Ismail Kadare

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Ismail Kadare (2002)

Ismail Kadare  [ ismaˈil kadaˈɾɛ ] (born January 28, 1936 in Gjirokastra ; rarely Ismail Kadaré ) is an Albanian writer who published several novels, poems and essays in addition to novels. A frequent theme of his novels is life in totalitarian regimes, often woven into a historical context. Please click to listen!Play

In 2005 Kadare was honored with the Man Booker International Prize and in 2009 with the Prince of Asturias Prize . According to the Prince of Asturias Foundation , he is one of the most important European writers and intellectuals of the 20th century and a voice in world literature against totalitarianism. He is considered the most internationally successful and most translated Albanian author.

Youth, education and family

The house where Kadares was born in typical Ottoman style

Ismail Kadare was born in 1936 in Gjirokastra, southern Albania, as the son of the humble courthouse Halit Kadare and the housewife Hatixhe Dobi. His maternal grandfather, however, was an educated and wealthy man. During the Second World War and the occupation of Albania , the occupiers of his hometown changed regularly. He talks about these experiences in his childhood in the novel Chronik in Stein , which appeared in 1971. Although Kadare does not mention it, this work is rated as autobiographical.

At the age of twelve, he and a friend were arrested by the communist authorities for counterfeiting money and spent two days in prison. The occasion was five lek coins that he and his friend had made while playing with molten lead and happily showed them around. He was eventually fired because of his youth, but all school grades were downgraded as a punishment.

Kadare completed elementary and secondary school in his hometown. He then studied languages ​​and literature at the Faculty of History and Philology at the University of Tirana . In 1956 he received the teaching diploma . Kadare then studied literature during the Khrushchev era at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow until Albania broke off its political and economic ties with the Soviet Union in 1960 . In Moscow he had the opportunity to read contemporary Western literature that had been translated into Russian during the thaw . Kadare regarded Maxim Gorky's teachings as fatal to true literature. He rejected the canon of Socialist Realism and made an inward commitment to do the opposite of what dogmatics taught in the field of “good literature”. He dealt with his stay in Russia in the autobiographical novel The Twilight of the Steppe Gods.

The daughter Besiana Kadare, born in 1972, studied literature at the Sorbonne (Paris IV) . In 2005 she worked at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and in 2008 at the Albanian Embassy in France. From 2011 to summer 2016 she was appointed Ambassador of Albania to Cuba. Since July 2016 she has been the Permanent Representative of Albania to the United Nations and Vice-President of the General Assembly of the United Nations .

Author activity

In the early 1960s, Kadare was particularly popular as a poet , while today he is rather skeptical of this genre in view of the oversupply from his point of view of mediocre poets in the East and the low interest in poetry in the West. In 1959 he wrote his novel Qyteti pa reklama (The City Without Advertisements), which opposed socialist realism, but was unable to publish it because of the delicate subject of a student who falsified history. A few years later he published an excerpt from the novel, disguised as a novella under the title "Coffee House Days", which was banned immediately after its appearance in the magazine Zëri i Rinisë . The novel itself remained unpublished until after the fall of the regime.

In 1963 his best known novel The General of the Dead Army was published . The work was criticized by official literary critics and then ignored as if it did not exist. The reason for this was that Kadare had avoided the real socialist style and the party was ignored. While state poets wrote about the ideological sun that warmed all communists, in this one, as in his other novels, Kadare neither removed the clouds nor the rain from the Albanian countryside. In January 1965, his subsequent novel Das Ungeheuer was published in the magazine Nëntori , but immediately after its publication it was labeled as "decadent" and banned.

In literary critical writings of the 1960s, Kadare was sometimes advised how to write in the future, sometimes only mentioned in passing and mostly ignored. Instead, literary critics preferred the “fathers” of socialist prose: Dhimitër Shuteriqi , Jakov Xoxa , Fatmir Gjata , Shefqen Musaraj, etc.

In the west, Kadare had his literary breakthrough with The General of the Dead Army . In 1970 this novel was published in Paris and received critical acclaim from France. The work was also made into a film (with Michel Piccoli and Marcello Mastroianni, among others ). The publication of this literary work in the West marks the radical change in government behavior towards the writer. Since Kadare's literature suddenly became an influencing factor, it was from now on under constant scrutiny by the secret police and the Publications Office. Kadare's enemies in the secret police and the old guard of the Albanian Labor Party's Politburo repeatedly accused him of being a Western agent; that was one of the most dangerous accusations that could be made at the time. The older generation of writers and critics were extremely angry: "This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this cannot be accepted," says a report by the secret police at the time. The writers united against the "darling of the west". Shortly after his literary breakthrough abroad in 1970, Kadare was appointed by the regime in Albania to become a member of parliament . Many of Kadare's other novels also attracted attention abroad. Even if his work was subject to numerous restrictions and censorship measures due to the system, his fame abroad made him inviolable to the regime to a certain extent.

After insulting the authorities with a political poem in 1975, he was sent to the countryside for some time as a punishment. He was also forbidden to publish novels in the future. In response, upon his return to Tirana, Kadare began to disguise his novels as " short stories " and to publish them as such. In 1978, 1980 and 1986 three anthologies were published, each with four or more “novellas”.

In 1981 he published the novel The Palace of Dreams , a parable about a dictatorial state that monitors and interprets the dreams of its subjects in order to uncover potential conspiracies against the state. It was sentenced after its appearance and eventually banned. Kadare himself was accused of covert attacks on the regime and allusions to the current situation in Albania, but his international reputation saved him from potential consequences. In the same year he had also sent the novel Concerto to the Staatsverlag at the end of winter . The novel was viewed by party and state offices as an anti-communist work, as a mockery of the political system and as an open resistance to communist ideology and therefore remained unpublished until several years after Enver Hoxha's death. At the time, Hoxha instructed the Sigurimi secret service to prepare documents to arrest Kadare and condemn him as a conspirator and enemy of the state.

In the fall of 1981, Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu's son, Bashkim Shehu , secretly informed him that his father had forbidden him to meet with Kadare after returning from a meeting with Enver Hoxha because they both believed Kadare was an agent of the West . Prime Minister Shehu committed suicide in December and was eventually declared an enemy of the state. Shortly afterwards, writers and artists were invited to an art exhibition in which the head of state Enver Hoxha himself took part. However, Kadare received no invitation. Knowing the importance of such exclusion rites, he assumed he was in danger. After Shehu's death, numerous party and state officials were arrested, including Shehu's wife Fiqret and his sons, Defense Minister Kadri Hazbiu , Interior Minister Feçor Shehu and other senior intelligence officials, Foreign Minister Nesti Nase and Health Minister Llambi Ziçishti . All are said to have prepared a coup d'état and the liquidation of Hoxha under Shehu's direction on behalf of the CIA , the Yugoslav UDB and the KGB . It was also estimated that the time was ripe to condemn Kadare as an enemy of the party and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Therefore, ten compulsory statements about Kadare's hostile activities have been prepared, the main ones from Fiqirete Shehu , wife of the late Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu, and Health Minister Llambi Ziçishti. Kadare should be accused of sabotaging the party line in art and culture. In order to make the allegations against Kadare more credible, it was considered necessary by the secret police to give Ziçishti's testimony more meaning. Bashkim Shehu, who was arrested at the time and spent many years in prison, testified that he had been questioned for a week about Kadare as a dangerous enemy. The Western press openly defended him. In an article in the French magazine Lire, Bernard Pivot wrote that France was concerned that Kadare would not respond to the invitation to Paris. In the text was the sentence: "We are waiting for Ismail Kadare and not for his head on the plate ..." According to Spartak Ngjela, some French writers and intellectuals, including Alain Bosquet , were ready to immediately declare Kadare a dissident should he be arrested and Hoxha was informed of this by the secret service. Hoxha is said to have shouted afterwards in a meeting of the Politburo: "I am not giving the West a dissident!"

In the 1980s, with the help of his French editor Claude Durand, Kadare smuggled some of his dissident manuscripts out of Albania and deposited them in France; including Agamemnon's Daughter and The Flight of the Stork .

In protest against the delay in democratization by the transitional ruler Ramiz Alia , Kadare and his family found political asylum in France in October 1990 , where he had previously stayed several times without his family. The communist authorities declared him a traitor. In 1991 the justifying essay Printemps albanais was published . Since 1996 Kadare Membre associé étranger (Foreign Associate Member) of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in Paris .

Henri Amouroux, a member of the Academy, emphasized that the Soviet dissidents such as B. Solzhenitsyn did not publish their works until after the destalinization, while Kadare lived, wrote and published in a country in which ten meter high statues of Stalin stood in public places until December 1990 and which remained a Stalinist country until the end of 1990. Robert Elsie, an albanologist and expert on Albanian literature , stressed that the conditions under which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to those in other communist countries in Europe, where at least some level of public opposition was tolerated. Rather, the situation at that time in Albania is comparable to North Korea or the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin . Nevertheless, Kadare took every opportunity to attack the regime in his works with political allegories that were understood by educated Albanian readers.

In 1999 he returned to his homeland. Kadare changes his place of residence between Tirana and Paris. His wife, Helena Kadare , who was born Elena Gushi in Fier in 1943 , is also a writer.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Kadare was asked several times to become President of Albania by leaders of the Democratic Party of Albania and the Socialist Party of Albania, as well as by people who had persecuted the regime, but he always refused.

In 2006, Kadare published an essay on the cultural identity of the Albanians ( Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve / The European identity of the Albanians ), which attracted a great deal of attention from the Albanian public. Kadare was of the opinion that the Albanians were a western nation whose spiritual and cultural basis was Christianity; the Islam characterized the non-denominational writers as a Albanians during the Ottoman rule forced upon religion with predominantly negative consequences for them. The well-known Albanian author and literary scholar Rexhep Qosja from Montenegro vehemently contradicted this view.

Kadare has repeatedly been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature .

criticism

The criticism of Kadare not only deals with his works, but above all with his political stance and his attitude to the communist system in Albania.

Proximity to the Stalinist regime

After the fall of the Wall, Kadare was accused of being close to the Stalinist regime , which went as far as the accusation of the " Hoxha- Kadare dictatorship" ( Kasëm Trebeshina ). The German Thomas Kacza accused Kadare of only beginning to oppose Hoxha's Stalinist regime, from which Kadare now clearly distances himself, in the course of 1990. Kacza alleged that Kadare had long been part of the system as a member of the Labor Party and the Board of Directors of the Writers' Union and as a member of parliament (1970-1982). Kacza suspected that Kadare expressed more criticism than anyone else in Albania could afford, as he was protected by Enver Hoxha himself. The journalist, Balkan expert and literary critic Cyrill Stieger sees Kadare as a beneficiary of the communist system and describes his justifying publication Printemps albanais , in which he presents himself as a dissident and describes his work as anti-communist, as "embarrassing". Ulrich Enzensberger criticized Kadare's retouching of earlier works so that they supposedly appear better in an anti-communist light, although he was not very self-critical.

Kadare remained largely ignored in Germany, unpublished and branded as the "Protégé of Hoxha". Beqë Cufaj sees the reason for this in some young Albanian writers who, instigated by Nexhmije Hoxha , the dictator's widow, tried to defame Kadare and his works critical of the regime, so that they themselves would appear as dissidents , although dissidence in Enver Hoxha's Albania was impossible. The criticism is also related to the Christa Wolf debate in Germany, with "questionable sources from the divided Albanian literary scene" being used. Ardian Klosi saw in him both a critic and a supporter of the communist system in Albania.

Kadare himself described the poems from Kadare's early days in the style of Socialist Realism as "artistically weak".

In 2015 and 2016 two volumes with the titles "Kadare, denoncuar " ( Kadare i denoncuar ) and "Kadare in the documents of the Palace of Dreams" were published, with unknown archival documents of the State Security and the Central Committee of the AAP, which had been classified as top secret ; with minutes of meetings of the League of Writers, with analyzes, criticism, evidence, reports, accusations and denunciations against the writer Ismail Kadare. For the first time, some excerpts from Enver Hoxha's diary were published in which he expresses himself about Kadare. In his diary of October 20, 1975, Hoxha wrote, inter alia:

"It is clear that Kadare is counter-revolutionary, he is against the dictatorship of the proletariat, against the violence and oppression of class enemies, he is against socialism in general and in our country in particular."

With 1280 pages and four volumes, Kadare's file at the Sigurimi of the time is the most extensive of all public figures in Albania.

Nationalism and rejection of Albanian Islam

Ismail Kadare is also accused of nationalism. One critic had written: “When it comes to his country, Kadare is as blind as Homer.” Kadare countered that this was a misunderstanding: “I think we agree that nationalism does not mean if one loves his own people, but if you don't like other people and can't stand them. ”His translator Joachim Röhm confirms that Kadare only defended his homeland and his people when he saw them exposed to unjust attacks. He points out that there is nowhere in his works the slightest chauvinistic undertone to be found. Kadare dealt with the allegations in an interview with Alain Bosquet , which was published as a book in France.

Ismail Kadare, although with a Muslim background himself, has repeatedly initiated a discussion about the cultural identity of the Albanians. His view that the Albanians belonged to the Western cultural area but had long been trapped in foreign, Eastern and Communist cultures, was strongly criticized by many. For example, Kadare is considered by Edvin Hatibi to be a “representative of anti-Muslim mythology in Albania”. Kadare publicly welcomed the ban on religion in the Socialist People's Republic of Albania , as he saw it as a possibility for the re-conversion of the Muslim Albanians: “I was convinced that Albania would turn to the Christian faith because with it it would bring culture, memory and nostalgia for the pre-Turkish times. Year after year, the Islamic religion imported in the baggage of the Ottomans will be exhausted - first in Albania and then in Kosovo. This is how the Christian religion, or more precisely Christian culture, will be imprinted in the country. This soon turns an evil - the prohibition of religion in 1967 - into something good. "( Ismail Kadare )

Appreciation

Awards

Museums

A small museum has been set up in Kadare's former apartment in Pallati me kuba in Tirana.

His birthplace in Gjirokastra can now also be visited as a museum.

Works (selection)

Kadare's work is part of the canon of Albanian literature with diverse, lasting effects. It has been translated into more than 45 languages. Kadare participated in the translations into French by the bilingual Jusuf Vrioni , so that these became authorized revisions of the original texts.

The current translations into German are all by Joachim Röhm .

Quotes

  • "I knew literature before I knew freedom, so it was literature that led me to freedom, not the other way around."
  • "Literature is a kingdom that I don't want to trade with any country in the world, not even a republic."
  • “Paradoxically, even in a cruel regime, first-class literature can develop - and such a regime will even try to make a profit from this literature. Dictatorial systems are not only characterized by arbitrariness, but also by cunning. "

literature

  • Piet de Moor: A mask for power: Ismail Kadare - writer in a dictatorship . Amman, Zurich 2006, ISBN 978-3-250-60045-9 .
  • Thomas Kacza: Ismail Kadare - revered and controversial . Private print, Bad Salzuflen 2013.

Web links

Commons : Ismail Kadare  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Thomas Kacza: Ismail Kadare - revered and controversial . Private print, Bad Salzuflen 2013.
  2. ↑ Fundacion Princesa de Asturias: Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature. In: www.fpa.es/. June 24, 2009, accessed March 12, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Ferdinand Laholli : Antologji e poezisë modern shqipe / anthology of modern Albanian poetry . Doruntina, Holzminden 2003, ISBN   5-2003-742-011  ( defective ) , p. 175 .
  4. ↑ Joachim Röhm : Ismail Kadare, briefly introduced. (PDF) In: joachim-roehm.info. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Ndriçim Kulla: Biography, Kadare and arrestua në mosh 12-vjeç për klasifikim monedhash. In: Ylli i shkrimtarit. October 14, 2013, accessed March 4, 2017 (Albanian).
  6. ↑ Blendi Fevziu: Ismail Kadare: Ju rrefej 80 vitet e mia… In: Opinion.al. January 28, 2016, Retrieved March 4, 2017 (Albanian).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Joachim Röhm : Ismail Kadare, briefly introduced. (PDF) In: joachim-roehm.info. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  8. ^ Peter Morgan: Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe dictatura 1957-1990 . 1st edition. Shtëpia Botuese "55", Tirana 2011, ISBN 978-9928-10612-4 , p. 49 .
  9. ↑ a b c Ag Apolloni: Paradigma e Proteut . OM, Pristina 2012, p. 33-34 .
  10. ↑ a b Éric Fayé: Ismail Kadaré (Ed.): Œuvres completes: tome 1 . Editions Fayard, 1993, pp. 10-25.
  11. ^ New Permanent Representative of Albania Presents Credentials. Unitet Nations, June 30, 2016, accessed August 31, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Ndue Ukaj: Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia. (No longer available online.) In: Gazeta Ekspress. May 27, 2016, archived from the original on March 5, 2017 ; Retrieved on March 4, 2017 (Albanian, excerpt from the book Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet ). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gazetaexpress.com
  13. ↑ Helena Kadare: Kohë e pamjaftueshme: kujtime . Onufri, Tirana 2011, p. 128-129 .
  14. ↑ Helena Kadare: Kohë e pamjaftueshme: kujtime . Onufri, Tirana 2011, p. 144-146 .
  15. ↑ a b Shaban Sinani: Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K" . Naim Frashëri, Tirana 2011, p. 94-96 .
  16. ^ Peter Morgan: Ismail Kadare: shkrimtari dhe diktatura, 1957-1990 . Shtëpia botuese 55, Tirana 2011, ISBN 978-9928-10612-4 , p. 143 .
  17. ↑ Fundacion Princesa de Asturias: Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature. In: fpa.es. June 24, 2009, accessed March 12, 2017 .
  18. ↑ Joachim Röhm : AFTERWORD TO THE PALACE OF DREAMS. (PDF) In: joachim-roehm.info. Retrieved March 11, 2017 .
  19. ^ Installation de Ismail Kadare - Associé étranger. (PDF) Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, October 28, 1996, p. 11 , accessed on March 11, 2017 (French).
  20. ↑ Shaban Sinani: Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K" . Naim Frashëri, 2011, p. 100.
  21. ↑ Qemal Lame: Ekskluzive / Ish-kreu i Hetuesisë: Kadareja do dënohej si bashkëpunëtor i Mehmetit. March 28, 2017, Retrieved July 23, 2017 (Albanian).
  22. ↑ Helena Kadare: Kohë e pamjaftueshme: kujtime. Onufri, Tirana 2011, p. 182.
  23. ^ Peter Morgan: Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe dictatura 1957-1990 . Shtëpia Botuese "55", Tirana 2011, ISBN 978-9928-106-12-4 , pp. 224-226.
  24. ↑ Qemal Lame: Kryehetuesi Qemal Lame: Sigurimi i Shtetit përgatiste dosje për arrestimin e Kadaresë . February 25, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  25. ^ Peter Morgan: Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe dictatura 1957-1990 . Shtëpia Botuese "55", Tirana 2011, ISBN 978-9928-106-12-4 , p. 182.
  26. ↑ Helena Kadare: Kohë e pamjaftueshme: kujtime. Onufri, Tirana 2011, p. 388.
  27. ↑ Spartak Ngjela: Spartak Ngjela: Ja kush e shpëtoi Kadarenë nga Enver Hoxha . Tpz.al. December 13, 2017.
  28. ↑ Joachim Röhm : Notes on the origin of the individual texts in the anthology "Der Raub des Königlichen Schlaf". (PDF) In: joachim-roehm.info. Retrieved September 27, 2019 .
  29. ^ Claude Durand: Agamemnon's Daughter: A Novella and Stories . Ed .: Ismail Kadare. Arcade Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55970-788-6 , About Agamemnon's Daughter: Adapted from the Publisher's Preface to the French Edition, pp. ix-xii ( archive.org ).
  30. ^ Ismail Kadare. (No longer available online.) In: Albanian Literature. Robert Elsie , archived from the original on October 9, 2016 ; accessed on October 9, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.albanianliterature.net
  31. ↑ Qemal Lame: Ekskluzive / Ish-kreu i Hetuesisë: Kadareja do dënohej si bashkëpunëtor i Mehmetit. March 28, 2017, Retrieved July 23, 2017 (Albanian).
  32. ^ Installation de Ismail Kadare - Associé étranger. (PDF) Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, October 28, 1996, p. 7 , accessed on March 6, 2017 (French).
  33. ↑ trend.infopartisan.net
  34. ^ Robert Elsie: Albanian Literature: A Short History . IBTaurus, London 2005, ISBN 1-84511-031-5 , pp. 182-183 .
  35. ↑ Helena Kadare. (No longer available online.) In: Albanian Literature. Robert Elsie, archived from the original on September 23, 2016 ; accessed on October 9, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.albanianliterature.net
  36. ↑ Helena Kadare: Kohë e pamjaftueshme: kujtime . Onufri, Tirana 2011, p. 635-636 .
  37. ↑ Ismail Kadare: Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve . Tirana 2006 ( online ). The European identity of the Albanians . German translation ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gentianluli.npage.de
  38. ↑ Rexhep Qosja: Realiteti i shpërfillur. Tirana 2006 (Qosja's answer to Kadare)
  39. ↑ Nina Sabolik: Why Ismail Kadare Should Win the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature. World Literature Today , August 14, 2013, accessed November 8, 2016 (American English).
  40. ^ Ismail Kadare, a Candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. RTK Live, September 8, 2016, accessed November 8, 2016 .
  41. ↑ Martin Ebel: Life and writing under the eyes of the dictator. In: Tages-Anzeiger . February 19, 2009, accessed May 31, 2012 .
  42. ↑ Cyrill Stieger: ZündOrte: Ismail Kadare - embarrassing reinterpretation of his role in the dictatorship . In: places. Swiss literary magazine . Poetry from Albania, No. 189 , 2016, ISBN 978-3-85830-183-3 , pp. 87-90 .
  43. ^ Ulrich Enzensberger: The Albanian national poet Ismail Kadare: Tirana is silent . In: The time . September 11, 1992, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed January 4, 2017]).
  44. ↑ Beqë Cufaj : The ghostly Moscow of the fifties is not far from us . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . October 15, 2016 ( joachim-roehm.info [PDF; accessed July 23, 2017]).
  45. ↑ Andreas Breitenstein : Conversation with Ismail Kadare about politics and literature, adaptation and power, writing and fear: "A writer, nothing else" . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . March 20, 2009, ISSN  0376-6829 ( NZZ Online [accessed January 4, 2017]).
  46. ^ Cyrill Stieger: Poetry from Albania. A fascinating world of poetry . In: places. Swiss literary magazine . Poetry from Albania, No. 189 , 2016, ISBN 978-3-85830-183-3 , pp. 6 .
  47. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/about/Kadare_n%C3%AB_dokumentet_e_Pallatit_t%C3%AB_%C3%ABn.html?id=xNjvAQAACAAJ
  48. ↑ “Pashallarët e kuq” / Zbulohet ditari sekret i Enverit: Kadare poet i lig korbash /. In: Panorama.al. May 6, 2016, accessed April 19, 2020 (Albanian, with an entry by Enver Hoxha in his diary on October 20, 1975).
  49. ↑ Blendi Fevziu: Enver Hoxha . Uetpress, 2011, ISBN 9789995639358 , pp. 258-259.
  50. ↑ Carolina Bădițescu: Le recours à l'autre - hypostases de l'isolement et de l'ouverture chez Ismail Kadaré. (PDF; 146 kB) Retrieved May 31, 2012 (French).
  51. ^ Ismail Kadare, Alain Bosquet: Dialogue avec Alain Bosquet . Fayard, Paris 1995, ISBN 978-2-213-59519-1 .
  52. ↑ Ervin Hatibi: The sun that rises in the west. Islam and Muslims as perceived by the Albanian elite. In: East-West European Perspectives. 2007, accessed July 26, 2014 .
  53. ^ Ismail Kadare: Printemps Albanais. 2nd Edition. 1995, ISBN 2-253-93248-5 .
  54. ↑ grands-prix.institut-de-france.fr
  55. ↑ lericipea.com ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lericipea.com
  56. ↑ Ordre national de la Légion d'Honneur - Décret du 31 December 2015 portant promotion. (PDF) In: Journal officiel de la République Française. Présidence de la République, January 1, 2016, accessed January 1, 2016 (French).
  57. ↑ ata.gov.al
  58. ^ Toji Cultural Center
  59. ↑ a b lithub.com
  60. ^ Ismail Kadare House. In: Visit Gjirokastra. Retrieved August 30, 2020 (English).
  61. ↑ Bashkim Kuçuku: Një vepër në të 45 gjuhë Botes. (No longer available online.) In: Kadare në gjuhët e botës (third edition). January 28, 2016, archived from the original on March 6, 2017 ; Retrieved March 6, 2017 (Albanian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shekulli.com.al
  62. ^ David Bellos : The Englishing of Ismail Kadare. Notes of a retranslator. In: Complete review , Volume VI, Issue 2, May 2005
  63. ↑ Andreas Breitenstein (May 16, 2015): When the sun doesn't come back
  64. ↑ Jörg Magenau: Stories from an archaic and unworldly country. In: Deutschlandfunk-Kultur-Sendung “Buchkritik”. November 3, 2008, accessed January 28, 2021 .
  65. ↑ Vjollca Hajdari: The Tricks of the Dictatorship . In: world . July 22, 2017 ( welt.de [accessed January 23, 2017]).
personal data
SURNAME Kadare, Ismail
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Albanian writer and politician
DATE OF BIRTH January 28, 1936
PLACE OF BIRTH Gjirokastra