Hurricane Isaac (2012)

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Hurricane Isaac
Category 1 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Isaac on August 28 off the coast of Louisiana
Isaac on August 28 off the coast of Louisiana
Emergence August 21, 2012
resolution September 1, 2012
Peak wind
speed
80  mph (130  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 965  mbar ( hPa ; 28.5  inHg )
dead 34 direct, 7 indirect
Property damage US $ 2.39 billion (2012)
Affected
areas 		Leeward Islands , Puerto Rico , Hispaniola , Turks and Caicos Islands , Cuba , Jamaica , Bahamas , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , Texas , Arkansas , Midwest , Eastern United States
Season overview:
2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Isaac was the ninth named tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season . The Cape Verde System developed in the second half of August, moving over the northern leeward islands , grazing Puerto Rico and reaching south of Hispaniola as a strong tropical storm. This moved across the Tiburon Peninsula and the Gulf of Gonâve in a west-northwest direction to the eastern tip of Cuba . The storm only lasted a short time over the mountainous region of the island state and then followed its north coast further northwest. After passing through Florida Street , Isaac set course for the western Florida Keys . After shifting his center westward, Isaac continued his migration northwest through the eastern Gulf of Mexico . On the afternoon of August 28, Isaac reached hurricane status, moving towards New Orleans . Moving slowly forward, Isaac pulled overland in southeast Louisiana and gradually northward along the Mississippi River. Isaac was downgraded to Tropical Storm on August 29, and to Tropical Depression on August 30. The system lost its tropical characteristics on September 1st over Missouri .

Storm course

Track of the hurricane

Isaac grew out of a tropical wave that broke off the coast of Africa on the night of August 15-16. During the day and early the following day, the system developed more convection off the coast of Sierra Leone , and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began running the system in its Tropical Weather Outlooks (TWOs). The further organization of the system stalled briefly, but the thunderstorm activity was more concentrated on August 18th. On August 19, the tropical wave reached a high probability of tropical cyclogenesis . There was only minimal structural improvement in the system over the next two days, although the likelihood of cyclones increased.

On August 21, convection and near-surface circulation had developed sufficiently, so that the NHC declared the system moving westward south of a wide high pressure ridge about 1,150 km east of the Leeward Islands to be the ninth tropical low pressure area of ​​the season.

Isaac as a tropical storm near the Antilles on August 22nd

Late on August 21, a Hurricane Hunters reconnaissance flight measured a wind speed of 44 knots (84 km / h) at an altitude of about 1000 feet above the ground, and based on this measurement, the low pressure area was upgraded by the NHC to a tropical storm and received the Name Isaac . However, at this point the storm appeared disorganized and the center was found north of the strongest convection activity. The circulation rolled out early on August 22nd, and in the northeast quarter Isaac absorbed copious amounts of dry air. During the day, the system passed Guadeloupe directly south and ended up in the Caribbean Sea . The dry air hindered the convection activity, although Isaac gradually got better organized. However, late on August 23rd, despite the well-developed outflow and clearly discernible external circulation, it became difficult to pinpoint the core and center of the storm. The storm had multiple eddies , and the highest sustained wind speed of 25-30 knots reported by NOAA Buoy 42059 was well southwest of the center identified by the Hurricane Hunters , which in turn was south of the point where the storm center was expected was.

Also on August 24th, Isaac initially appeared to be a poorly organized system based on the data from the reconnaissance flights, but in the afternoon the storm makes a tidier impression, both on the satellite images and on the basis of the readings obtained during the reconnaissance flights. The storm intensified and received a more northerly steering current due to weakness in the subtropical ridge over the United States. The air pressure in the center dropped to 994 hPa and sustained wind speeds were set at 55 knots, and early on August 25, infrared and microwave satellite images indicated that an eye was beginning to form.

Isaac on August 26th on Florida Street

The high mountains of the Tiburon Peninsula had a relatively small effect on the circulation of the storm, but the central air pressure rose to 998 hPa, and the strongest wind speeds were measured by the Hurricane Hunters about 110 to 130 km north of the center. Isaac was now at the southeast end of a long depression that reached the southern tip of Florida and would direct the storm in that direction. Isaac moved about 45 km west of Punta de Maisi over the eastern tip of Cuba and then moved over water along the northern coast of Cuba for the next two days, but the proximity to land hindered the development of the storm, so that its overall impression on the satellite images was not very impressive . The system was part of a large depression at low and medium altitude in the northwestern Caribbean and the adjacent sea areas, in which a secondary circulation center between Cuba and the Cayman Islands was formed. The primary and secondary centers of circulation began to rotate around one another. This development suggested a temporary westward movement as soon as the storm center reached Floridastrasse.

Isaac on August 27 when he reached the Gulf of Mexico

Isaac then continued on his way north-west through the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The system organized itself better over the warm water of the Loop Current during the course of the day on August 27 and the central air pressure fell to 977 hPa the following day, but the storm initially had difficulties developing higher wind speeds due to its large extent and southwest wind shear . A frayed eye that formed during the day did not last. Finally, the central air pressure fell to 976 hPa on August 28, without the storm being able to develop sufficient sustained wind speeds to be classified as a hurricane. This was partly due to dry air that was sucked into the circulation. At 16:20 UTC on August 28, during a reconnaissance flight by the Hurricane Hunters , a surface wind speed of 65 knots (120 km / h) was finally determined and Isaac was classified as a hurricane. In the following hours the hurricane intensified slightly. After an initial landfall around 23:45 UTC in the Mississippi River Delta about 110 km south of New Orleans, the center of the hurricane jumped back westward over water before finally moving overland at Lafourche Parish , Louisiana .

Hurricane strength reaches Isaac in a radius of up to 95 km away from its center, storm strength reaches the sustained wind speeds in a distance of up to 280 km. The forward speed of the hurricane of seven knots (almost 13 km / h) is slow and therefore increases the height of the storm surge, the level of which on the coast of Louisiana and Mississippi reaches 1.8 to 3 m above sea level in places. In addition, the prolonged, quasi-stationary heavy rain with cumulative precipitation amounts of 175 to 300 mm, in some cases 500 mm, increases the risk of flooding. The forecast of the National Hurricane Center assumes that Isaac initially hardly loses strength over the bayous of Louisiana, but then a steady weakening sets in inland. After a ridge still northwest of the hurricane shifts in the direction of the Ohio Valley , the NHC expects a northward-facing and, after reaching the westerly wind zone, a northeastern trajectory.

Isaac lost its tropical properties on September 1st over Missouri.

Preparations

Lesser Antilles

With the first warning from 09:00 UTC on August 21, pre-warnings of a tropical storm were issued for the British Virgin Islands , the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico as well as Saba , Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten . The competent authorities issued storm warnings for Antigua and Barbuda , Dominica , Guadeloupe , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis as well as for Saint Martin . and briefly the government of Anguilla made the warning of a tropical storm official. During the day, the warnings for Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten were upgraded to storm warnings, and at the same time the French government issued a storm warning for Martinique . Early warnings for the British and American Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico were expanded to include storm warnings early on August 22, while US authorities warned their areas of the possibility of a hurricane intensification.

Greater Antilles and Bahamas

On August 24th, waves hit the coast of Hispaniola.

The government of the Dominican Republic issued a storm warning for the north coast of the state on August 22 at 09:00 UTC. For the section between Isla Saona and the state border with Haiti on the south side of Hispaniola, the government issued a storm warning with hurricane warning at the time.

Ninety minutes later, a storm warning was issued for the island of Jamaica . The Cayman Islands Meteorological Service placed the Cayman Islands under tropical storm readiness status early on August 25. After Isaac was found to be heading north of Cuba, the warnings were lifted for both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.

United States

According to early forecasts, the expected train track ran roughly parallel to the Florida Peninsula , close to Tampa . From Monday, August 27th, the Republican National Convention should take place here, at which the delegates of the Republican Party will determine their candidate for the 2012 presidential election . 70,000 participants - politicians, delegates, security forces, press representatives and demonstrators - were expected in the city on the west coast of Florida. A few days before the start of the event, Jeff Masters calculated, based on historical facts, a 0.2 percent probability that the city could be evacuated during the event and, while the storm was still east of the Antilles Arc, used the Predictions of a one to three percent probability that Isaac's effects could result in an interruption to the party convention.

The United States Secret Service is primarily responsible for the security of the nomination convention , but around half of the 3,500 police forces deployed were drawn from all over the state of Florida. The approaching cyclone therefore raised doubts as to whether the requested number of officers would actually arrive or would be needed in their hometowns - especially in South Florida - in preparation for the storm and in dealing with the consequences. The National Guard therefore prepared to provide forces beyond the 1,700 scheduled soldiers.

Pre-warnings of a tropical storm were issued on August 24 at 21:00 UTC for Florida's east coast south of Jupiter Inlet , for the west coast of the state south of Bonita Springs, and for Lake Okeechobee and the Florida Keys. The warnings were upgraded to storm warnings early the following day and to hurricane warnings in the Florida Keys area and between Ocean Reef and Bonita Springs. The area from Jupiter Inlet to Sebastian Inlet has been placed under an advance warning. During the course of the day, the hurricane warning became a hurricane warning, and the area south of Golden Beach received a hurricane warning. These warnings were successively withdrawn on August 26th as the storm withdrew in a westerly direction.

On August 25 at 15:00 UTC, the advance warning for the west coast north and west was extended to Indian Pass and the storm warning was extended to the area up to Tarpon Springs. Rick Scott , the governor of Florida, declared his state a state of emergency on August 25th. Amtrak closed its two pairs of trains, Silver Meteor and Silver Star, in the section between Orlando and Miami on Sunday, August 26th .

On the morning of August 26, the storm warning was finally extended along the west coast and the Florida Panhandle to Indian Pass, and a hurricane warning was declared for the north coast of the Gulf between the mouth of the Mississippi River and Indian Pass, whereby the metropolitan area of ​​New Orleans was initially excluded . Six hours later, the hurricane warning was extended to the Louisiana coast to the east of Morgan City , including the New Orleans metropolitan area with Lake Pontchartrain . During the day, the hurricane warning between Morgan City, Louisiana and Destin , Florida including metropolitan New Orleans, Lake Pontchartraine and Lake Maurepas was converted into a hurricane warning.

The governors of Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama declared a state of emergency for the coastal stretches in their respective areas of responsibility. Alabama's Governor Robert Bentley ordered mandatory evacuations for coastal and low-lying areas, but some of those evacuations were lifted when it was possible to narrow down where Isaac would be moving overland. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal urged residents of 15 Parishs to vacate their homes, including 53,000 residents of St. Charles Parish near New Orleans. In Plaquemines Parish, south of the city, forced evacuation was ordered for around 2,000 residents. Finally, mandatory evacuations were carried out in parts of eight parishs before the hurricane hit. The state governor activated a total of 4,200 National Guard soldiers, many of whom were patrolling the streets of New Orleans.

The administration of Jackson County of Mississippi ordered the mandatory evacuation of the areas in this county south of US Highway 90 on August 27 , which mainly affected parts of Ocean Springs , Gautier and Pascagoula . The authorities dispatched 1,500 National Guard soldiers to the three southern counties. The Mississippi Gaming Commission ordered the temporary closure of twelve casinos on the coast, and state police put a driving ban on the coastal stretch of US Highway 90 from August 28 to 7:00 a.m. local time on August 29.

The American Red Cross provides emergency shelters in 18 locations in Louisiana and 19 in Mississippi and Alabama. On 39 production platforms - around seven percent of the 596 plants - and eight of 76 oil rigs (around eleven percent) in the Gulf of Mexico, work was stopped on August 26 and the workers were brought to safety. US production of oil in the Gulf of Mexico fell by 24 percent and that of natural gas by eight percent.

consequences

Effects by Isaac
State / Region dead
Dominican Republic 05 (1)
Haiti 19th
Puerto Rico 00 (1)
Florida 00 (2)
total 24 (4)
Figures in brackets: indirect victims

Lesser Antilles

In Martinique were incurred in connection with the storm at least 80 mm of rain. An indirect casualty from the storm was reported in Bayamón , Puerto Rico, where a person fell to his death from a balcony while preparing for the storm. In Naguabo , Puerto Rico, coastal flooding resulted in the closure of a road. The storm caused widespread power outages on the island.

Greater Antilles

A preliminary hearing of five people detained at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for alleged involvement in the September 11, 2001 attacks was canceled because of Isaac's rapprochement, and the judges, defense attorneys, translators, authorized press representatives and spectators who had already arrived Relatives of people who died in the attacks were flown out again.

At least 19 people died from the effects of the storm in Haiti, mostly because structures collapsed above them. Six other people are missing and 22 people were injured, according to the authorities. The Rivière Grise overflowed its banks north of Port-au-Prince and flooded Cité Soleil . Around 300 huts were covered and the poor settlement flooded up to a meter high. According to the Red Cross, floods caused by heavy rain and the flooding of the river affected 1,600 households, including those in emergency shelters. On Monday, two days after the storm broke through, Haiti's civil defense received reports of 2,346 damaged and 335 destroyed homes.

Aid organizations fear that flooding and poor sanitary conditions in the emergency shelters that have been in use since the 2010 earthquake will relaunch the cholera epidemic that has persisted since 2010 and that more than 7,000 Haitians had died before the storm broke through. Doctors Without Borders has therefore reopened a cholera treatment center with 275 beds in Carrefour south of Port-au-Prince. There is also concern about the supply of basic foodstuffs because a large part of the harvest in rural areas has been destroyed.

Five people were killed and three drowned in the Dominican Republic. About 7,800 low-lying residents were evacuated. According to the authorities, 49 houses were destroyed by the effects of the storm.

In Cuba, the city of Baracoa in the far east of the island was particularly affected. Tsunami- like waves, heavy precipitation and wind peaks of up to 80 km / h damaged 89 residential buildings and 16 government institutions. Most of the time, roofs were partially or completely covered. 19 houses collapsed partially and four completely. The electricity and telephone networks were also affected. Five people were injured. There were no deaths. Damage to homes and electricity supplies was also reported from the provinces of Holguín , Guantánamo , Santiago de Cuba and Granma . Numerous rivers have overflowed their banks. In other parts of the country, such as the central Cuban province of Villa Clara , people were happy about well-filled reservoirs.

United States

Orange prices rose as a result of Isaac's endangerment of Florida . The state contributes more than 75 percent of the United States' annual orange harvest. In addition, the Republican Convention in Tampa was suspended for a day shortly after it opened.

Two people were killed in road accidents in Florida in connection with the storm.

The mainland of the northern Gulf coast was hit by the hurricane in category 1 of the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale , almost exactly seven years to the day after Hurricane Katrina also hit the Louisiana coast not far from here . Katrina was classified in Category 3 when it reached the mainland. In 2005, some of the levees that were supposed to protect New Orleans, which was partially below sea level, were flooded or gave way, and pumping stations failed, so much of the city was flooded. Since then, the United States Army Corps of Engineers has invested around 14.5 billion US dollars in the expansion of a 214 km long system of levees, protective walls, shut-off gates and pumping systems. Hurricane Isaac was the first test for this renewed system.

A levee about two and a half meters high , as a river dike is called in the United States, was washed over three feet by the storm surge in Plaquemines Parish, about 150 km downstream from New Orleans. This dike did not belong to the developed system. Hurricane Katrina was much stronger, but the Isaacs wind field extended further when it landed, reaching gale force from Morgan City in the west to the state border between Mississippi and Alabama in the east, which led to a stronger storm surge. The storm surge hit Shell Beach , Louisiana, 3.25 m above mean sea level and Waveland , Mississippi, the water rose to 2.25 m above mean sea level, but in some parts of southeast Louisiana authorities recorded water levels of up to to 4.2 m above mean sea level.

In Louisiana, around 400,000 households were without a supply of electricity on August 29 - around a third of them in New Orleans - but due to high wind speeds, utility Entergy was initially unable to send its technicians out into the field to repair torn power lines. As of August 30, a total of 915,000 customers in Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi were without electricity.

The humid air associated with Isaac led to sometimes enormous amounts of precipitation in parts of the United States. These were widespread 100 to 200 mm, in Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi locally over 300 mm. The highest values ​​were measured at 510 mm in New Orleans, 433 mm north of Kiln , Mississippi, 479 mm in Wilmer , Alabama and 422 mm near Vero Beach , Florida.

Web links

Commons : Hurricane Isaac  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files
 Wikinews: Tropical Storm Isaac hits the Caribbean  - News

supporting documents

  1. ^ Todd Kimberlain and John Zelinsky: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 16, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  2. ↑ Eric Blake: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  3. ^ John Cangialosi: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 18, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  4. ↑ Eric Blake: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  5. ↑ Eric Blake and Richard Pasch: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  6. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Tropical Depression NINE Public Advisory 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center . August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  7. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 3 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  8. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  9. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 7 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  10. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  11. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 10 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  12. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 11 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  13. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 13 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  14. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 14 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  15. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 15 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  16. ↑ Stacey Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 16 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  17. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  18. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 18 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  19. ^ A b c Peter Orsi: Tropical Storm Isaac douses Haiti, killing 3; heads into Cuba, then is aimed at Florida (English) . August 25, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 27, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.newser.com 
  20. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 19 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  21. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 25 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  22. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 26 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  23. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 30 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  24. ↑ Stacey Stewart and Jack Beven, Hurricane Isaac Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  25. ^ A b Daniel Brown: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 32 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  26. ^ Daniel Brown: Tropical Storm Isaac Discussion Number 32 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  27. ^ Richard Pasch and Dave Roberts: Hurricane ISAAC Public Advisory 13 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  28. ^ A b Kong / Hydrological Prediction Center: Post-Tropical Cyclone ISAAC Public Advisory No. 46 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 1, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 4, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nhc.noaa.gov
  29. ^ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Depression Nine Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  30. ^ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Depression Nine Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  31. ^ John Beven II: Tropical Depression Nine Advisory Number 2 . National Hurricane Center. August 21, 2012. Accessed August 2012.
  32. ^ Richard Pasch: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 4 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  33. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 5 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  34. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  35. ^ A b Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 16 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  36. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 16-A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  37. ^ John Beven II: Tropical Storm Isaac Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  38. ^ Jeff Masters: The odds of a hurricane spoiling the Republican National Convention in Tampa ( English ) Wunderground.com. August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  39. ↑ Isaac Could wreck security plan for Republican convention (English) , Detroit Free Press. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012. 
  40. ↑ John Beven II: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 15 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  41. ↑ Michael Brennan and David Roberts: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  42. ^ Daniel Brown and Eric Blake: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 20 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  43. ↑ Amtrak Silver Service Impacted by Approaching Tropical Storm Isaac ( English ) Retrieved on 26 August 2012 found.
  44. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 21 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  45. ^ Richard Pasch and Dave Roberts: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 22 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  46. ^ Richard Pasch and Dave Roberts: Tropical Storm Isaac Advisory Number 23 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  47. ^ A b Paloma Esquivel: Gulf Coast prepares for Isaac; Thousands told to evacuate (English) , Los Angeles Times . August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012. 
  48. ↑ a b c d e f g John Schwartz, Campbell Robertson and Marc Santora: Isaac Hits Land With Force, in Test of Post-Katrina Levees (English) , The New York Times . 29th August 2012. 
  49. ↑ Jackson Co. orders mandatory evacuation south of Hwy 90 ( English ) WLOX TV. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  50. ↑ Isaac poised for Gulf landfall near Katrina anniversary ( English ) CNN. August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  51. ^ Energy companies evacuate oil rigs, slash production, as Tropical Storm Isaac approaches Gulf (English) , The Washington Post. August 26, 2012. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved on August 27, 2012. 
  52. ^ Carlisle Baptiste: Tropical Storm Isaac churns into eastern Caribbean (English) , Seattle Post-Intelligencer . August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved on August 27, 2012. 
  53. ^ A b Tom Brown: Storm Isaac threatens Caribbean, US Republican Convention (English) , Reuters . August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012. 
  54. ↑ a b Gov't official says Haiti death toll after Tropical Storm Isaac jumps to 19 (English) , Washington Post. August 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved on August 28, 2012. 
  55. ^ A b Jacqueline Charles: Isaac death toll rises in Haiti (English) , The Miami Herald . August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012. 
  56. ↑ Tsunami-like waves hit Cuba (video), Welt-Online from August 26, 2012
  57. ↑ Cuantifican daños provocados por Isaac en Baracoa , Radio Baracoa of August 26, 2012
  58. ↑ Estrategia eficiente y racional ante Isaac , Granma of August 27, 2012
  59. ↑ Interruption of the US Republicans' convention in Tampa because of hurricane [1] Der Spiegel, August 27, 2012
  60. ↑ Sonja Isger, Cynthia Roldan, Charles Elmore, Eliot Kleinberg, Kimberly Miller and Christine Stapleton: As residents cope with major flooding, more rain threatens (English) , The Palm Beach Post. August 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved on August 28, 2012. 
  61. ↑ Lateef Mungin: Communities focus on clean up as Issac weakens (English) , CNN . August 31, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.