Jura house

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Jura house is a house shape that occurs along the Altmühltal ( Bavaria ) as well as on the adjacent plateaus and in the side valleys between Oettingen in the west and Regensburg in the east and between Berching in the north and Ingolstadt in the south. Due to their structural features and the materials used, these houses fit into the landscape of the Altmühltal. What they all have in common is the limestone roof .

The Jura house in the Altmühl area should not be confused with the so-called “Jura houses” in the Jura in the French-Swiss border area, which with their large, flat pitched roofs are similar to the Altmühljura houses, but are made of different materials.

Former “Lamm” inn in Bergen ( Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district ), Jura house with Franconian half-timbered houses , built in the 17th century
Jurassic rectory in Wettstetten , built in the 17th century

Mark

Architectural features

The layering of a typical Jura roof using the example of a house in Rot-Kreuz-Gasse in Eichstätt

The most outstanding feature is the construction of the roofs. They are sloping relatively flat and covered with several layers of thin limestone slabs made of Solnhofen limestone , so-called slate slabs. A maximum roof pitch of 30 ° is possible so that these panels do not slip. Since the limestone roof is very heavy - one square meter weighs between 180 and 200 kilograms - the roof structure is comparatively massive. The roof is usually on a relatively high knee stick . The outer walls of the ground floors are mostly made of solid limestone , while the inner walls and all upper floor walls can be made of masonry or half-timbered . The half-timbering was usually filled with wicker and a piece of clay that was plastered with a lime mortar . The richer the farmer, the bigger the house and the more stone used as a framework.

Houses with masonry upper floors have almost no roof overhang , since a roof overhang with the gently sloping limestone slabs poses a risk of backlogging due to icing and other problems. In houses with half-timbered upper storeys, a certain roof overhang is common to protect the framework.

Further features are the compact structure, slightly wider at the bottom than at the top, and thus optically firmly connected to the floor. Windows and front door are small, rather sparse, clearly arranged but rarely exactly symmetrical (which is also due to the mixed use as a residential stable house ). Originally the houses did not have a fireplace .

construction materials

The slate slabs were extracted just like all other building materials in the vicinity: limestone for the masonry, lime mortar for interior and exterior plaster, lime coatings, limestone floor slabs, spruce wood for floorboards, half-timbered and roof trusses, and clay for the internal half-timbered walls.

Geological background

The term Jurahaus goes back to the location in the geological zone of the Franconian Jura . The foundations for this landscape were created around 208–145 million years ago, when the so-called Jurassic Sea , part of the Tethys Sea , lay over today's Altmühltal. During this time, deposits of dead corals , sponges and plants formed on the sea floor , which petrified after the retreat of the sea and became today's plate limestone. This is also the reason why important fossils can be found again and again in the petrified limestone layers , such as the first find of the ancient bird Archeopteryx from 1861 near Solnhofen in the Altmühltal, which has been followed by other finds until recently. Since the deposits did not take place continuously, but rather in "batches", the typical layered structure of the rocks arose today, which makes it possible to use them as slate slabs for roofing.

Jurahaus in Wachenzell , Eichstätt district

distribution

Today's Eichstätt district in the northernmost part of Upper Bavaria is the core area of ​​the Jura houses . But larger parts of the districts of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen , Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz and Kelheim were once dominated by buildings with stone roofs. In addition, Jura houses can be found in the outskirts of the districts of Roth , Donau-Ries , Neuburg-Schrobenhausen , Pfaffenhofen and Regensburg as well as in the urban area of ​​Ingolstadt and Regensburg.

As a rule of thumb, there are stone roofs in the places from which a team of horses or oxen can reach the quarries in one day, the plates can be charged individually by hand and the way back is easy.

The Danube largely forms the border to the south . Apart from the stretch between Weltenburg and Regensburg, Jura houses only “jumped” the river in very few places. In the inner city of Ingolstadt there were originally limestone-roofed houses, as can be seen from the Sandtner model from 1571 . Only one of them is still preserved in Dollstrasse, but without the limestone roof.

history

Small Jura houses in Dettenheim near Weißenburg, probably built in the 18th century

Origins

When exactly the first limestone-roofed houses were built can only be traced on the basis of archaeological and dendrochronological studies. An excavation in the old town of Eichstatt brought "evidence of a slate-roofed house, which was probably built towards the end of the 12th century". Dendrochronological examinations of a house in Marienstein near Eichstätt resulted in the year of construction 1367, a house in Eichstätter Westenstrasse was dated to 1344. A house from Matting near Regensburg, which has since been demolished, was built around 1300 and a building from Schambach near Treuchtlingen around 1491. The spread in the 14th century was roughly the same as that which can still be found in the 20th century. The first documented mention of limestone slabs in Eichstätt comes from the first half of the 14th century and says that "a fuder dachstein" costs one denarius urban paving duty .

At first, not all the houses were covered with stone slabs; there were also thatched roofs; prestigious buildings such as churches were with bricks covered and had therefore much steeper roofs. The splendid map of the Graisbach county from 1570, which is now in the Bavarian Main State Archives in Munich, shows next to the village of Solnhofen workers in a quarry who are currently loading a cart with stones. This shows that at that time the quarries, in which the slabs for the roofs were also extracted, were so important that they were considered landmarks for the place.

Further development through the introduction of the pinch pockets

In 1828 a new form of lime slabs for roofing appeared. The Eichstätt master glazier Joseph Weitenhiller (1786–1862) invented the so-called pinch pockets : “With the help of a template and pliers, 'pinched' lime slabs, which can also be used on steep roofs, are suspended through a drilled hole Nagel. “In contrast to the slate tiles, these slabs only have to be laid in one layer. Weitenhiller's other patents are wire staples and a process for coloring bricks and bricks.

Threat and protection of the house type

The design of the Jura house has changed little over the centuries. Only the gable-side access, which was common in the past, was replaced by the eaves-side. There were different types of houses, which will be explained below, but the basic principles have survived into the 20th century. Only since the middle of the last century have the Jura houses been gradually displaced by modern "everyday houses" after the building plans no longer stipulated the Jura house as a house shape or even thwarted new buildings in the Jura style due to requirements such as steep roof slopes. In addition, improper renovations and sealing of the surrounding soil often caused moisture problems, which, in addition to the often small and low rooms, contributed to the bad reputation of the Jura houses among the villagers.

Already in the first half of the 20th century, the painter and photographer Heinrich Ullmann , architect at the highest building authority in Munich and top monument protector, campaigned for the Jura houses and especially the limestone roofs. In order to slow down the recent disappearance of the Jura houses, the district of Eichstätt , the district of Upper Bavaria and the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments set up a funding program to support restorations financially beyond the usual means of monument preservation. The special Jura House program introduced by the Eichstätt district provides that when roofing is covered with a stone roof, the additional expenditure compared to covering with plain tiles is subsidized. The Jurahausverein (web link below), an association with almost 800 members, provides important educational work and is available to owners of jurassic houses and other interested parties with advice and support. Its main goal is to make the population aware of how important the preservation of the remaining Jura houses is for the character of the region. The Eichstätter design statute drawn up in 2009 is likely to be important for the preservation of the remaining Jura buildings.It contains regulations for the design of buildings and outdoor areas in the inner city and suburbs and was created in close cooperation between the Jura House Association and the city of Eichstätt.

The market town of Nennslingen set a monument to some of the destroyed Jura houses: the so-called “Lost Village” by the sculptor Stefan Schillig. Several Jura houses were demolished and rebuilt in the two open-air museums mentioned below.

Types of Jurassic Houses

  • Agricultural buildings
    • Residential stable houses : In the Altmühljura, people and animals usually lived under one roof. The entrance to the house led into a spacious corridor , the so-called tenner , from which one could get to the living area on one side, the stable on the other side and upstairs via a staircase. In smallholder properties, the living room and the kitchen, a "soot kitchen" with an open fire under the open fireplace, at the same time a smokehouse, on the other side the stable, above the hayloft and bedroom above, were usually found on one side of the ground floor ( n). The living room was often the only room with brick walls, so that it was recognizable from the outside by the protruding walls.
    • Moierhöfe
    • Basket homes or Austragshäuser
    • Barns , landscape typical mostly as Stadel referred
  • Stately buildings such as B. that from the 17./18. Century castle in Inching
  • guest houses
  • Rectories
  • Mills
  • Cemeteries
  • Day wage houses

A typical Jura farm usually consists of a residential stable and a barn. Often a bakery and a delivery house are also part of the building stock. General rules for the arrangement of the buildings around the courtyard are not discernible. In large parts of the distribution area, the shape of the hook courtyard is common: the residential stable house is gable-free on the street, with access from the courtyard on the eaves side. (Only very old Jura houses and those with a special function, such as inns, have the entrance regularly on the gable side.) The barn is then at a right angle to the side behind it.

Tourist notices

Jurahaus in the Franconian Open Air Museum Bad Windsheim, originally from Matting

In the meantime none of the Jura villages has a really closed site in the Jura style. You can still get a relatively good impression of a traditional Jura village in the listed ensembles in the town centers of Dettenheim and Arnsberg . There is also a comparatively high density of Jura houses in Nennslingen , Burgsalach , Bieswang and Langenaltheim , for example , although the buildings there are scattered around the village and no longer form a closed ensemble. Picturesque hamlets and individual farms in the Jura style are, for example, Eibwang in the Anlautertal and the now partly demolished Tempelhof near Ochsenfeld . Townhouses in the Jura style can be found e.g. B. still in Dietfurt and especially in Eichstätt, where in the "suburbs" on the slopes of Altmühl you can still see largely closed Jura house ensembles.

In Eichstätt, Graben near Treuchtlingen and in Hofstetten (municipality of Hitzhofen ) museums were set up in Jura houses. In the Franconian Open Air Museum Bad Windsheim , for example, there is a house from Marienstein near Eichstätt as well as a house from Ochsenfeld and a building from Matting near Regensburg. In the Upper Palatinate Open Air Museum in Neusath-Perschen there is, among other things, a house from Thonlohe . The buildings are mostly presented in the condition of earlier centuries.

literature

  • Annual volumes of the magazine Das Jurahaus. Preserving and building in the Altmühl area , ed. from Jurahaus-Verein eV Eichstätt, ISSN  0948-5066 , 1995 ff., online .
  • Klaus Staffel: The Jura House - A picture of a house. Published by Jurahausverein eV, Pustet, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7917-2635-9 , illustrated book.

Movies

  • How much home is there in a house? Construction and demolition in the Altmühltal. Documentary film, Germany, 2016, 44:10 min., Script and direction: Michael Appel, production: Bayerischer Rundfunk , first broadcast: January 7, 2016 on Bavarian television , summary from BR with online video.

Web links

Commons : Jurahaus  - collection of images, videos and audio files