Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)

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693-page version of the "Family Jewels" of the Central Intelligence Agency from 2007, partially blackened , here page 2 of the PDF, handed over to the National Security Archive , (PDF file)

Family jewels (or " crown jewels " or " family jewels " , known in the US as "family jewels") is the informal name of a collection of files containing reports of illegal and morally questionable activities by the American secret service Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The collection consists of a total of 693 pages on mostly illegal operations by the agency, which were carried out between the 1950s and the mid-1970s. Their existence was first revealed to the public in the run-up to Christmas 1974 after the investigative journalist and Muckraker Seymour Hersh had put together small pieces of information over months in a headline article in the New York Times .

In 1973, as part of the Watergate affair, CIA director James R. Schlesinger commissioned the compilation of documents in order to gain an overview of such actions. However, the completion and handover took place only to his successor in office, William Colby . Colby referred to the report collection as the "corpses" in the CIA filing cabinets. Henry Kissinger called the report a "horror book". In the United States (dt. Is in this context of the "Skeletons" Skeletons ) spoken.

The National Security Archive , a non-governmental organization , requested the release of the documents under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1991 . At this time, the 30-year vesting period, raised by the Executive Order (EO) on security classification (dt. Classification level ), enacted by US President Richard Nixon , expired. Since the application for clearance, the CIA has resisted the release before the partially censored documents were finally published in 2007. The report collection is part of around 27 million CIA documents that were published piece by piece after Bill Clinton signed EO 12958 in 1995 . It was also the CIA's oldest pending FOIA at the time of its release.

background

In 1947, Clark M. Clifford drafted the National Security Act . The act brought about the reorientation of American security and defense policy after the end of World War II at the institutional level. It was also the charter that laid the foundations for the newly created CIA, the United States' first peace-time intelligence agency . The political scientist John Prados from the National Security Archive performs to the Charter, as it was written in 1947, emphatically not the service police violence was and just as expressly forbade to take action within the United States.

The Pentagon papers were fully released in 2011, here page 4, (DJVU file)

In August 1964, the " Tonkin Incident " in the Gulf of Tonkin caused the US government to intervene in the Vietnam War by sending troops . The war effort was, however, controversial. Even before entering the war, the CIA had bets as operation 34a performed as part of the anti-communist rollback policy of President John F. Kennedy , by his successor Lyndon B. Johnson , was continued Vietnam not to abandon communism. With the events from the beginning of the Tet offensive in January 1968 until September, there was a reassessment of the war effort in the American public. The exposure of US war crimes in the Vietnamese village of Mỹ Lai by the investigative journalist Seymour Hersh also caused a change of opinion from November 1969 (see Mỹ Lai massacre ). In addition, the discoveries by the Pentagon papers made headlines on June 13, 1971 , which shed light on the secret history of the Vietnam War. The CIA was also involved in monitoring the anti-war movement, which protested the Vietnam War and was encouraged to withdraw US troops from Vietnam.

In early 1971, clandestine surveillance within the government apparatus under President Richard Nixon reached a climax; the head of state as well as Henry Kissinger , as advisor to the president responsible for " national security ", wiretapped close advisers and journalists. Richard Nixon hired his chief domestic affairs officer, John Ehrlichman , to set up a group to identify leaks that leaked inside knowledge of government activities. These are known in the United States as the "plumbers". On June 17, 1972, CIA Director Richard Helms was informed that the Democratic Party's state headquarters at Watergate in the capital, Washington , had been broken into. Former CIA agent James McCord was in the group of burglars. Even Howard Hunt , also Former was entangled in the break-in, the message said. McCord was an expert on electronic espionage and, like Hunt, worked for President Nixon on the "Plumbers" team. Helms then informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He informed the chief of the agency that it was not a CIA operation. On June 23, Richard Nixon ordered the CIA to block the FBI's investigations, citing “national security”. The FBI did not drop the investigation despite insistent words from the CIA; it insisted on a written order, which was not drawn up due to the consequences of evidence. The burglars were charged and demanded hush money. Nixon's advisor, John Dean , then suggested paying the CIA $ 1 million from the black coffers. Helms refused this suggestion. The FBI resumed the investigation after a week of inactivity. McCord was ordered to testify that he was acting on behalf of the CIA. The CIA should bear the consequences for the acts of the "plumbers", the president would pardon . On June 20, the Washington Post published an article tracing the Oval Office as the initiator of the break-in and blaming the White House , i.e. President Nixon. The evidence was still very thin, although an insider disclosed it. Washington's house paper, the Post Office , kept track of the proceedings; above all the investigative journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein ; They thus formed the basis for growing public opinion about the events that were subsequently revealed in this context.

On November 7, 1972, Richard Nixon won re-election for the second term. Dissatisfied with the work of the CIA and its head Richard Helms, suspecting a conspiracy against him and with the intention of restructuring the agency, Nixon dismissed the head on November 20. The next day, Nixon appointed James R. Schlesinger as the new CIA director, whom Kissinger had proposed to him for the position on November 9th. On January 10, 1973, the trials against the burglars began. All but McCord and Liddy pleaded guilty and all were found guilty of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping . The proceedings escalated; the presiding judge pronounced 30-year prison sentences , but indicated that he would reconsider the judgments in exchange for relevant testimony . McCord then worked with the judiciary, accusing the president's re-election committee, and admitting perjury . Had the defendants been found guilty, the Watergate affair would not have achieved scandal status.

Memorandum of May 9, 1973: for all CIA employees , request from CIA Director James R. Schlesinger to all employees to inform him about possible illegal activities, here page 1, (PDF file)

Up until that point, only the Washington Post had responded to the break- in. This changed on January 14, 1973, when Seymour Hersh succeeded in placing a headline article in the New York Times past his editorial team . Hersh wrote 40 other articles on the affair for the Times alone throughout the year and was only a few steps behind reporters for the Post . Following the established newspapers, other media started reporting; the fragmented details were reported. Schlesinger believed that he was informed about everything the CIA knew about the Watergate affair. However, he was shocked by a protocol that made it clear to him the opposite. Howard Hunt had been involved in a break into the practice of a psychiatrist owned by Daniel Ellsberg in August 1971 . The intrusion was aimed at finding discrediting evidence of the mental state of the anti-Vietnam War activist. Ellsberg had leaked the Pentagon papers to the media two months earlier. Further investigation showed that images for scrutinizing the practice for the preparation of the slump in CIA film laboratories developed were. In addition, a letter from James McCord addressed to the CIA emerged that could be interpreted as blackmailing the President of the United States. On May 9, 1973, Schlesinger made the decision that became his "legacy with explosive power" and gave the order to collect the so-called family jewels :

“I have instructed all senior agency officers to report promptly to me on any current or past activity that might be suspected of being outside the CIA legal framework. I hereby command anyone currently employed by the CIA to report to me on any such activity that they have knowledge of. I urge all former employees to do the same. I expect anyone with the relevant information to call [...] and say that they wish to inform me about 'activities outside the legal framework'. "

Also on that day, President Nixon's cabinet broke away, as the Watergate affair had become a scandal. A few hours after the assignment was issued, William Colby learned that Nixon's Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst had resigned, that Secretary of Defense Elliot L. Richardson followed suit and that Schlesinger was also vacating his post. On May 17, 1973, the United States Senate began its investigation on the Watergate Committee (actual name: Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities ). William Colby, who had become executive director of the CIA in 1971, was deputized as CIA director. There was such a mess that he wasn't sworn in to the new position until September 1973 .

The driving press forces of the Times and Post , Woodward, Bernstein and Hersh, citing anonymous sources, penetrated deeper and deeper into the web of entanglements. The main informant of the newspaper Post was the source " Deep Throat ", whose true identity was only revealed on May 31, 2005 in the magazine Vanity Fair . It was Mark Felt , number two in the FBI at the time. John Dean , legal advisor to President Nixon, testified before the Watergate Committee of Inquiry in June 1973. The press, such as Hersh, reported on his involvement in the break-in near Ellsberg. Also in June, Alexander Butterfield shocked America. On the committee of inquiry, he announced that President Nixon had recorded conversations in the Oval Office. At first Nixon refused to hand over the recordings, but had to make them accessible after legal proceedings. The tapes, which reproduce the events of June 23rd, became known as "smoking gun tapes" and reveal Nixon's knowledge of the involvement of government employees in the break-in and the initiation of the cover-up attempts. On October 10, 1973 , Vice-President Spiro Agnew was urged to resign on charges of corruption ; his successor was Gerald Ford . Later that month, Agnew admitted that he had not taxed $ 29,500 in income, in a bribe, when he became governor of the state of Maryland .

In February 1974 calls for impeachment of President Nixon were made; the judiciary committee began the examination. The Watergate Committee published its 1,250-page seven-volume report on June 27, 1974. On August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon resigned to forestall the dismissal. The instruction given to the CIA to hinder the investigations on the grounds of "national security" was ultimately too much. Gerald Ford became President under the Constitution . Ford gave Nixon a pardon (or pardon) in Proclamation 4311 on September 8, 1974. This included a full and unconditional exemption from prosecution for “all violations of the United States” that Nixon “has committed or committed like. ”The act of forgiveness to bring the nation together has been received controversially . Ford's popularity fell from 71 to 49 percent, according to surveys. Ford left William Colby in the office of CIA director who was stuck on the 693-loose-page file collection completed in late 1973. A complete exposure of the family jewels threatened the existence of the CIA in the period marked by the Watergate affair. In a questioning, the CIA agent responsible for counter-espionage , James Jesus Angleton , explained why this "poison cabinet" of the CIA had not been completely destroyed: "It is unthinkable that a secret government tool should obey all official orders of this government."

Leakage and official release

First public disclosure

Seymour Hersh, an investigative journalist , came very close to the family jewels as early as 1974 while researching the Watergate scandal . For months he had gathered the key data of the story that led to the first public disclosure of the CIA family jewels. In the course of his research into surveillance of antiwar activists who campaigned against US involvement in the Vietnam War (US direct involvement with troops in the 1960s to 1975), he had a phone call with CIA Director William Colby. In this, Hersh said that he had a story bigger than the Mỹ Lai massacre . Colby noted during the conversation that Hersh was bluffing . When Hersh found out about Colby's note from anonymous sources shortly afterwards, he assured him in another phone call that he was not bluffing. Colby then granted him a long-denied interview, which they conducted on December 20th. Hersh described the surveillance as "massive," which Colby dismissed as excessive. He said, "You are wrong if you write your story the way you sketched it." But he failed when he tried to dismiss surveillance as a meaningless process. Colby secretly taped the conversation. Two days after the interview, Hersh published the editorial in the New York Times : Huge CIA operation reported in US against antiwar forces, other dissidents in Nixon years , in which he reported:

"The Central Intelligence Agency has directly violated its constitution by conducting a massive illegal domestic operation against the anti-war movement and other dissident groups during the Nixon administration , as confirmed by high-level government sources ."

Follow the New York Times article

On January 4th, President Gerald Ford discussed the next steps with his cabinet . Richard Helms warned the President:

"Many corpses will be dug up."

As a result of the disclosure of individual details through the article by Hersh, William Colby made the CIA employee James Jesus Angleton the " scapegoat " to protect the CIA as an institution. Angleton's cover was revealed. It was announced that he had previously worked with the FBI to open private mail for 20 years and to conduct illegal intra-American surveillance. Colby sent Henry Kissinger a five-page summary on Christmas Eve. Kissinger conferred with President Ford and the Justice Department was informed, namely Laurence H. Silberman , that Ford offered to lead the CIA as director; Silberman refused.

In light of the publication on the Vietnam War, the Watergate Affair and now the allegations in connection with the family jewels, representatives of the US government felt compelled to investigate themselves. As a direct result of Hersh's publications, three committees of inquiry emerged: the Rockefeller Commission , the Church Committee and the Nedzi Committee, which became the Pike Committee through restructuring . In total, there were eight ongoing investigations and hearings with the CIA at the time. Donald Rumsfeld , appointed Secretary of Defense by Ford , proposed that the Rockefeller Commission be used to counter all other investigations. He, Kissinger, and Ford agreed that damage control was the most important thing. On January 16, 1975, the president received representatives from the country's media. He urged them that in the “national interest” and to protect the reputation of the American presidents since Harry S. Truman , it was undesirable to “broaden” the Commission's issues in public. In the committees, it was largely avoided to go into the family jewels. The actual collection of files was not available to the commissions. Only Operation CHAOS was widely discussed in public. Nevertheless, the commissions pursued a large number of intelligence activities not only for the CIA, but also dealt with the entire US intelligence community , including the NSA and the FBI.

Just as the Church Report put the focus on preventing abuse of intelligence agencies, a debate about the extent was sparked to address the question: How much information should be made available to the public for discussion? This was done in view of the fact that the disclosure of internal counter-espionage processes would benefit other countries. A legislative initiative to punish the betrayal of secrets to foreign services was therefore not passed. The media questioned the proposed law because they saw it as an attack on whistleblowers , i.e. their sources. For a "monitoring from outside" (Eng. "Outside oversight "), which corresponds to an examination by outsiders, consideration was given to creating a new institution. However, this did not happen; Instead, the government spoke out in favor of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB) exercising supervision and gave it additional powers. Congressman Otis G. Pike initiated a public debate on the value of intelligence services with Samuel A. Adams in the commission named after him . The reliability of assessments of the services and their usefulness for decisions were discussed. The investigation into the committees resulted in the establishment of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) and the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) as the permanent secret service committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress. President Gerald Ford banned so-called executive actions ( political murders or extrajudicial executions ) by decree EO 11905 of February 18, 1976, according to which the Church Committee investigated the CIA murder plans of statesmen and other people such as Fidel Castro. President Jimmy Carter initiated a weakening of the decree with EO 12036 . The prohibition of political murders was first affirmed by the successor in office Ronald Reagan in 1981, but he weakened it in a further step with Executive Order 12333 .

Leaks and partly blackened official release 2007

Further information was made public in Salami tactics , but inquiries from journalists and historians were denied by the CIA. The agency even blocked access to the documents, citing the newly created Freedom of Information Act . The file was not released until June 25, 2007, after CIA Director Michael Hayden announced this at the meeting of the Association of Historians for American Foreign Relations . The CIA delivered the collection of documents to the National Security Archive with the words: “We are complying with the oldest pending Freedom of Information Act request; it is yours. Here they are. ”Your publication arouses media interest from around the world. The National Security Archive summary comments with the opening words:

"The Central Intelligence Agency broke its charter for 25 years until the disclosure of illegal telephone tapping , domestic surveillance , assassination conspiracies and human experimentation led to investigations and reforms in the 1970s."

On June 25, the CIA published an image version of the documents that can be viewed on its website. The National Security Archive presented a file with searchable text as 27 a day later  MB - Download available.

In the wake of the publication of the family jewels, the National Security Archive published several transcripts of the conversation, such as the briefing memorandum of January 3, 1975, which describes how William Colby informed President Ford. The transcript of the conversation the following day, in which Kissinger's reaction is documented, was also made available. In addition, the memorandum of the follow-up meeting between Colby and Kissinger on February 20, 1975 in the matter of allegations of spying was published.

meaning

The family jewels are significant, in the opinion of John Prados, because of the abuse that underlies them. The investigations into the misconduct created a system of formal oversight over intelligence services. According to Prados, the family jewels have become a metaphor for a certain category of operations that transcend proper boundaries.

The Central Intelligence Agency family jewels are a small subset of documents that have been released for general inspection. In 1972, President Richard Nixon issued the Executive Order on security classification , according to which documents should be released after 10 years, but the decree gave authorities the privilege of exempting documents. The decree ordered the release after a further 30 years, unless the leadership of the government institution decided otherwise. As a result, authorities created archives for their documents, but often did not declassify them. In 1995, President Bill Clinton enacted Executive Order 12958 , which exposed approximately 27 million pages of documentary material to the CIA. The majority of these are located at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) near Washington in the University of Maryland, College Park . By 1995, an estimated 700 million pages of government documents had not been approved by the institutions. The decree introduced an “automatic release” after 25 years. But there were again restrictions.

content

Memorandum: CIA matters , Memorandum of the United States Department of Justice on illegal activities depicted in the "Family Jewels" of the CIA reported by William Colby on December 31, 1974, here page 1, (PDF file)

In the press the number of pages of the family jewels of the Central Intelligence Agency is given as 700 or 702 pages, respectively, in such cases the version is meant that was handed over to the National Security Archive by the CIA. The content of the blackened pages is in parts more freely documented by other publications than in the release of 2007.

A memorandum for the meeting on December 31, 1974 between CIA Director William Colby and representatives of the Justice Department presents possible criminally relevant issues and gives an overview of the topics of the 693-page report:

  1. Arrest of a KGB - defector Yuri Nossenko for two years - it could be a violation of the kidnapping law;
  2. Telephone monitoring of journalists Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott - conversations with 12 Senators and 6 Congressmen were recorded during the recording of conversations (see also Project Mockingbird );
  3. physical surveillance of journalist and muscleman Jack Anderson and his associates Les Whitten and Brit Hume - Jack Anderson had written two articles about CIA-backed assassination attempts on Cuban President Fidel Castro ;
  4. physical monitoring of Washington Post reporter Michael Getler (who later became the Washington Post ombudsman );
  5. Burglary into the home of a former CIA employee who had a relationship with a Cuban - CIA documents were searched for that the employee may have taken but none were found;
  6. Burglary of a former defector and CIA contract employee - CIA documents searched but none found;
  7. Providing access to the apartment of a former CIA employee without a decision of disposal - CIA documents were seized, the employee was dismissed;
  8. Opening of mail to and from the Soviet Union between 1953 and 1973 (see also: Project SRPOINTER and HTLINGUAL as well as Project Shamrock of the National Security Agency at JFK airport );
  9. Mail opening to and from the People's Republic of China between 1969 and 1972 (like opening mail in the case of the Soviet Union at San Francisco International Airport );
  10. Funding of research on behavior modification in ignorant US citizens, including unscientific, non-consensual human experiments (see also MKULTRA and psychotropic drugs such as LSD and other drugs - files on this were destroyed by Richard Helms and Allan Dulles );
  11. Assassination plans against the Cuban President Fidel Castro (Harry S. Truman ordered the first assassination attempt, the planning was directed by Robert Kennedy ), further planning for the assassination of the Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba , the Dominican President Rafael Trujillo and the commander in chief of the Chilean army René Schneider ;
  12. covert surveillance of dissident groups between 1967 and 1971 (see project RESISTANCE , project MERRIMAC and Operation CHAOS );
  13. Surveillance, possibly post opening, of a Latin American woman and other US citizens in Detroit who announced they would kill CIA Director Richard Helms and Vice President Spiro Agnew;
  14. Supervision of former CIA officer and critic of the agency, Victor Marchetti , who wrote the book The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence - to find out what informants he had within the CIA;
  15. Accumulation of files in a “ 9,900 plus ” list about US citizens of the anti-war movement against the Vietnam War in cooperation with the FBI (see Project RESISTANCE, Project MERRIMAC and Operation CHAOS ) as well as African American activists (see also Black Panther Party );
  16. Polygraphic experiments in collaboration with the Sheriff of San Mateo, California to test the effectiveness of lie detectors;
  17. Creation of forged identity documents with aliases to conceal the true identity of people;
  18. Trial use of electronic devices for monitoring US telephone lines.

According to the National Security Archive, other interesting topics are:

  1. Watergate burglar and CIA agent Howard Hunt asked for a lock opener .
  2. CIA counterintelligence officer James J. Angleton and the issue of training overseas agents in bomb construction , sabotage and more.
  3. Anti-war campaigner funding from John Lennon .

Mention of the German states in the file collection

Among the 693 pages of the document collection there is a five-page section that documents the situation in the GDR in July 1953. It deals with the events that led to the uprising of June 17 : "The Soviet Union passed its first test in East Germany by refraining from knocking down its rebellious satellite state in retaliation."

Reactions to the publication in 2007

implication

The journalist Siegfried Buschschlüter states in an article for Deutschlandradio that the documents confirm the view of independent US historians that the CIA did not take any unauthorized actions, but was always commissioned by the respective presidents. For example Lyndon B. Johnson's instruction to CIA director Helms to provide evidence that the antiwar activists were controlled by communist states , even against Helms' objection, who considered this to be illegal. The foreign editorial office of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) found that newspaper commentators questioned the “image of a purified authority” drawn by CIA director Michael Hayden.

The Cuban President Fidel Castro, repeatedly the target of political assassination attempts, wrote on July 1, 2007 in the Cuban newspaper Juventud Rebelde that the USA was a "killer machine". He added that the disclosure of the documents was an attempt to cover up. Various intelligence experts, historians and journalists are also of the opinion that the publication of the file collection was a distraction from the controversy that was taking place at the time, which was in connection with the " war on terror " and which focused on aspects such as allegations of torture in Secret prisons (see also Abu Ghuraib , Black Sites and Waterboarding ), the wiretapping programs for telephone calls and e-mails and a repressive police state . The NZZ, for example, found that the secret services would operate in a legal gray area. In 2007, the National Security Agency violated wiretapping laws without judicial authorization. Later directors of the CIA might then have to judge things "that the CIA shouldn't have done."

More voices

Timothy S. Hardy, of the CIA's Center for Intelligence Research, said that following the exposures, intelligence reforms failed to take into account that the president's influence over the intelligence community was not too little, but that too much power could be exercised over them.

Historians and intelligence experts are disappointed with the blackening of the 2007 publication. The journalist David Corn wrote in The Nation in mid-2007 that a “main jewel” was missing and would be kept secret. He says: Hayden, who published the family jewels, deserves some recognition. He may lead the public to believe that the CIA is different, but the publication shows that there are still secrets from the past. Only the CIA guards know what jewels are still buried. Amy Zegart , professor at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation, wrote: "With all of these illegal activities identified in a document, the hidden sections are all the more worrying." Siegfried Buschschlueter said that, "As revealing as the released documents from those days may be [...] only a [...] section" can be seen through extensive [...] blackening and this raises new questions.

In 2007, in the New York Times , journalist Scott Shane, reporting on the United States Intelligence Community, stated that comparing the Yuri Nossenko case with today's cases would be difficult to avoid. The agency was holding nearly 100 suspects overseas.

The political scientist David M. Barrett believes that we are "not [know] anything the CIA does today so, but [it] seems we have enough evidence to accept that she does not work differently today."

literature

  • John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Web links

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e f Siegfried Buschschlueter: The Crown Jewels of the CIA. In: Deutschlandradio. June 26, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  2. ^ A b c d Karen Deyoung, Walter Pincus: CIA to Air Decades of Its Dirty Laundry. In: The Washington Post. June 22, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  3. ↑ a b Robert Miraldi: Seymour Hersh . Scoop Artist. First edition. Potomac Books, University of Nebraska, Nebraska 2013, ISBN 978-1-61234-475-1 , pp. 187, 191 f . (English).
  4. ↑ Robert Miraldi: Seymour Hersh . Scoop Artist. First edition. Potomac Books, University of Nebraska, Nebraska 2013, ISBN 978-1-61234-475-1 , pp. 191 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f NZZ: Publication of documents about illegal operations: The CIA gets their corpses from the cellar. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. July 5, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  6. ↑ Robert Miraldi: Seymour Hersh . Scoop Artist. First edition. Potomac Books, University of Nebraska, Nebraska 2013, ISBN 978-1-61234-475-1 , pp. 187, 192 (English).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Timothy S. Hardy: INTELLIGENCE REFORM IN THE MID-1970s. Center for the Study of Intelligence , Central Intelligence Agency, May 8, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  8. ↑ John Ranelagh: CIA . A history. BBC Books, Washington DC 1992, ISBN 978-0-563-36250-0 , pp. 187 : "Books exposing the CIA, revealing political plots and covert actions - the news behind the news, America's secret policies - sold well. Neither author, however, knew the darkest secrets - the assassination plots known as the Skeletons or The Family Jewels. "
  9. ^ A b c John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 , p. 2 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  10. ↑ a b c d Thomas Blanton: The CIA's Family Jewels. In: nsarchive.gwu.edu. The National Security Archive, June 21, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  11. ^ John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 , p. 1 ff . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  12. ^ A b c Martin C. Faga: Improving Declassification . A report to the president from the public interest declassification board. Public Interest Declassification Board, Washington DC December 2007, pp. 5 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  13. ↑ a b The standard author pra: 811 CIA files on Austria - allegations of espionage. In: The Standard. March 24, 2009, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e Klaus Jürgen Haller: Poison pills for Fidel Castro. In: Deutschlandfunk. August 27, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  15. ↑ NSArchive: National Security Archive Staff and Fellows. In: nsarchive.gwu.edu. The National Security Archive, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  16. ^ Scott Shane: Vietnam War Intelligence 'Deliberately Skewed,' Secret Study Says. The New York Times , December 2, 2005, accessed June 27, 2015 .
  17. ↑ Harold P. Ford: Thoughts Engendered by Robert McNamara's In Retrospect. Revisiting Vietnam. Center for Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, April 14, 2007, accessed June 27, 2015 (Update June 27, 2008).
  18. ^ The History Place: The Vietnam War. America Commits 1961-1964. The History Place, 1999, accessed June 27, 2015 .
  19. ^ Joo-Hong Nam: America's Commitment to South Korea . The First Decade of the Nixon Doctrine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-12544-4 , pp. 55 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  20. ↑ a b Don Oberdorfer: Tet. The Turning Point in the Vietnam War . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2001, ISBN 978-0-8018-6703-3 , pp. 243 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  21. ↑ Robert Miraldi: Seymour Hersh . Scoop Artist. First edition. Potomac Books, University of Nebraska, Nebraska 2013, ISBN 978-1-61234-475-1 , pp. 39 f., 44, 189 (English).
  22. ↑ Michael Marek: "The order was to kill everyone in the village" - Pham Thanh Cong, the last survivor of the My Lai massacre: When the dams of humanity broke. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. April 14, 2008, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  23. ^ Documentary film: The Most Dangerous Man in America - Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (USA 2009, 91 min.), Directed by Judith Ehrlich, Rick Goldsmith
  24. ↑ a b c Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 424 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  25. ^ A b Attorney General: Attorney General Memorandum: James A. Wildesrotter (January 3, 1975). (PDF 263 kB) CIA Matters. In: nsarchive.gwu.edu. The National Security Archive, January 3, 1975, accessed June 23, 2015 (Declassified 1992).
  26. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 425 ff . (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  27. ↑ a b Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 427 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  28. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 428 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  29. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 429 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  30. ↑ a b c Robert Miraldi: Seymour Hersh . Scoop Artist. First edition. Potomac Books, University of Nebraska, Nebraska 2013, ISBN 978-1-61234-475-1 , pp. 150 ff . (English).
  31. ^ Bernhard A. Drew: 100 most popular nonfiction authors: biographical sketches and bibliographies . Libraries Unlimited (Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.), Westport, USA 2008, ISBN 978-1-59158-487-2 , pp. 166-168 (English).
  32. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 429-431 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
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  38. ↑ L. Britt Snider: The Agency and the Hill . CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1948-2004. Ed .: Center for Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 2008, ISBN 978-1-929667-17-8 , pp. 29 (English, cia.gov [PDF]).
  39. ↑ a b Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 436 f . (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
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  53. ^ A b John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 , p. 9 f., 23 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
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  58. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 448 f . (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  59. ^ John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 , p. 11 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
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  63. ↑ L. Britt Snider: Unlucky SHAMROCK. Recollections from the Church Committee's Investigation of NSA. Center for Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, April 14, 2007, accessed June 27, 2015 (update July 27, 2008).
  64. ↑ Robert O'Harrow: Excerpt: "No Place to Hide". (No longer available online.) Abc News, January 6, 2006, p. 6 , archived from the original on June 30, 2015 ; accessed on June 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / abcnews.go.com
  65. ↑ Mark Ames: The first congressman to battle the NSA is dead. No-one noticed, no-one cares. pando.com, February 4, 2014, accessed June 25, 2015 .
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  73. ↑ CIA: CIA's "Family Jewels". (PDF 27 MB) full report. In: nsarchive.gwu.edu. The National Security Archive, accessed June 23, 2015 .
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  77. ^ John Prados: The Family Jewels . The CIA, Secrecy, and Presidential Power. Updated ed. 2014. University of Texas Press, Austin 2013, ISBN 978-0-292-76215-2 , p. 2 f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
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  81. ↑ a b Thomas Spang: The US secret service opens part of its archives: Fidel Castro and the CIA's murder plans. In: Berliner Zeitung. June 23, 2015, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  82. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 432 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  83. ↑ Tim Weiner : CIA . The whole story. 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-596-19059-1 , pp. 449 (English: Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA . New York City 2007. Translated by Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert).
  84. ↑ Peter Gruber: USA: Poison cabinet of the superpower. In: Focus. July 2, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  85. ^ Fidel Castro Ruz: La máquina de matarCuba. In: juventudrebelde.cu. Juventud Rebelde, July 1, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 (Spanish).
  86. ↑ The Washington Post: Castro: US Is Still a 'Killing Machine'. In: The Washington Post. July 1, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  87. ↑ a b David Corn: Where's the CIA's Missing Jewel? In: The Nation. June 27, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  88. ↑ Amy Zegart: Keeping Track of All the Redactions. In: washington.blogs.nytimes.com. The New York Times, June 26, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .
  89. ^ A b Scott Shane: Cold-War Era Abuses Invite Contemporary Comparisons. In: The New York Times. June 26, 2007, accessed June 23, 2015 .