, the temperature curves of terrain and tanks are different. There are ambient temperature situations in which the temperatures are almost the same and the infrared contrast necessary for target acquisition does not exist. According to the US Army's training manual , this can be circumvented by making appropriate adjustments to the CLU , but according to newspaper reports, this experience seems to be gained only in a sharp shot.
It can therefore be assumed that the hit rate under operational conditions, also depending on the heat sources and the experience of the soldiers, fluctuates between 50% and 75%.
Battle at the Debacka Pass
Information about the capabilities and limits of the Javelin can also be obtained from the evaluation of real operations. An example of this is a battle in northern Iraq on April 6, 2003.
During Operation “Northern Safari” the Debacka Pass between Erbil (also Irbil , Arbil ) and Machmur was occupied by the 4th Iraqi Infantry Division. Three platoons of the Special Forces wanted to take this together with further support. The US special forces were equipped with light vehicles Fast Attack Vehicle (desert buggy) and light weapons, including the Javelin.
After a first battle, a truck was destroyed by a Javelin guided missile. The target distance was around 3000 m, i.e. 1000 m above the operational range. A short time later, Iraqi MT-LB armored personnel carriers , T-55 battle tanks and trucks approached . The Special Forces destroyed three armored personnel carriers and two trucks within a few minutes. After a Javelin had also destroyed a T-55, the other four main battle tanks withdrew to prepared positions. There they could not be fought behind earth walls, as infrared devices could not be used to detect them. The Americans focused on the armored personnel carriers that were still attacking and destroyed two more. When Iraqi artillery fire began, the Americans relocated and attacked again. The remaining three armored personnel carriers and one truck were then destroyed. Air support now forced the Iraqis to retreat. A T-55 was destroyed by a javelin at a distance of 3700 m, i.e. at a distance that is 1700 m above the stated operational range.
The soldiers had thus destroyed a total of two battle tanks, eight armored personnel carriers and four army trucks with 19 Javelin missiles launched. "[This example] shows that in an emergency, even a motorized element with light equipment / fittings and light but well-coordinated armament is capable of successfully defending itself against a heavily armed mechanized enemy."
Users
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Australia - 92 launchers -
Bahrain - 13 launchers -
Estonia - 120 launchers and 350 missiles (delivery in 2015) -
France - 260 missiles procured in 2010. Served as an interim solution until the introduction of the Missile Moyenne Portée (MMP) in 2017. -
United Kingdom - The UK Department of Defense announced in January 2003 that it would use the Javelin system as part of the Light Forces Anti-Tank Guided Weapon System (LFATGWS) program. From 2005 onwards, MILAN and Swingfire were replaced by Javelin. They are used by the rapid reaction forces, the 16th Airborne Brigade and the 3rd Command Brigade of the Royal Marines. -
Georgia - 100 launchers and 500 missiles through Israeli brokerage -
Ireland - 36 launchers -
Jordan - 30 launch devices (reorders have been placed) -
Canada - 200 launchers and 840 missiles -
Lithuania - 30 launchers -
New Zealand - 24 launchers and 120 missiles -
Norway - 100 launchers and 526 missiles shipped from 2006 onwards -
Oman - In October 2004, the US and Oman signed a preliminary agreement for the delivery of launch devices and 100 missiles. In July 2008, a contract was signed with Raytheon to supply Javelin systems for US $ 115 million to Oman and the United Arab Emirates. (Reorders have been placed) -
Taiwan - 40 launchers and 360 missiles. The price including training material, instruction and accessories was around 39 million US dollars when the contract was signed in 2002. -
Czech Republic - 3 launchers and 12 missiles for use by special forces in Afghanistan. -
United Arab Emirates - -
United States
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Ukraine 37 launchers and 210 missiles valued at US $ 47 million, delivered from 2018
interested persons
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Kuwait - -
Qatar - -
Saudi Arabia -
Similar weapon systems
- FGM-172 SRAW - anti-tank weapon of a similar type but shorter range
- Type 01 LMAT - Comparable Japanese weapon
literature
- Michael Puttré, Brendan P. Rivers: International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook . Horizon House Publications, Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts 2004, ISBN 1-58053-898-3 .
- Russ Bryant, Susan Bryant: Weapons of the US Army Rangers . Zenith Press, Osceola, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-7603-2112-4 .
- Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System - FM 3-22.37, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003
Web links
- Javelin Anti-Armor Missile at army-technology.com (English)
- javelin at globalsecurity.org (English)
- FGM-148 at designation-systems.net (English)
- Introduction of the Javelin system to the troops at fas.org (English)
Videos:
- Virtual Javelin , broadcast by Army Materiel Command (AMC) News Dispatch via the BST training system .
- British soldiers launch an FGM-148 in top attack mode (Afghanistan).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b FGM-148 Javelin. In: warfare.ru. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ↑ a b c JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, chapter 1-1.
- ↑ a b c Javelin Antitank Missile. FAS Military Analysis Network, August 6, 1999, accessed August 16, 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Javelin - Redstone Arsenal Historical Information. ( Memento of February 15, 2001 on the Internet Archive ) US Army, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, accessed August 15, 2008.
- ↑ a b U.S. Federal Court Judgment No. 95-58C , September 8, 1998, accessed August 14, 2008
- ↑ a b Archive link ( Memento from January 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles - DoD 4120.15-L. In: dtic.mil. Department of Defense, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (AT&L), May 12, 2004, page 104, accessed on August 15, 2006 (PDF; 402 kB, English).
- ↑ Derek Bridges: US Military Aircraft and Weapon Designations, M - Missiles. ( Memento from September 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: psu.edu. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
- ↑ FGM-148 Javelin. In: designation-systems.net. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
- ↑ a b c d Scott R. Gourley, Bunker Busters. ( Memento of October 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Special Operations Technology, January 31, 2007, Vol. 5, Issue 1, accessed on August 14, 2008 (English).
- ↑ Block 1 Javelin Missile Testing. In: technologynewsdaily.com. Technology News Daily, January 10, 2007, accessed August 14, 2006.
- ↑ a b c d e f Pierre Tran: French Missile Choice May Reshape Industry. In: defensenews.com. Defense News, June 20, 2008, accessed August 15, 2008.
- ^ DRS To Produce Infrared Assemblies For Javelin Missile Command Launch Unit. Space War, Space Daily, Gerroa (NSW), Australia, August 24, 2005, accessed August 15, 2008.
- ↑ Move fast, hit hard. ( Memento of January 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Signals, Spring 2003, pages 6–7, accessed on August 14, 2008 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e David Hasemyer: Javelin didn't earn its stripes, Marines claim. In: signonsandiego.com. Union Tribune Publishing Co., July 22, 2003, archived from the original on October 16, 2003 ; accessed on August 15, 2008 .
- ↑ a b c d e JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, chapters 1-5
- ↑ a b c d e FM 3-22.37 Chapter 1–2
- ↑ http://www.ngms.state.ms.us/154thtrngreg/INBN/11B30/11B30%20TSP%202.doc ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ a b c d e f JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapter 2
- ↑ JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapters 1-11
- ↑ JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapters 1-12
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapters 1-11 to 1-19
- ↑ a b c d e JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapters A-1 to A-4
- ↑ a b c d JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapter 3-1
- ↑ 197th Infantry Brigade Javelin Course (010-ASI2C). US Army, Directorate of Operations & Training / G3, Fort Benning, Georgia, accessed August 16, 2008.
- ^ Jav on Target. New Zealand Army News, Issue 368, November 28, 2006, accessed August 15, 2008.
- ↑ JAVELIN MEDIUM ANTIARMOR WEAPON SYSTEM - FM 3-22.37 , Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington DC, January 23, 2003, Chapter E-8
- ^ Oberleutnant Mag. (FH) Markus Reisner, Das Gefecht am Debacka-Pass , Troop Service, Austrian Armed Forces, Volume 303, Issue 3/2008, accessed on August 13, 2008.
- ↑ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/07/bahrain-requests-160-javelins-60-clus/index.php Bahrain Requests 160 Javelins & 60 CLUs. Defense Industry Daily, July 26, 2006, accessed August 21, 2008.
- ↑ http://www.postimees.ee/2996135/eesti-saab-javelini-tankitorjesusteemid-jargmisel-aastal
- ↑ http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/France-Does-What-It-Must-To-Compete-9-30-2015.asp
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento from March 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) MOD press release NEW SHOULDER-LAUNCHED MISSILE ENTERS SERVICE FOUR MONTHS EARLY. Ministry of Defense (National), July 28, 2005, accessed August 21, 2008.
- ↑ a b http://www.army-technology.com/projects/javelin/ Javelin Anti-Armor Missile, USA. In: army-technology.com. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento from January 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Javelin Technology. Javelin Joint Venture Company, accessed August 14, 2008 (PDF).
- ↑ Loyal, edition 9/2009 (September) p. 36.
- ↑ http://www.deagel.com/news/Oman-Purchases-Javelin-Anti-Tank-Weapon-System_n000000378.aspx Oman Purchases Javelin Anti-Tank Weapon System , January 6, 2005, accessed on August 12, 2008 (English ).
- ↑ a b http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/07-29-2008/0004857594&EDATE=Jul+29,+2008 Javelin Joint Venture Awarded $ 115 Million Contract for United Arab Emirates and Oman. Press release from Raytheon, Tucson, Arizona, USA In: prnewswire.com. July 29, 2008, accessed August 25, 2008.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Jak je to s JAVELINem pro AČR? In: army.cz. A report, Čtrnáctideník Ministerstva obrany ČR, edition 2/2005, pages 20–21, accessed on August 21, 2008 (PDF, Czech).
- ↑ http://www.president.gov.ua/news/v-oboronnomu-zamovlenni-cogo-roku-v-4-razi-zbilshuyetsya-kil-45450 Homepage of the Ukrainian President , January 17, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2018. January 2018 (Ukrainian).
- ↑ Nicholas Fiorenza: Ukraine receives Javelins. In: Jane's Information Group . janes.com, May 1, 2018, accessed January 29, 2019 .
- ↑ Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System - FM 3-22.37. In: globalsecurity.org. Headquarters Department of the Army, January 23, 2003, accessed December 24, 2017.
