Holungen
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Holungen
Rural community of Sonnenstein
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| Height : | 344 m above sea level NHN |
| Area : | 6.79 km² |
| Residents : | 891 (Dec. 31, 2010) |
| Population density : | 131 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | December 1, 2011 |
| Postal code : | 37345 |
| Area code : | 036077 |
 Location of Holungen in Sonnenstein
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 Holungen seen from the Sonder
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Holungen is a village in Unter eichsfeld in the north-west of Thuringia ( Germany ). It is one of the medium-sized villages in the Eichsfeld district . Since December 1, 2011, the formerly independent municipality has been part of the rural municipality of Sonnenstein .
geography
location
Holungen is located 35 km south of the Harz Mountains , 10 km east-southeast of Duderstadt in Lower Saxony and about 8 km north-northeast of Worbis, which also belongs to the Eichsfeld district . The immediate neighbors are Brehme in the west, Jützenbach in the north, Bischofferode in the east and Kaltohmfeld in the south.
The district of Holungen also includes the small settlement Sonnenstein , located to the northwest at the intersection of state roads 1011 and 1012 .
landscape
The clustered village of Holungen is located in the northern foothills of the Ohm Mountains in the valley of the Bode flowing through the village , a tributary of the Wipper that flows mainly to the east-southeast . To the south rise in the Ohm Mountains the Sonder ( 512.9 m above sea level ) and the Ohmberg ( 528.7 m ) with the "Wild Church". The Hohenkammer rises to the west of the village, where it is separated from the Sonder by the Segeltal valley. The Sonnenstein ( 485.6 m ) rises in the northwest, the grass forest to the north. To the northeast, a potash dump is heaped up that has mountain-like dimensions. Holungen is about 350 m above sea level.
traffic
Holungen is connected to traffic via the state roads 1011 Brehme-Bischofferode and 1012 Worbis-Jützenbach. A few kilometers to the south the place has a connection to the federal motorway 38 (junction Leinefelde-Worbis), the next rail connection is in Leinefelde .
Climate and geology
Except for the easterly winds, Holungen is well protected against external influences by the mountains. The soil consists of crystalline rock types such as quartz , feldspar or mica . The weathering turned the quartz into sand and the potassium feldspar rock turned into both clay and loam .
origin of the name
Research into the origin of the name Holungen goes back to ancient times. Evidence for this are primarily files from the Gerode monastery . The name "Holungen" is said to come from the word "Hold" (good, feminine spirit). This word can also mean something like “Holt” in dialect , which would correspond to “forest”. The name Holdungen can also be found in old documents . However, the expression could also come from “Haulungen”. That means "forest pasture on a slope". From this it can be concluded that Holungen was designated as a forest settlement. The villages with the ending "-ungen" were all relocated to an older settlement period. It is therefore possible that the origin can be traced back to colonization . Perhaps the place belonged to the 2nd settlement period (all places with "-ungen") before 531, when the Franks defeated Thuringia. After that, the north of the Eichsfeld belonged to the Saxons , including Holungen.
coat of arms
The Mainz wheel in the first quarter stands for the Electorate of Mainz , in the third quarter there are two crossed hammers that symbolize the potash mining in the area. This was of enormous economic importance for many decades. In the second half of the coat of arms a picture of the sunstone can be seen. An elevation that is very close to the place.
Blazon : “Half-divided and split; above in front a silver, six-spoke wheel in red, below in front in silver black crossed mallets and irons , behind in silver a green mountain with a black high cross on top . "
history
Early history and first mentioned in 1266
According to the files of the Gerode monastery, Holungen was founded between 531 and 800 years. In the following centuries there were many warlike events in and around the village. In 933 Henry I beat Hungary on the Unstrut . 22 years later, his son Otto the Great also succeeds in doing this on the Lechfelde. Then calm returns to the country. The Gerode Monastery was built between 1118 and 1120. The Thuringian Landgrave Heinrich Raspe died in 1247 . From 1236 to 1247 he was sovereign of part of the Mark Tu-der-stede, today's Duderstadt . Elisabeth of Thuringia was his sister-in-law. In 1246 he was elected as the antagonist of Frederick II . After his death there was a fight for the legacy of the Thuringian Landgrave House, with Holungen being devastated. Many residents fled to Duderstadt during this time. These assumptions are partially supported by documents from the years 1266 and 1299. The documents from 1266 also represent the first written mention of Holungen under the name "Haldrungen". Between 1350 and 1370 the village was rebuilt and belonged to the County of Lohra . From 1370 Holungen belonged to the county of Hohnstein , and in 1431 it was exchanged for the monastery village of the Gerode monastery, which was destroyed in 1525 in the course of the peasant wars.
The time up to the German Empire
The Thirty Years' War did not stop at Holungen either, and in 1626 there was extensive devastation by the army of Duke Christian von Braunschweig . In 1701 Prussia became a kingdom, but the Eichsfeld, including Holungen, was still subordinate to the Electorate of Mainz. Between 1740 and 1786, Eichsfeld did military service for Austria against Frederick the Great and was at war with Prussia. Many Holungers were involved in these wars or were recruited to the Kurmainzischen Hussar Corps. As a result, you can still find some Holung tribal names in Vienna today. In 1802 the Eichsfeld was finally annexed to Prussia. This was on August 3rd, the birthday of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III.
Prussian rule lasted only four years and ten weeks, until 1806 and 1807, when Prussia was almost completely destroyed. In addition, half of the countries and the position of great power were stolen from him. In 1806 the battle of Jena and Auerstedt was lost , whereby Napoleon took possession of the two districts of Eichsfeld, including Holungen, in December of that year. Friedrich Wilhelm III. fled to Memel with his wife and the prince . The French demanded high taxes, which the Holungers had to pay via the Gerode monastery. In 1807 the Eichsfeld came to the Kingdom of Westphalia with the capital Kassel . On January 1, 1808, the civil code, the " Code Napoléon ", came into force. The young men now had to do military service in the French army. During this time, many troops marched through the Eichsfeld and also settled in Holungen.
After the freedom struggles, the Eichsfeld belonged to Prussia again. Orderly laws were created and Worbis was given its own city and regional court. Holungen was assigned to the Gerode court office. At that time Holungen had 650 inhabitants. In 1841 Holungen received his first chaplain . According to the constitution of the commissariat, there has been a full service every Sunday and public holiday since January 28, 1844.
In 1848 there were many riots in the Worbis district. Therefore were in the villages vigilante created, who were subordinated to the mayor. The weirs were equipped with pikes, sabers and rifles. A year later, the land registry was fully established in the Worbis District Court.
Cholera hit the district of Worbis in 1850. The neighboring village of Weißenborn had the most deaths , Holungen was only slightly affected. In September 1855 the king visited many places in the district. The Eichsfeld had suffered a lot from the wars of freedom, there were bad harvests and many diseases. Holungen received money from him to rebuild some houses that had burned down. On February 2, 1861, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV died , his brother Wilhelm I took his place. In the same year, the rifle club was founded and the road was expanded across the grass forest. The Holungers were dissatisfied with this expansion, as another variant would have been cheaper for the place. So in February 1865 there was a great trial that was lost. The road led from Worbis over the Sonnenstein to Gerode and was half an hour further than the old way. Holungen was almost completely cut off from tourism.
Holungen had a post mill as a special landmark . This was acquired by Joseph Isecke in 1844 and previously stood on the Schern mountain near Nordhausen . In April 1844, the mill was moved to Holungen and used for grain grinding. After the death of the miller Isecke , the mill changed hands in quick succession. In 1928 Joseph Glahn ceased operations and in 1939 the mill was demolished. Today you can still find the foundations.
The time of the German Empire
In the years 1870/1871 the war against France took place and Germany became an empire on January 30, 1871, under the Prussian King Wilhelm I. The soldiers returned with the Iron Cross , the war memorial and other symbols of merit. Many war comradeships developed and later a warrior club was founded.
In Holungen, the acceptance of Kaiser Wilhelm was very high. This was largely due to the fact that a Holunger (Josef Hildebrandt) was the emperor's coachman from 1861 to 1888. During this time Holungen had around 650 residents, two tree nurseries, a shepherd's house, a school, a community tavern and a fire-fighting pond . The place also owned 196 acres and around 500 acres of its own land.
On April 1, 1876, Rector Friedrich Polak from Nordhausen was appointed school inspector. Holungen got a second teacher and a new school was built. In March 1871 the plots were measured in the entire corridor. Due to the different altitudes, it was possible that there were differences in the measurements, but in 232 cases the permissible difference was exceeded. In 100 cases it was even double what was permitted. The owners gave the land to the separation process and had it returned afterwards, thereby reducing the size of the corridor. In 1906 it emerged that Holungen was missing 180 acres that were actually entered in the land register. In 1925 the land was booked twice, once for the forest treasury and the other for the community of Weißenborn. Holungen objected, but to no avail.
In June 1890 a church building association was founded in Holungen. Construction of the church began a year later. The stones for this were broken in a nearby quarry (Wehnberg). A teacher from Holungen practiced plays with the young people and played in the neighboring villages to help build the church. On June 20, 1893, Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Augustine Gockel inaugurated. A year later, the registry office came from Bischofferode to Holungen. In 1895 the road towards Bischofferode was built, Holungen received support from the Mühlhausen State Building Inspectorate. In 1896 the place received a new church organ. A year later, lightning struck the church tower, which then had to be repaired. At the same time, Holungen received a new church bell because the old one had cracked when it was rung. In 1899 the Holung Choral Society was founded. In 1908, the drilling of potash shaft I for the Bischofferode potash plant began.
The Holung Church around 1900
Holungen around 1900
Holungen 1942, on the left the Bischofferode potash mine
1942 View of the Sonnenstein
First and Second World War
Holungen was largely spared from the immediate events of the two world wars. In the First World War 160 Holunger had to arms. 36 men did not return home. In her memory, a plaque was placed in the church under the tower.
During the Nazi regime, eleven men and women from Poland had to do forced labor in the village since 1940 and other workers from the Ukraine since 1942 . The "Community Camp I for POWs " of the Bismarckshall potash works was located in the village .
During the Second World War , Holung men were deployed as Wehrmacht soldiers in Poland , France and Russia . A total of 47 men from Holungen died during the war. The villagers only felt the effects of the war towards its end. A large air mine was dropped nearby and some planes were shot down by the Luftwaffe. Holungen was largely spared from enemy air raids. Some citizens had to pay a fine for not darkening their windows enough.
In the spring of 1945 the German troops withdrew. On March 14, 1945, Holungen received many flak and infantry soldiers to billet. From now on the community came to the combat zone. On the night of April 9-10, the battle broke out around 11 a.m. Anti-aircraft guns fired at enemy planes for about three hours with longer interruptions. The residents and houses of Holungen were unharmed. On April 11, the advance of US troops began on Holungen. The day before, the German troops fled. When the news of the advance of the Americans became known, the mayor and the parish vicar went to meet the advancing troops. When the first vehicle approached, both men approached the US soldiers and asked that Holungen be spared. They declared that there were no more German soldiers in the village and that there was no resistance from Holungen. At the church tower the citizens had waved a white flag with a red cross .
The US troop movement continued until April 18. The tanks drove non-stop for the first three days. The residents were only allowed to use the main street from noon to 1 p.m. All roads in Holungen were completely destroyed. On July 4, 1945, the Soviet soldiers came to Holungen. The border with the Americans and the British was ten kilometers away. On August 20, most of the Soviet soldiers withdrew and only a small crew remained .
GDR, turning point and potash works
Due to the very strong Catholic faith in Eichsfeld, especially in Holungen, the SED found it difficult to gain a foothold in Eichsfeld. The situation was made even more difficult by the fact that Holungen was near the restricted border area. The neighboring villages of Brehme and Jützenbach were already within this zone. This area, which extends several kilometers into the interior of the GDR , had the task of intercepting potential refugees well before the actual border. As a tourist you were not allowed to enter. You either had to live there or apply for a permit to visit relatives. Since many Holungers had relatives and friends in the restricted border area, contacts were made even more difficult.
The “ Thomas Müntzer ” potash plant was the most important employer in the region during the GDR era. From 1955 to 1961 the number of working people rose from 25 to almost 300. In 1939 the potash plant was still a supplier for the German war economy and was thus equated with the "armaments industry level SS". It was the only plant that delivered 98 to 99% potassium chloride with the highest degree of purity . With these salts explosives and other materials important for the war could be produced. In 1977 the potash salt received the K1 price surcharge for its constant quality, and two years later it received the “Q” quality mark. From 1985 the factory was the sole manufacturer of backrest adjusters for the Wartburg . In addition, skylights and potash fertilizers were made. Operation in the potash plant was ended in 1993. The closure of the potash plant caused a sensation nationwide at the time, as the potash buddies attracted attention with many actions (including hunger strikes and a march to Berlin) and the slogan “Bischofferode is everywhere”. The potash plant was of great importance for the neighboring villages and meanwhile provided jobs for over 1000 people. The region's economy recovered only slowly from this upheaval. Even if the potash plant is more closely associated with Bischofferode, a large part of the company premises was in the area of the municipality of Holungen.
After the fall of the Wall, some streets were renovated in Holungen. Many households got telephone and gas connections etc. In 1995 the second Eichfeld costume festival was celebrated in Holungen. This festival brought various embellishments for Holungen, for example the area around the pond and the fire station were redesigned.
On December 1, 2011, the community of Holungen merged with the seven other communities of the Eichsfeld-Südharz administrative community to form the rural community of Sonnenstein.
Population development
In 1900 Holungen counted 671 people in 104 houses. On average, between 5 and 7 people lived in each house. Until the beginning of the First World War, the population increased slowly. After the war this development continued as many people sought refuge in Holungen. From 1925 to 1940 these numbers were declining. During the Second World War, many evacuees came again, so in 1945 with 1,092 people, the one-thousand-meter limit was exceeded for the first time. In 1947 the population reached its highest level of 1332 people to date. After this time the population slowly decreased again. In 1964 there were still 1080 people living in 315 families. The number of large families decreased more and more. In 1978 the number of inhabitants was again below 1000, this limit was exceeded again in 1983. At the turn of 1990 it was still 948, then the number leveled off around 1000. In 2001 there were 1005 people in Holungen, at the beginning of 2003 there were only 978.
Development of the population (December 31) :
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- Data source: Thuringian State Office for Statistics
politics
mayor
The last honorary mayor before the incorporation Benno Mumdey (CDU) was re-elected on June 6, 2010.
Personalities
born in Holungen:
- Hermann Iseke (1856–1907), poet of the " Eichsfelder Sangs " and other works
- Anton Thraen (1843–1902), namesake of the asteroids " Eichsfeldia " and " Photographica "
- Franz Iseke (1872–1938), pastor who made a name for himself by working against National Socialism
living in Holungen:
- Gerhard Jüttemann ( PDS ), member of the 13th and 14th German Bundestag
Culture and sights
Attractions
- Church of St. John the Baptist
- Hermann Isecke monument below the Sonnenstein
- View from the Sonnenstein to the Untereichsfeld in the northwest, the western Harz in the northeast and the Kyffhäuser in the east.
societies
Larger associations in Holungen are the men's choir Unity , the church choir Sankt Cäcilia , the Heimatverein Dr. Hermann Iseke Holungen , the Thomas-Müntzer-Kaliverein Bischofferode e. V. , the sports club Blau-Weiß Holungen and a youth group from the Maltese Youth Diocese of Erfurt. Some traditions go back to the 19th century.
The sports club was successful in fistball . Here one was twice GDR champion with a girls' team. There are no more activities in this sport. In the soccer field, the men's team plays in the 1st district class. Here, too, we can look back on some titles in the youth sector (district champion, district cup winner, indoor district champion). Due to the low birth rate, players are currently entering into play communities with other villages (JSG Bodetal).
The shooting club was founded in Holungen in 1864. A re-establishment after the world wars failed to materialize. Nevertheless, Holungen still has a Schützenstrasse. The same applies to the regionally known amateur drama group, which had a few performances after the reunification of Germany, but did not appear again afterwards.
literature
- Josef Kistner: GDR environmental drama stopped. Fight for a Eichsfelddorf. Borsdorf 2014, 200 pages, numerous illustrations, ISBN 978-3-86468-805-8
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Atzrodt: The last windmill on the Eichsfeld . In: Kulturbund der DDR, Kreisleitung Worbis (Hrsg.): Eichsfelder Heimathefte . Booklet 2. Eichsfelddruck Heiligenstadt, Heiligenstadt 1979, p. 176-177 .
- ↑ Thuringian Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime - Association of Antifascists and Study Group of German Resistance 1933–1945 (ed.): Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933–1945, series: Heimatgeschichtliche Wegweiser Volume 8 Thüringen, Erfurt 2003, p. 38 , ISBN 3-88864-343-0
- ↑ StBA: Area changes from January 1st to December 31st, 2011
- ^ Thuringian State Office for Statistics
- ↑ Local elections in Thuringia on June 6, 2010. Elections for community and city council members. Preliminary results. The regional returning officer, accessed on June 6, 2010 .