Hvide (noble family)

Asser Rig and his wife as the founders of Fjenneslev Kirke

Coat of arms in the monastery church of Sorø

The noble family Hvide (Danish: Hvideslægten ) belonged to the Danish primeval nobility . Documented from the 11th century, its members had a high level of influence in the Kingdom of Denmark until the 13th century . The most famous family member was the Archbishop Absalon von Lund . Since the heyday of the family coincided with the Christianization of Denmark, numerous churches and places in Denmark and its area of influence go back to the founding of the Hvide. In addition, two Swedish queens came from the Hvide family.

The designation of the family as the Hvide sex comes from modern times . The medieval aristocratic families in Denmark did not have a surname, but named themselves next to the patronymic after their ancestral seat, the helmet ornament or individual epithets. His direct descendants did not have the nickname Hvide (= white) of the progenitor Skjalm Hvide , which is why the assignment is not always clear. Skjalm's descendants, like their spouses, saw themselves as belonging to the same sex, even if individual branches of the family had other nicknames such as Galen . It was only when Frederick I ordered that the noble families should have surnames that the descendants of Stig Andersen Hvide named themselves after his nickname Hvide. Stig Andersen Hvide's descent from Skjalm Hvide is not certain. The younger Hvide family derived from it died out in 1567.

swell

The most important source about the Hvide dynasty can be found in chapters 10-16 of the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which he wrote at the suggestion of Absalon von Lund from 1158 in Sorø Monastery and whose manuscript was kept there. Absalon and his nephew and successor as Archbishop of Lund , Anders Sunesen , thanked Saxo in his foreword. Since Saxo wrote on behalf of Bishop Absalon, his client's family plays a particularly positive role. Members of the Hvide family are also mentioned frequently in the Knýtlinga saga . Sven Aggesen , who comes from the Thrugot family and wrote his chronicles at about the same time as Saxo, does not mention the Hvide.

The genealogy of Hvide is recorded in Sorø Abbey in the 1280s, the surviving manuscript of which, however, dates from 1440. This genealogy was only interested in the blood relatives of the Hvide family, while married people usually only mention the name, sometimes not even that. Since many first names appear several times, the ancestry cannot always be clearly reconstructed. In the monastery church, the names and coats of arms of the family members buried there are painted on the walls in a direct male line as well as those of the married men.

Older Hvide gender

The Hvide family was one of the most powerful Danish families in the late 11th and 12th centuries. It was in competition with other politically influential families such as the Thrugot (or Trund) family, which included Bodil Thrugotsdatter, the wife of King Erik I Ejegod , Asker and Eskil von Lund, as well as the first two archbishops of Lund, and Peder Bodilsen and his brothers. After the murder of Knud Lavard in 1131, all three families were initially on one side. In the following wars for the Danish throne, which ran through almost the entire 12th century, they supported various parties, with the Hvide on the side of the ultimately victorious party and thus secured their leading role. Peder Bodilsen's attempt in 1136 to drive the Hvide off their land failed. In the 13th century the family provided numerous influential politicians, including the Bishop of Roskilde , who was often also Chancellor of the kingdom from 1158 to 1278/80 , and five other Archbishops of Lund after Absalon into the 14th century. The last influential descendant was Tuve Andersen Galen, who stood on the Swedish side as governor of Skåne and was defeated and deposed by Queen Margaret I in 1382 .

Lead plate from Skjalm Hvides grave in the monastery church Sorø with the inscription: HIC IACET SCELMO AV (us) DO (mi) NI ABSALONI ARCHIEPI (scopi) = "Here lies Skjalm, the grandfather of Archbishop Absalon".

Skjalm Hvide

Skjalm Hvide , whom Saxo calls Skialmo Candidus , Skjalm the white, is regarded as the progenitor of the Hvide . He was a son of the north Zealand landowner and chief Toke Trylle and brother of Aute (Aude) Tokesson . Toke Trylle, the son of a Slauer , allegedly the founder of Slagelse according to the genealogy , was the first family member to be baptized, as the sources in Sorø Monastery testify, even before the birth of his son. This enabled his family to gain greater influence with the kings, who also turned to Christianity at this time, and thus replace the leading families of the pre-Christian Viking Age in power and prosperity. Skjalm also proved to be an ardent follower of the new religion and had several churches built on his land. Jørlunde Church , built in 1085, is the oldest surviving church on Zealand.

Skjalm was first mentioned when he took part in the sea battle on the Niså on the side of the Danish king Svend Estridsen in 1062 , where he was captured by the Norwegian king Harald Hårdråde , but was able to flee. His reputation at the royal court can be measured by the fact that King Erik Ejegod and his wife, when they went on a pilgrimage in 1102, entrusted him with the education of their son Knud Lavard .

Skjalm and his wife Signe Asbjørnsdatter had four sons, Toke, Asser Rig, Ebbe and Sune, and two daughters, Magga (Margarethe) and Caecilia. After his children, the Hvide family was divided into four lines, which included both influential men at the royal court and bishops. The son Sune probably died before 1140, the daughter Magga entered the monastery in Roskilde as a widow presumably childless .

Toke line

Toke Skjalmsen (also Signessøn) was named after his grandfather and should therefore be regarded as the eldest son. According to Saxo, he was the only landowner on Zealand who did not join Archbishop Eskil von Lund in 1137 against King Erik II Emune . He died around 1145 and left half of his property to his surviving brothers Asser Rig and Ebbe in order to realize the joint plan to found a monastery. Initially buried in Fjenneslev Kirke, he was transferred to Sorø after the monastery church was completed.

His son Stig Tokesen Hvide fell in 1151 at the side of Valdemar I and Sven III. Burrs against the third pretender to the throne Knut . He is probably identical to the Stig "Hvidlæder" (Stig White Skin
) mentioned in the Knýtlinga saga , who was married to Margaretha, a sister of Valdemar I.
- Stig's and Margaretha's daughter Kristina married the Swedish King Karl Sverkersson in 1163/64 .
  - Sverker Karlsson, the son of this marriage, grew up with relatives in Denmark after the death of his father in 1167 and married his third cousin Benedict Ebbesdatter from the Ebbe line around 1185.
    - Helena Sverkersdotter married Sune Folkesson of the Swedish Folkung family .

Ingefred

Tyge Blæst
Skjalm Bang married a sister of the Erlandsons from the Ebbe line.
- Peder Bang († 1277) was Bishop of Roskilde from 1254 as the successor to his uncle Jakob Erlandsen , whom he supported in his dispute with the kings Christoffer and Erik V. Klipping. When Jakob was arrested, Peder Bang allied himself in 1257 with the Rügen prince Jaromar II and conquered Copenhagen. He then moved to Rome with Jakob Erlandsen. It was only after Jacob's death in 1274 that he was reconciled with the king and was able to resume his office.
- Stig Hvide
- Cecilia was married to Torbern, who was in royal service.
  - Jens Grand († 1327) became Archbishop of Lund in 1289. 1294 by Erik VI. Menved was arrested and managed to escape after two years. Deposed as Archbishop of Lund in 1303, he received the Archdiocese of Riga as compensation , but did not take up this office. In 1310 the Pope appointed him Archbishop of Bremen .

Low tide line

Ebbe Skjalmsen († before 1151) was the owner of Bjernede and adviser to Sven III. After his death around 1150/51, Sven Grate fell out with the Hvide family, which now sided entirely with Valdemar I. Ebbe was married twice, first to Gyda and secondly to Ragnhild, and had two sons. It is possible that the nickname Galen , which many of his descendants had, which is why they are also referred to as the Galen family, goes back to him.

Archbishop Anders Sunesen von Lund prays for victory in front of Tallinn (in the background), whereupon King Valdemar II and Anders nephew Bishop Peder Jacobsen von Roskilde see the Danebrog fall from the sky (painting by Christian August Lorentzen ).

Jakob Erlandsen's seal as Archbishop of Lund

Sune Ebbesen († 1186) supported like his cousins Esbern and Absalon Valdemar I. He was considered the richest landowner in Denmark at the time. With his wife Cecilie he had seven sons, two of whom became bishops:
- Jakob Sunesen († 1246) was the royal bailiff of Møn and, like his brothers, landowners on Zealand. He appeared repeatedly on royal documents as the first witness, which underlines his rank and importance as the second man at the royal court of Valdemar II. His wife Estrid was of royal descent, because his son Peder could call himself "the king's cousin". In 1225 he negotiated with Heinrich Graf von Schwerin about the release of the king and was guarantor for the delivery of the ransom. In 1230 he brought the king's sons, who had been held hostage at the Schwerin court, back to Denmark. At the end of his life, after surviving his three sons, he became a member of the Hamburg Cathedral Chapter .
  
  In 1215, as a young man, Peder Jakobsen succeeded his uncle Peder Sunesen, Bishop of Roskilde. He embarked on a crusade with a Danish army in 1225 , but suffered a shipwreck in Flanders and died shortly afterwards.
  
  Ingerd Jakobsdatter (1200–1258) was initially married to the royal marshal (Marsk) Skore, who, together with her father, led the negotiations for the release of the king from 1225–1230. The other side was represented by the German Count Konrad III. von Regenstein , whom she married in second marriage. Impressed by the piety of the mendicant orders , she supported the Franciscans in Roskilde as a widow in 1237 with gifts of land and money. She moved to his homeland with her second husband and after his death returned to Denmark in 1253 at the latest. In addition to the Franciscans, she now also promoted the settlement of the Dominicans and founded the St. Clara Monastery in Roskilde, the first Poor Clare monastery north of the Alps, which she also entered in 1257 - whereby she was relieved of the vow of poverty . However, their relatives successfully sued against the donation of their estates to the monastery. So Ingerd sold a property that was supposed to go to her niece and sent the money to her relative Jakob Erlandsen, the then Bishop of Roskilde. In her will, she left the monastery numerous treasures, including her own psalter . After her death, however, the monastery did not even have enough money to complete the construction of the church.
  
  Jens (Johannes) Jakobsen Galen died on a pilgrimage in Palestine in 1240. He was married (probably in his second marriage) to Adelheid von Wassel 's daughter of the same name (* 1224) from her second marriage to Adolf I. von Dassel .
  
  Cecilie Jensen (Johannsdatter), together with her brother Johannes, successfully sued her aunt's will, which the Poor Clare monastery in Roskilde gave to the family. She was married to Count Niels Nielsen (1218–1251) von Halland , whose father was an illegitimate son of Valdemar II. His mother was Oda, a daughter of Gunzelin I von Schwerin .
  Jakob Nielsen von Halland († 1308/9) belonged with Stig Andersen Hvide to the nobles who in 1287 - probably wrongly - were convicted as the murderer of Erik V. Klipping and lost their land in Denmark. Gut Knardrup also fell to the crown. After fleeing to Norway, Jakob took part in raids on Danish territory. In order to rule the Kattegat , he built the fortress Hunehals Borg on his property in Halland, Norway. His sons Niels and Valdemar were murdered in 1314. When King Christoph II returned their goods to the descendants of the exiles, none of Jakob Nielsen's descendants lived any longer. Knardrup Manor was given to the Cistercians and occupied by monks from Sorø.
  
  Hedwig Johannsdotter Galen
- Margrethe Sunedatter married a Herluf.
  - Cecilie (also Sidsel) Herlufsdatter married Erland. They had at least one daughter and six sons, the so-called Erlandssons, who all became important politicians.
    - Anders Erlandsen was captain of Bornholm .
      Anders Andersen was the Drost of Duke Christoph in 1309 and supported his conspiracy against his older brother King Erik VI in 1315 . Menved . He was executed for this.

Coat of arms of Toke and Joris Stigsen in the monastery church of Sorø

Toke Ebbezen's coat of arms and that of his wife Gyde and their descendants can be found in the coat of arms frieze in the monastery church of Sorø.
- Stig Tokesen Galen was married to Christina.
  - Toke Stigsen
  - Joris Stigsen († 1246) was married to Margrethe Vagndatter from the Caecilien line. They had the children Niels, Peder, Johannes, Stig, Toke and Kristina.
    - Niels Jurissøn was a canon in Roskilde.
  - Niels Stigsen was bishop of Roskilde from 1225-1249 and from 1233 royal chancellor. He was in conflict with King Erik IV. Plovpenning over the taxation of the church.
Gyde married Olaf Glug.

Asser line

Asser Skjalmsen is known by the nickname Rig (= rich). He was a supporter of his foster brother Knud Lavard and, after his murder in 1131, raised his posthumously born son, later King Valdemar I , on the family estate Fjenneslev , which his father had inherited . He probably had the stone Fjenneslev Kirke, a simple field stone church , built in 1128 instead of an older wooden church. He and his wife Ingeborg are depicted as church donors on a fresco. His father and brother Toke were temporarily buried there. The representative twin tower system made of brick , a building material that was new at the time, was added to by his descendants towards the end of the century. He made the land available for the construction of Sorø Monastery and also wore the habit of the Benedictine monks himself - with the permission of his wife Inge . He died three days after the monastery church was consecrated - the year is not known.

Gravestone of Bishop Absalon in the monastery church of Sorø

Esbern Asserson Snare and his brother were important advisers to their foster brother and supported him in the fight for the Danish throne. Together with Peter, her sister's husband, they saved life, according to Saxo Valdemar I. 1157, when his competitor Sven III. Grate tried to murder him at the so-called Roskilde Blood Festival . Esbern was married three times, first to Ulmfrid, who was buried in Sorø around 1175, the second marriage to Ingeborg, who was also buried in Sorø, and for the third time to Helena Guttormsdatter, the daughter of the Swedish Jarl Guttorm. Esbern died in 1204. His much younger widow then became the lover of about the same age Valdemar II. Sejr and mother of his illegitimate son Knud Valdemarsen (1205-1260), who later sided with his brothers against his ruling half-brother Erik IV. Plovpenning Abel and Christoffer posed.
- Johannes (Jens) Esbernsen was Marshal of Denmark and, like his brothers, died without descendants.
- Ingeborg Esbernsdatter was married to Peder Strangesen († 1241), who, together with her cousin Jakob Sunesen, was one of the most influential advisors to Valdemar II. She ruled the Kalundborg after the death of her father . She supported King Abel and, after his death, the claims to the throne of his son Erik von Schleswig against his brother Christoffer, which is why she had to flee to Schleswig in 1262.
  - Helena Pedersdatter Strange married the Swedish councilor Knut Långe , who ruled as King of Sweden from 1229–1234 instead of the young Erik XI. Birger Jarl had his sons Holmger and Filipp, who were also striving for royal power, executed in 1248 and 1251 after losing battles. At least Holmger, who was venerated as a saint in his native Skokloster , was probably not Helena's son.
- Cæcilia Esbernsdatter married Anders Grosen Ulfeldt in Tersløsegård .
  - Ingeborg Ceciliesdatter was married to Lave Gudmundsen Litle, who belonged to King Abel's entourage and who in 1250 murdered the Danish King Erik IV. Plovpenning near Missunde .
Absalon was Bishop of Roskilde and later Archbishop of Lund. After Valdemar I had become sole ruler, Absalon and his relatives promoted the canonization of Knud Lavard, who was murdered in 1131, on time for Valdemar's coronation in 1170.
Ingefred Assersdatter, married to Peder von Borup.
- Alexander Ingefridsøn took part in a war against the Wends in 1185 and in the Scandinavian Crusade to the Holy Land 1191–93. He was the secretary of his uncle Absalon and signed his last will.
  - Absalon Rød
  - Niels Aleksandersen had several children, one of whom, according to the genealogy in Sorø Monastery, one daughter Ossa (Aase) was married to Stig Andersen Hvide the Elder.

Caecilium line

Caecilia Skjalmsdatter was with Peder Torstensen of Pedersborg, councilor of Sven III. and Valdemar I. married. She died before 1160 and was buried in the Sorø monastery church.

Ingerd Ceciliesdatter inherited Pedersborg. Her husband Vagn mainly owned goods in Jutland.
- Johannes Vognsen was chamberlain to Valdemar I.
- Peder Vognsen was Bishop of Aarhus from 1194 until his death in 1204 . The construction of the cathedral began under him in 1200 . He is buried next to Absalon von Lund in the monastery church of Sorø.
- Skjalm Vognsen succeeded his brother as Bishop of Aarhus and died in 1215/16 and was buried like his brother in Sorø.
- Ebbe Vognsen was the third brother of Aarhus until his death in 1224.

Bjernede Church was just one of several round churches built by the Hvide.

The striking Vor Frue Kirke in Kalundborg with its five towers had Esbjern Snare built.

Foundations and buildings

The foundation of churches and especially of monasteries was not only considered a purely religious work, but also served to increase the prestige of the entire family. Several of the church buildings dating back to the Hvide have very unusual shapes, for example some round churches and the five-tower Vor Frue Kirke in Kalundborg.

Toke Trylle had already had a wooden church built at the family's ancestral home in Fjenneslev. The small Romanesque stone church was built when Asser Rig was a squire. The brick-built twin towers are a bit more recent. Fjenneslevsten was found near the church , whose runic inscription reads: Sassurr rēsþi stēn en gerði brō (Sassur put the stone up and made the bridge).

The Church of Jørlunde was of Skjalm Hvide as a private church built on his land. It is the oldest surviving church on Zealand.

The Sorø Monastery was donated by Asser Rig and Ebbe and Toke Skjalmsen around 1145. It received a lot of donations and land from their relatives. Many family members were buried in the monastery church. The progenitor Skjalm was also reburied there.

The round church of Thorsager was probably commissioned by the Aarhus bishop Peder Vognsen, but like the round churches of Bjernede and Horne, after Peder's more famous cousin, it is called "Absalonskirche".

Peder Vognsen founded the cathedral chapter in Aarhus and laid the foundation stone for the cathedral there .

Esbjern Snare had Kalundborg and Vor Frue Kirke built.

Absalon, then Bishop of Roskilde, laid the foundation stone of the Absalons Borg on Slotsholmen in 1167 and is therefore represented by Saxo as the founder of Copenhagen .

In the immediate vicinity of Sorø, Ebbe Skjalmsen had a wooden church built in Bjernede, which Sune Ebbesen and his wife had replaced with a stone round church , presumably based on the model of Thorsager, with a representative knight's hall above the church service room, which was probably not used for defense purposes . Sune Ebbesen had two structurally identical but not preserved churches built in nearby Petersborg and Schlamersdorf in Wagrien .

Peder Sunesen had the cathedral at Roskilde built on the model of French cathedrals.

Dragsholm Castle , the oldest preserved secular building in Denmark, was built around 1215 by Bishop Peder Sunesen.

The Church of Ivö was created on the initiative of Bishop Anders Sunesen.

Younger Hvide gender

Stig Andersen Hvide the Elder was a wealthy landowner in North Jutland, Funen and Zealand and Marshal under Erik V. Klipping . Nothing is known about its origin, so its ancestry from the old Hvide family cannot be proven. However, in addition to the nickname Hvide, his first name Stig, which occurs several times among the descendants of Skjalm Hvide, speaks for an ancestry. According to one theory, he was a grandson or great-grandson of Stig Tokesen Hvide and Knut Lavard's daughter. According to another theory, he took the nickname Hvide because his first two wives Ossa Nielsdatter and Ingeborg Pallesdatter came from the Hvide family, which the Sorø genealogy shows for Ossa Nielsdatter. After the king was murdered in 1286, he and eight others, including Jakob Nielsen von Halland from the Ebbe Line, were convicted as guilty in 1287. The property of the convicted was confiscated, including Gut Knardrup, which was owned by the Galen family as descendants of Ebbe Skjalmsen. The convicts managed to escape to Norway, from where Stig led several campaigns under the Norwegian King Erik II to Denmark. However, he did not succeed in getting his goods back in Denmark. His family was also expelled from Denmark.

Anders Stigsen Hvide was one of several sons of Stig Andersen Hvide the Elder. He had several children with his wife Margrethe, Niels Lendi's daughter. He was last mentioned as a knight on a document in 1318 when he and others who had fled Denmark with his father met the Archbishop of Lund, Esger Juul , and Christoph , the brother of King Erik VI. Menved , conspired against the king. He presumably died shortly afterwards.
- Stig Andersen Hvide the Younger (* around 1300; † 1369) was probably the oldest son of Anders Stigsen and named after his grandfather. When Christopher II was crowned king, the Hvide were allowed to return to Denmark in 1320 and received their grandfather's goods back. In 1325 Stig Andersen Hvide was a member of the Imperial Council and remained loyal to King Christoph II, who was expelled in 1326, for years until, after the Battle of Lohheide in 1331, he became the Holstein count and de facto regent of Denmark, Gerhard III. defected and as its marshal led the Jutian nobility. After Gerhard's murder in 1340 he was in the service of King Valdemar IV. Atterdag , became governor of Estonia in 1343 and represented the king in 1352 during his absence. When the king wanted to move in the former crown property in 1357, which the nobles had received from Count Gerhard, Stig initially did not take part in the nobility rebellion against the king led by Niels Bugge. But when his son was murdered together with Bugge in 1359, he allied himself with the powerful nobles Claus Limbek and Iver Rosenkrantz against the king. This alliance was sealed with two weddings in 1362: Stig's grandson Jens Ovesen married Claus Limbek's daughter Elisabeth and Stig's granddaughter Tove married Iver Rosenkrantz. Stig held on to the feud against the king until the end of his life.

The younger Hvide family died out in 1567 with Otte Stigsen Hvide.

literature

Marianne Johansen: Thi de var af stor slægt: Om Hvideslægten and kongemagt i Danmarks højmiddelalder . Ebeltoft 2001.
Michael Kræmmer: The Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spectrum 1999.
Michael Kræmmer: Kongemordernes slægt: om Hvideslægtens role in the 13th århundredes conflicted mellem kirke and conglomerated . Copenhagen: Hansen & Jespersen, 2007; 2nd edition Sorø: Tancredi, 2013.

Web links

Georg Storm: Slægten Hvide i vores Lokalområde

Ernst Verwohlt: Hvide at Den Store Danske
Family tree

Individual evidence

↑ Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 27.
^ Carsten Jahnke: History of Denmark , p.
↑ ^a ^b Kai Hørby: Skjalm Hvide , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Michael Kræmmer: Kongemordernes slægt: om Hvideslægtens role in the 13th århundredes conflicted mellem church and congregation. , Pp. 218-222.
^ Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 54f. The coats of arms were repainted in 1515 and in the 18th and 19th centuries.
↑ Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 18f.
↑ Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 26.
↑ Saxo: Gesta Danorum , April 12th.
↑ Toke Trylle
↑ Jørlunde Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 2233-2284 (pdf, accessed on May 6, 2021).
↑ Skjalm Tokesen Hvide, * ab. 1040 + 1113
↑ ^a ^b Terje Bratberg: Galen , in: Store norske leksikon .
↑ CA Christensen: Ebbe Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .
↑ ^a ^b Peder Jakobsen
^ CA Christensen: Johannes Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .
↑ Marsk Skore (or Sthori) is partly interpreted as a prescription from marsk store (= great marshal).
↑ Ingrid Nielsen: Ingerd Jakobsdatter (approx. 1200 - 1258) , in: Dansk Kvindebiografisk leksikon .
↑ ^a ^b Skt. Clara Monastery
↑ Ingerd af Regenstein
↑ Thomas Riis ( Kongemordet 1286. In: fund og forskningi det kongelige bibliotekssamlinger vol. 53, 2014, pp. 9–32) assumes that the imperial council at the instigation of Seneschal Peder Nielsen Hoseøl the leading forces of the previous government in this way turned off.
^ CA Christensen: Johannes Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .
↑ Anders Bøgh: Jakob Erlandsen, approx. 1220-1274 on danmarkshistorien.dk.
↑ C. Weeke: Galen, Peder , in: Dansk biografisk Lexikon Vol. 5, pp. 543f.
^ Mollerup: Galen, Tuve , in: Dansk biografisk Lexikon Vol. 5, p. 544.
↑ Erlandsen
↑ Fjenneslev Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker , Vol. 1 (1936), pp. 324-340 and Vol. 2 (1938), pp. 1181-1190.
↑ Erik Lund Jensen: Asser Rig , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .
^ Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 18.
↑ Hans Gillingstam: Knut long . In: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon Vol. 21 (1975–1977), p. 387.
^ Carsten Jahnke: History of Denmark . Stuttgart: Reclam 2017, p. 67.
^ Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 58.
↑ Fjenneslev-sten .
↑ Bjernede Kirke .
↑ Aage Brask: Tordrup og Marsk Stig slægt. P. 27ff.
^ Jon Gunnar Arntzen: Hvide-slekten - En slekt som kan føres tilbake til marsk Stig Anderssøn Hvide (død 1293) , in: Store norske leksikon .
↑ Anders Stigsen Hvide
↑ Jørgen Olrik: Stig Andersen Hvide (d. 1369) , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[1] Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 27.

[2] Carsten Jahnke: History of Denmark , p.

[skjalm-3] Kai Hørby: Skjalm Hvide , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[Generalogie-4] Michael Kræmmer: Kongemordernes slægt: om Hvideslægtens role in the 13th århundredes conflicted mellem church and congregation. , Pp. 218-222.

[5] Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 54f. The coats of arms were repainted in 1515 and in the 18th and 19th centuries.

[6] Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 18f.

[7] Michael Kræmmer: Den Hvide klan. Absalon, hans slægt and hans tid. 2nd edition Spektrum 1999, p. 26.

[8] Saxo: Gesta Danorum , April 12th.

[9] Toke Trylle

[10] Jørlunde Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 2233-2284 (pdf, accessed on May 6, 2021).

[11] Skjalm Tokesen Hvide, * ab. 1040 + 1113

[Galen-12] Terje Bratberg: Galen , in: Store norske leksikon .

[13] CA Christensen: Ebbe Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[PJ-14] Peder Jakobsen

[15] CA Christensen: Johannes Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[16] Marsk Skore (or Sthori) is partly interpreted as a prescription from marsk store (= great marshal).

[17] Ingrid Nielsen: Ingerd Jakobsdatter (approx. 1200 - 1258) , in: Dansk Kvindebiografisk leksikon .

[Klostergut-18] Skt. Clara Monastery

[19] Ingerd af Regenstein

[20] Thomas Riis ( Kongemordet 1286. In: fund og forskningi det kongelige bibliotekssamlinger vol. 53, 2014, pp. 9–32) assumes that the imperial council at the instigation of Seneschal Peder Nielsen Hoseøl the leading forces of the previous government in this way turned off.

[21] CA Christensen: Johannes Sunesen , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[22] Anders Bøgh: Jakob Erlandsen, approx. 1220-1274 on danmarkshistorien.dk.

[23] C. Weeke: Galen, Peder , in: Dansk biografisk Lexikon Vol. 5, pp. 543f.

[24] Mollerup: Galen, Tuve , in: Dansk biografisk Lexikon Vol. 5, p. 544.

[25] Erlandsen

[26] Fjenneslev Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker , Vol. 1 (1936), pp. 324-340 and Vol. 2 (1938), pp. 1181-1190.

[27] Erik Lund Jensen: Asser Rig , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .

[28] Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 18.

[29] Hans Gillingstam: Knut long . In: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon Vol. 21 (1975–1977), p. 387.

[30] Carsten Jahnke: History of Denmark . Stuttgart: Reclam 2017, p. 67.

[31] Sorø Kirke , in: Danmarks Kirker Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 17-108; P. 58.

[32] Fjenneslev-sten .

[33] Bjernede Kirke .

[34] Aage Brask: Tordrup og Marsk Stig slægt. P. 27ff.

[35] Jon Gunnar Arntzen: Hvide-slekten - En slekt som kan føres tilbake til marsk Stig Anderssøn Hvide (død 1293) , in: Store norske leksikon .

[36] Anders Stigsen Hvide

[37] Jørgen Olrik: Stig Andersen Hvide (d. 1369) , in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .