Royal Palace Werla

Werla is a redirect to this article. Further meanings are listed under Werla (disambiguation) .

Royal Palace Werla
In 2012 reconstructed west tower of the castle complex
Creation time :	9th century
Castle type :	Königspfalz
Conservation status:	Exposed foundation walls, reconstructed ramparts and masonry
Standing position :	King, Emperor
Place:	near Werlaburgdorf , municipality of Schladen-Werla in the district of Wolfenbüttel
Geographical location	52 ° 2 '15.7 "  N , 10 ° 33' 17.2"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 2 '15.7 "  N , 10 ° 33' 17.2"  E
Height:	110  m

The royal palace Werla is located near Werlaburgdorf (municipality of Schladen-Werla ) in Lower Saxony .

The area of ​​the former Palatinate of about 20  hectares rises on the Kreuzberg as a natural plateau 17 m above the Oker . In the early Middle Ages , the Palatinate was an important place in the history of the German Empire . For the Ottonians in particular , it was an important base in the 10th century. After it had lost its political importance compared to the newly founded Pfalz Goslar am Rammelsberg , it developed into an independent settlement with brisk economic production. It fell into desolation in the 14th century and was completely forgotten until its rediscovery in the 19th century.

After its rediscovery in particular that was in the 20th century main castle extensively researched archaeologically. The excavations since 2007 yielded new knowledge about the previously largely unexplored outer castles . Since 2010, parts of the palace complex with foundation and ring walls as well as earth walls have been reconstructed and are open to the public as the Kaiserpfalz Werla archeology and landscape park . The 65-  hectare facility has been a landscape protection area since 1958 .

location

The Palatinate is one of the five important Ottonian and Salic Palatinate complexes in today's Lower Saxony ( Goslar , Dahlum , Grona , Pöhlde ).

The Pfalzanlage is located about 15 km south of Wolfenbüttel and northeast of Goslar . It is located in the open area between Schladen and Werlaburgdorf. There is no direct access for vehicles. However, there is a parking lot on the right-hand side of the road (L 615) between the two towns coming from Schladen, from which the facility can be reached on foot within a few minutes. Alternatively, you can follow a hiking trail along the Wedde and then go left along the Oker through the river low to your destination. Another good starting point is the “Alte Mühle” home in Schladen. After two kilometers you reach the 17 m high plateau of the Kreuzberg, on which the Palatinate was located.

The nearby town of Werlaburgdorf only bears this name from 1958, before it was simply called Burgdorf.

Palatinate complex

Attempted reconstruction of the main castle of the Palatinate Werla on a public display board for visitors

The main castle was a circular complex with a diameter of about 150 m. It was located on the Kreuzberg with two sides directly on the around 17 m high steep slopes to the river lowlands of the Oker. This castle area was surrounded by a 1 m thick curtain wall and a 9 m wide and 4 m deep pointed moat. The wall had two gates and several towers. Three (later) bailey, the inner bailey 1 and 2 and the outer bailey, were connected to the core castle. In total, an area of ​​around 20 hectares was included in the fortification. The outer castles also had a similarly deep moat, but instead of a wall they had a wall (probably with a palisade ).

Several earlier buildings have been excavated within the main castle.

• Chapel (23 × 7.5 m)
• Bower (5 × 8 m)
• Hall building (17 × 7 m)
• Palas I (22 m long with heating system)
• Hall II (15 × 34 m)
• Underground "escape corridor" (earth stable) 35 m long
• so-called "guard houses", so-called "kitchen houses" and cellars

A reconstructed model of the Werla Palatinate is in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum . It shows the complex as it was in the 10th century with individual stone buildings and a stone surrounding wall. The model is based on the research carried out on Werla up to 1985. The more recent excavations sometimes come to different results.

In 2017, the district archaeologist of the Lower Saxony State Office for the Preservation of Monuments, Michael Geschwinde, announced that some of the Palatinate buildings, such as the central wing and the church, were not built of stone. Remnants of plaster found during excavations indicate that they were cast in plaster using the climbing scarf technique. Since the plaster rested on a wooden structure, the buildings could no longer be repaired after around 50 years due to the weather. This could indicate that the Palatinate was relocated to Goslar.

and display information about the image

Location of the former royal palace Werla on a natural spur over the Oker , with the center in the area of ​​the distinctive, isolated tree, 2006

history

History and origin of name

The hill above the Oker was settled in prehistoric times. Numerous finds testify to this, especially ceramics, but also tools made of stone and bone. In autumn 2010 the discovery of a grave richly decorated with ceramics from the late Baalberg culture attracted attention. It contained the skeleton of an elderly woman and a toddler.

The origin of the name Werla cannot be clearly determined. In 1935, the name researcher Edward Schröder put forward the theory that Werla means "Männerwald". The name was formed from the basic word vir (Latin) or the related Germanic word who for man. The addition -la (h) , an old term for forest, has been added. Proceeding from this, Schröder assumed that the later area of ​​the Palatinate was a sacred forest district in which Germanic Gau representatives met for deliberations. W. Flechsig takes a different approach. The most recent excavations provided evidence of a settlement gap between the Roman Empire (1st – 3rd centuries) and the early Middle Ages (8th / 9th centuries). The number of ceramic finds from this period turned out to be remarkably small; none of the exposed buildings could be assigned to this period. Extensive settlement of the area can only be proven for the 9th century. At that time a kind of fortified farmyard was built. A ring wall surrounded several simple wooden buildings in the area of ​​the later core castle.

The Palatinate Period

At the beginning of the 10th century, the complex was converted into a fortified Palatinate. The first written evidence is also available for this period. The Saxon chronicler Widukind von Corvey mentions a stay of King Henry I in his Saxon Chronicle , which, according to various sources, can be dated to either 924 or 926. The king had sought protection with his untrained army in the Palatinate from an attack by Hungary. Related to this is the capture of a Hungarian leader. In exchange for his release, Henry I was later able to reach a nine-year armistice that enabled him to strengthen the defense of the empire.

The Werla experienced its first heyday under the Ottonians . 14 royal stays in the period between 924 and 1013 are considered to be secured by documents. All Ottonians visited the Palatinate at least once; Otto the Great alone made documents five times on the Werla. The visit of Salier Konrad II in 1035 during an imperial assembly on the Werla is doubtful. The succession to the king was decided at least twice in the Palatinate. During the king's election in 1002 , an agreement was reached here on the Bavarian duke and later Heinrich II. As the successor to Otto III, who died childless . Meanwhile, the candidacy of Margrave Ekkehard von Meißen failed. The Chronicle of Thietmar von Merseburg reports that he caused a scandal when he ate a meal prepared for the abbesses present. Even before the election of Konrad II in 1024, the Saxons met on the Werla for deliberations. A total of four assemblies of Saxon nobles are recorded; However , there is no evidence of regular “ state parliaments ”. During the Palatinate period, the curtain wall and the most important representative buildings within the core castle were built. A first outer bailey developed in the north, but initially only covered an area of ​​about three hectares. The Sudburg at the Oker crossing near Goslar belonged to the administrative system of the Palatinate Werla .

The settlement period

Already under Heinrich II the Werla lost political importance in favor of the newly founded Pfalz Goslar , which had rich silver deposits on the Rammelsberg . However, the Palatinate rights were by no means relocated, as the Sachsenspiegel was later to claim. It was not until 1086 that Heinrich IV lent around 400 Hufen land of manorial power to the Bishop of Hildesheim , Udo von Gleichen-Reinhausen (see Schladen Castle ), probably in return for his support in the investiture dispute . However, the loss of political importance in no way resulted in the facility's decline. On the contrary: in the 11th and 12th centuries the first outer bailey was massively expanded to the west and a new, second core bailey was added. A second outer bailey was added later. In total, the entire facility reached a size of almost 20 hectares. In addition, the fortifications were reinforced with new trenches and towers, and major modifications were made to the central buildings of the inner castle. Numerous new findings in the outer castles indicate that the Werla was increasingly developing into a permanent settlement. At this time, a lively economic life with metal and textile processing seems to have developed in the mine houses of the outer castles. In 1180 an emperor visited the Palatinate for the last time. Here, in the immediate vicinity of Braunschweig, Friedrich I. Barbarossa ended the conflict with his adversary Heinrich the Lion and issued an ultimatum calling on his followers to surrender to him. The fact that Barbarossa went back to the old Pfalzort after such a long time shows that it had retained an important symbolic function in the collective memory of the Saxons until then.

Decay to desolation

Remnants of soil from the Pfalzanlage (2006), Schladen with sugar factory in the background

In 1240 the Hildesheim diocese awarded the tithes of Werla to the Heiningen monastery . The church of the old Palatinate, which had been under the supervision of the Dorstadt monastery for a short time, was also subordinate to him. In the 13th century there are again indications of renovation work. Ditches and cellars were built within the main castle, the purpose of which has not yet been clearly clarified. Traces of settlement can still be traced back to the 14th century, but by 1550 at the latest Werla and its parish church seem to have fallen in desolation . The residents probably settled partly in the northwestern Burgdorf , which today again has Werla in its name. The villagers and possibly also the Heiningen monastery subsequently reused the stones from the Palatinate as a valuable building material. In the following centuries the name was used several times in documents as the field name for the fields on the hill. A chapel even existed there until 1817, the origin of which, however, was no longer known to the residents themselves. With the last visible walls, the memory of the royal palace also temporarily disappeared from the memory of the people.

However, around 50 written sources from the 10th to the 13th centuries, such as royal documents and chronicle reports, still testify to the existence of the Palatinate.

Research history

Rediscovery and first test excavations

The approximately 4 m high memorial stone, erected in 1875 on the Palatinate site

The first attempts to localize the Werla Palatinate were made in the 19th century. They were suspected to be near Werle Castle in Mecklenburg or in Werl in Westphalia . A limitation to the Schladen area was finally achieved through the study of documents by the scholar Hermann Adolf Lüntzel in the middle of the 19th century. Local farmers had reported that they had plowed stones on the Kreuzberg. In 1875 the building inspector of the Kaiserpfalz Goslar E. F. A. Schulze carried out a short excavation that revealed some foundations, which was considered sufficient evidence for the Palatinate. To commemorate, a stone was erected with the inscription “Kaiserpfalz Werla” and a linden tree was planted , the striking shape of which still characterizes the complex. However, no further scientific research was carried out. Around 1920 the teacher Franz Kaufmann from Schladen dealt again with the Werla and directed archaeological interest to the Palatinate. This led to a one-day trial excavation in 1926 under the direction of the building researcher and architect Uvo Hölscher from the Technical University of Hanover . In 1929, under the impression of increased scientific interest, the district of Goslar bought part of the site in the area of ​​the core castle in order to protect it from further damage from agriculture. In 1933 the Werla Commission was finally founded, made up of scientists as well as representatives of the Goslar district and the regional council. She was then to coordinate the planned excavations.

Excavations between 1934 and 1939

In 1934, on behalf of the Werla Commission, the first excavation campaign began under the direction of the government building councilor Karl Becker. Hermann Schroller from the Hanover Provincial Museum was also called in for the expected prehistoric finds on the site . For the first time, contiguous areas were scientifically examined. When excavations could not take place in the following year due to Becker's illness, the construction researcher Heinrich Steckeweh was appointed head of the excavation at short notice. For reasons that were not clearly clarified, however, the Werla Commission decided in 1937 to transfer the management of the excavations entirely to Hermann Schroller, who actually specialized in prehistoric times. He knew how to increase the already high public interest in the excavations. Scientists, party officials and school classes were shown around the site and the latest results were presented in the press and on the radio. Even a film for teacher training was produced. Through numerous political contacts, NSDAP member Schroller also succeeded in gaining support for the excavations from the Hildesheim Army Aviation School in addition to the Reich Labor Service . The aerial archeology , the first time ever in stereo photography was used, led in 1937 to sensational discoveries. The aerial photos showed striped soil discolouration, which showed the enormous dimensions of the Palatinate including its outer castles (about 600 × 600 m). The new findings now attracted a great deal of attention from experts.

The modern chemical analysis methods and the interdisciplinary cooperation between building researchers, archaeologists and geologists in determining the building fabric were considered new and innovative . Despite the progressive methods, the excavation documentation also showed major technical deficiencies. Findings were constantly being reinterpreted and published work results were corrected. The bad and hasty interpretation of finds cannot, however, be explained solely by Schroller's inadequate professional qualifications. Rather, the decisive factor was the strong ideological influence of the National Socialist zeitgeist. A targeted search was made for the ideal of an Ottonian Palatinate and the Werla was referred to as the “cradle of the First Reich”, in the continuity of which the National Socialists believed they were with the “ Third Reich ” they propagated . Accordingly, efforts were made to date the finds as far as possible to the Ottonian period, preferably even to the reign of Heinrich I, who was transfigured as the "founder of the empire". There were also strong internal conflicts in the excavation management. The resulting misjudgments still exist in the research literature even today. With the outbreak of the Second World War , the excavations came to a temporary end.

Excavations between 1957 and 1964

When the excavations resumed in 1957, Hermann Schroller was again appointed excavation manager. After his accidental death in 1959, his student assistants Gudrun Stelzer and Carl-Heinrich Seebach continued the excavations until 1964. The main castle was extensively examined and has since been considered to be almost completely archaeological. Traces of the predecessor complex were also documented in detail for the first time and the importance of the high-medieval conversions for the development of the Palatinate was recognized. Thousands of individual finds were recovered during the excavations, most of which were ceramics, but also iron and bronze pieces. Most of the coins found, including from Rostock, Göttingen and Bremen, came from the 13th century. There are no references to the occasional highly respected visitors to the Palatinate, the former royal presence is only reflected in the buildings of the complex. The two outer castles were only examined randomly. The approximate course of the fortifications was confirmed by long search cuts, and for the first time remains of workshops and pit houses came to light. The theory, according to which the outer castles only served as so-called “Heerbugen”, was therefore obsolete. Based on the new knowledge, historians increasingly dealt with the archaeological findings in the following years. The role of the Palatinate as a defensive system against the Hungarians increasingly took a back seat. Rather, people began to see the Palatinate as an important regional center of power and economy.

Major event in 2005

On May 21 and 22, 2005, a major event entitled “Palatinate Werla - Life 1000 Years Ago” took place on the grounds of the Palatinate. At the event-like event, visitors were given the opportunity to travel back in time to the Middle Ages. 300 actors, 130 tents, a dozen horses and five guns presented three time islands to 17,000 visitors on the subjects of "Europe around the year 1000", " Guelphs and Staufer - the Middle Ages " and the late Middle Ages with military technology and handicrafts of an urban society. The major event was intended to support Braunschweig's application for European Capital of Culture 2010. For the application, the Wolfenbüttel district commissioned a study, the concept of which, published in 2003, called for complex building reconstructions. The project became superfluous in 2005 through the decision against Braunschweig and in favor of Essen with RUHR.2010 as well as Pécs and Istanbul .

Excavation between 2007 and 2016

The excavations are currently (as of September 2012) not yet completed; a comprehensive assessment is therefore still pending. The results so far, however, already illustrate the continuous change and expansion of the Werla, provide an insight into its economic life and provide important data for the intended partial reconstructions and visualizations.

Excavations in the inner castle

In the spring of 2007, new excavations began in the core castle area. The chapel, the screed construction as well as ditches, gates and walls were uncovered and re-measured by 2008. The results later formed the basis for the reconstructions as part of the “Archaeological and Landscape Park Kaiserpfalz Werla”. In addition to the viewing and securing of already known findings, however, new discoveries were made in isolated cases. The course of the ramparts of the previous complex from the 9th century has now been documented more precisely. In addition, the dating of individual buildings could be improved or at least confirmed through new mortar analyzes and comparisons with similar buildings. A geological evaluation of the building stone formed the basis for determining the mass of the central buildings. For the first time, it was possible to roughly estimate the cost of transport and work. The construction of the core castle may have taken several years and the resources of the surrounding area were in some cases heavily used. The relationship to the towns of Schladen and Werlaburgdorf must also be reconsidered. Until now, Schladen was considered the seat of curtis, the Palatinate's farm yard. However, this contradicts the new approach, which was able to show that the outer castles were settled in several phases and used for a much longer period of time than previously assumed. For Werlaburgdorf the cemetery is from the 9th / 10th. It should be emphasized in the 19th century, as this is the burial place of a village whose inhabitants probably had to work in the Fronhof of the Palatinate.

Excavations in the outer bailey

In addition, a geomagnetic survey of the outer castles was carried out. The data obtained in this way ensured a reassessment of the history of the Palatinate. A wall was discovered to the west of the north gate, which could be dated approximately to the 10th to 11th centuries in later excavations through ceramic finds. What was surprising was that this wall seemed to cut through the inner outer bailey from north to south. Accordingly, the expansion of the outer bailey had to be carried out in at least two phases. During the Palatinate period, the outer bailey was much smaller than initially assumed and was only expanded to the west in the High Middle Ages and reinforced by an additional moat. Part of this extension was possibly also another ditch that was discovered in the area of ​​the so-called Kapellenberg. Remains of stone buildings can also be found on this hill, which may have been linked to the foundation of another core castle. New aerial photos and a systematic inspection of the areas also helped to determine the location and grouping of the various farm buildings within the outer castles. Some of these buildings could subsequently be examined more closely. Large-scale excavations revealed paved paths, pit houses, rubbish pits and the traces of a mountain of rods. Traces of wear from a loom and loom weights made of clay provided indications of textile manufacture in one place, while the clay nozzles of bellows and slag in another place referred to metalworking. Finally, the excavations were devoted to the fortifications of the inner bailey. When measuring the wall and the ditch, the foot of a wall was found immediately behind the wall.

Grave find from the Neolithic Age

In October 2010, in the course of a teaching excavation with students, the Braunschweig district archeology uncovered three female skeletons, which date back to 3700 BC. Were dated. The ages reached were determined to be 4, 20 and 45 years, with the toddler skeleton spatially assigned to the 20-year-old woman. Furthermore, over 30 vessels from the Baalberg culture were excavated.

Excavation 2016

In 2016, students from the HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim / Holzminden / Göttingen carried out a teaching excavation at two excavation sites. The remains of a pit house from the 10th or 11th century were uncovered.

Archaeological and Landscape Park Kaiserpfalz Werla

• 

  Gatehouse in the west tower (2013)

• 

  Exposed and walled up north gate

• 

  Restored wall-trench system

Building on the excavations started in 2007, plans arose to design the remnants of the Palatinate into the "Archaeological and Landscape Park Kaiserpfalz Werla" in the form of a public park. To this end, the Lower Saxony Ministry of Science and Culture bought the surrounding arable land in 2008. Around 1.5 million euros have now been invested in the archaeological park project. The work on this was carried out under the responsibility of the Open-Air and Adventure Museum Ostfalen and the Geopark Harz - Braunschweiger Land - Ostfalen . They began in autumn 2010. On September 14, 2012, the then Prime Minister of Lower Saxony , David McAllister, officially inaugurated the site.

By restoring the ramparts and ditches, the impressive dimensions of the complex with the core and outer bailey have become visible. The former wall foundations were covered with the earth of the new wall to protect them. The building's foundation walls were partially reconstructed in the area of ​​the core castle, the reconstruction of the so-called west gate (Gate II of the core castle) gives an idea of ​​the former appearance of the building.

See also

• List of landscape protection areas in the Wolfenbüttel district

literature

• Carl Bochers: Werla Regesten . Journal of the Harz Association for History and Antiquity 68, 1935, pp. 15-27.
• Clara Redlich : Werla's bone needles . Die Kunde 3, 1936, pp. 59-65.
• Hermann Schroller: A Stone Age stool grave from the Werlaburg . Die Kunde 3, 1935, pp. 57-59.
• Martin V. Rudolph: The historical results of the excavations in 1937 [Werla] . Die Kunde 6, 1938, pp. 106-118.
• Martin V. Rudolph: Palatinate Werla. The architectural historical results of the 1938 excavation . Die Kunde 7, 1939, pp. 79-94.
• Carl-Heinrich Seebach: Uncovering an early medieval hot air heater on the Saxon royal palace Werla . Mannus 33, 1941, pp. 256-273.
• Wilhelm Geilmann: Glass panes from the Kaiserpfalz Werla . The customer N.F. 7, 1956, pp. 41-46.
• Wilhelm Geilmann: The mortar of the Kaiserpfalz Werla . The customer N.F. 7, 1956, pp. 96-113.
• Wilhelm Berges: On the history of the Werla-Goslar imperial district from the 9th to the 11th century . In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/1, Göttingen 1963, pp. 113–157.
• Horst Fesser, Ulrich Horst: Determination of the origin and age of an old ore slag from the northwestern German Harz foreland . Die Kunde NF 14, 1963, pp. 240-254.
• Adolf Gauert: On the structure and topography of the royal palaces . In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 1–60.
• Sabine Krüger: Some remarks on Werla research . In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 210–264.
• Hans-Jürgen Rieckenberg: To the history of the Palatinate Werla according to the written tradition . In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 174–209.
• Carl-Heinrich Seebach: The royal palace Werla. The architectural history investigations . Göttingen Writings on Pre- and Early History 8, Neumünster 1967.
• Adolf Gauert: The Palatium of the Palatinate Werla. Archaeological evidence and written records . In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/3, Göttingen 1979, pp. 263–277.
• Ralf Busch : About metal processing on the Werla . Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 49-54.
• Edgar Ring : Hot air heating in the Harz region . Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 37-48.
• Volker Zedelius: Fund coins of the Werla . Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 55-60.
• Ernst A. Friedrich: The Werlahügel near Schladen. In: If stones could talk. Landbuch-Verlag, Hanover 1989, ISBN 3-7842-0397-3 , pp. 115-117.
• Edgar Ring: The royal palace Werla. Medieval pottery . Research and reports by the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum 1, Braunschweig 1990.
• Hans-Wilhelm Heine : Early Castles and Palaces in Lower Saxony - From the Beginnings to the Early Middle Ages . Guide to the prehistory and early history of Lower Saxony 17, Hildesheim 1995.
• Günther Binding : German royal palaces. From Charlemagne to Frederick II (765–1240) . Darmstadt 1996.
• Klaus Bingenheimer: The air heaters of the Middle Ages. On the typology and development of a technological-historical phenomenon . Aniquitates 17, Hamburg 1998.
• Rüdiger Schniek: Medieval warm air heating systems in Northern Germany and Denmark . Offa 56, 1999, pp. 171-181.
• Robert Slawski: Königspfalz Werla research trip to the 10th century. 1st edition. Zelter Verlag, Braunschweig 2005, ISBN 3-931727-05-X .
• Hans Joachim Bodenbach: Dr. Hermann Schroller (1900–1959) - archaeologist and pharmacist. In: Die Kunde (Journal for Lower Saxony Archeology), N. F. 56, Hannover 2005, pp. 191–218 (with 3 illustrations, including 2 portrait photos by Hermann Schroller).
• Michael Herdick: Manorial residences and artisanal and commercial production . In: J. Zeune (Ed.): Everyday life on castles in the Middle Ages. Scientific colloquium of the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Castle Association, Passau 2005. Publications of the German Castle Association, series B 10, Braubach 2006, pp. 177–184.
• Markus C. Blaich , Jörg Weber: Under the spell of the zeitgeist - Hermann Schroller and the excavations on the Werla Palatinate from 1936 to 1939. In: Die Kunde NF 59, 2008, pp. 147–188.
• Markus C. Blaich, Henning Zellmer: The Ottonian Palatinate Werla - considerations on building ground and building stone. In: Heinz-Gerd Röhling , H. Zellmer (Hrsg.): GeoTop 2008 "Learn to read landscape" - 12th international annual meeting of the GeoTop section of the German Geosciences Society, April 30 - May 4, 2008 in Königslutter. Series of publications by the German Society for Geosciences, Issue 56, Hanover 2008, pp. 27–39 ( online , PDF).
• Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde , Andreas Memmert, Frank Oesterhelweg, Uwe Rullmann, Karl-Friedrich Weber: Pfalz Werla - between archaeological research, nature conservation and tourist development. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony , 2010, pp. 6–9.
• Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde: The new Werla project: Rescue for the Royal Palatinate? In: Archeology in Lower Saxony 13. 2010, pp. 120–124.
• Markus C. Blaich: Reception of the excavations in the Palatinate Werla in archeology and history. In: U. Ickerodt, F. Mahler (Hrsg.): Archeology and völkisch thought: To deal with one's own heritage. Frankfurt 2010, pp. 45–54.
• Christian Frey: Castles and symbolic communication - Werla and Harzburg . Castles and Palaces 2010, pp. 2–7.
• Caspar Ehlers : Royal castles and palaces as centers for the traveling court of the East Franconian Empire . Concilium medii aevi 14, 2011, pp. 3-19. ( PDF )
• Michael Geschwinde: The unusual teaching excavation of the TU Braunschweig on the Königspfalz Werla . Archeology in Lower Saxony 14, 2011, pp. 87–89.
• Markus C. Blaich: Comments on the economic and ecological references of Ottonian royal palaces. In: B. U. Hucker, J. Leuschner (Ed.): Unfinished and lost cities. A forgotten chapter of city history in the Welfenlanden. Salzgitter-Jahrbuch 30, 2012, pp. 157–170.
• Markus C. Blaich: The archeology and landscape park “Kaiserpfalz Werla” - For the visualization of an archaeological monument in the context of nature and landscape protection. In: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony. 2/2012, pp. 89-94.
• Markus C. Blaich: Werla - Fronhof, Königspfalz and settlement of the 9th – 13th centuries Century. In: Chateau Gaillard 25, 2012, pp. 27-37.
• Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde: The excavations on the Königspfalz Werla 2007 to 2011 - preliminary report. In: News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory , Vol. 81, Stuttgart 2012.
• Markus C. Blaich (Ed.): Werla 2. The people of Werlaburgdorf. A contribution to the history of the northern Harz foreland in the 8th to 10th centuries , Mainz 2013.
• Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde (ed.): Werla 1. The royal palace. Their history and the excavations 1875–1964 , Mainz 2015.
• Michael Geschwinde: In presidio urbis. The fortifications of the royal palace. , ( Werla 3 ) Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz (RGZM), Mainz, 2017
• Michael Geschwinde, Markus C. Blaich: Protection and shine. The royal palatinate Werla in: Babette Ludowici (Ed.): Saxones , Theiss, Darmstadt 2019, pp. 353–359

Web links

Commons : Pfalz Werla  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entry by Gudrun Pischke zu Werla in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
• Current website of the Archeology and Landscape Park Kaiserpfalz Werla project on ZeitOrte.de
• Website of the archaeological park project “Kaiserpfalz Werla” on kaiserpfalz-werla.de
• Pfalz Werla at region-braunschweig.de
• Photos from the big Werla event 2005 at chronico.de
• Description at Braunschweigische Landschaft on denkmalpflege.bsl-ag.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Evaluating overall presentation: C.-H. Seebach: The royal palace Werla. The architectural history investigations. Göttinger Writings on Pre- and Early History 8, Neumünster 1967. On this: P. Grimm: Review of C.-H. Seebach, Die Königspfalz Werla (Neumünster 1967). Zeitschrift für Archäologie 3, 1969, pp. 151-154. H. Quirin: Review of C.-H. Seebach, Die Königspfalz Werla (Neumünster 1967). Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte 105, 1969, pp. 645–646.
2. ↑ C.-H. Seebach: Exposure of an early medieval hot air heating system on the Saxon royal palace Werla. Mannus 33, 1941, pp. 256-273. A. Gauert: The palatium of the Palatinate Werla. Archaeological evidence and written records. In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/3, Göttingen 1979, pp. 263–277. E. Ring: Hot air heating in the Harz region. Harz-Zeitschrift 37, 1985, pp. 37-48.
3. ↑ R. Busch: Model of the development of the main castle of the Werla Palatinate and excavation finds from the Werla Palatinate. In: C. Meckseper (Ed.): Stadt im Wandel. Art and culture of the bourgeoisie in Northern Germany 1150–1650. Catalog State Exhibition Lower Saxony 1985, Volume 3, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1985, cat.-no. 13, 14.
4. ↑ Stephanie Memmert: Werla buildings were made of plaster with a photo of plaster debris in Gifhorner Rundschau from April 26, 2017
5. ↑ Alexander Dontscheff: Research sensation: Kaiserpfalz Werla cast from plaster at regionalweltenbuettel.de from April 25, 2017
6. ^ H. Schroller: A Stone Age stool grave from the Werlaburg. Die Kunde 3, 1935, pp. 57-59. C. Redlich: The Werla bone needles. Die Kunde 3, 1936, pp. 59-65.
7. ↑ M. Geschwinde: The unusual teaching excavation of the TU Braunschweig on the royal palace Werla. Archeology in Lower Saxony 14, 2011, pp. 87–89.
8. ^ E. Schröder: The name Werla. Journal of the Harz Association for History and Antiquity 68, pp. 37–43.
9. ↑ W. Flechsig: The root word "who" in East Westphalian place, field and waterfront names. A name-based dispute about the Werla. In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 167–173.
10. ^ Widukind von Corvey: Saxon stories. In: Ernst Metelmann (translator): Chronicles of the Middle Ages. Widukind. Otto von Freising. Helmold. Winkler Verlag, Munich 1964, p. 48.
11. ^ H. Beumann: The Ottonen. Stuttgart 1987. H. K. Schulze: Hegemonic Empire - Ottonen and Salier. The Reich and the Germans 3, Berlin 1991. E. Eickhoff: Theophanu and the King: Otto III. and his world. Stuttgart 1996. G. Althoff: The Ottonians. Royal rule without a state. Stuttgart 2000. W. Giese: Heinrich I. founder of the Ottonian rule. Darmstadt 2008.
12. ↑ C. Bochers: Werla Regesten. Journal of the Harz Association for History and Antiquity 68, 1935, pp. 15-27.
13. ↑ C. Bochers: Werla Regesten. Journal of the Harz Association for History and Antiquity 68, 1935, pp. 15-27. W. Berges: On the history of the Werla-Goslar imperial district from the 9th to the 11th century. In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/1, Göttingen 1963, pp. 113–157. S. Krüger: Some remarks on Werla research. In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 210–264. H.-J. Rieckenberg: On the history of the Werla Palatinate according to the written tradition. In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 174–209.
14. ↑ F. Kaufmann: The Kaiserpfalz Werla and their royal property. Schladen 1929.
15. ^ K. Becker: Excavation of the Werla Palatinate. A preliminary report. News from the Society of Sciences in Göttingen. Phil.-Hist. Kl., Fachgruppe 2, N. F. Vol. 1, No. 2, Göttingen 1935, pp. 25-29. K. Brandi: The excavation of the Palatinate Werla by government building officer Dr. K. Becker. News from the Society of Sciences in Göttingen. Phil.-Hist. Kl. Fachgruppe 2, N. F. Vol. 1, No. 2, Göttingen 1935, pp. 17-25. H. Schroller: Report on the investigation of the Königspfalz Werla in 1937. News from the Society of Sciences in Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl., N. F. Vol. 2, No. 6, Göttingen 1938, pp. 85-120. H. Schroller: The investigation of the Saxon royal palace Werla near Goslar. Die Kunde 6, 1938, pp. 39-60. H. Schroller: Report on the investigation of the Königspfalz Werla in 1938. News from the Society of Sciences in Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl. N. F. Vol. 2, No. 9, Göttingen 1939, pp. 233-256. H. Schroller: The investigation of the Saxon royal palace Werla near Goslar. Report on the excavation of 1938 with a brief summary of the excavation and the earlier results. Die Kunde 7, 1939, pp. 53-78. H. Schroller: Report on the investigation of the Königspfalz Werla in 1939. News from the Society of Sciences in Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl, N. F. Vol. 3, No. 2, Göttingen 1940, pp. 65-87.
16. ^ W. Geilmann: Glass panes from the Kaiserpfalz Werla. The customer N.F. 7, 1956, pp. 41-46. W. Geilmann: The mortar of the Kaiserpfalz Werla. The customer N.F. 7, 1956, pp. 96-113.
17. ^ G. Frebold: Underground and landscape forms of the Werla area. Die Kunde 6, 1938, pp. 33-38. G. Frebold: Building stone and stone processing of the Werlabauten. Die Kunde 6, 1938, pp. 61-64.
18. ↑ Markus C. Blaich, Jörg Weber: In the Banne des Zeitgeist - Hermann Schroller and the excavations in the Werla Palatinate from 1936 to 1939. In: Die Kunde 59, 2010, pp. 147–188.
19. ↑ Volker Zedelius: Fund coins of the Werla. In: Harz-Zeitschrift, No. 37, 1985, pp. 55-60.
20. ^ G. Stelzer: New excavations on the royal palace Werla near Schladen in the years 1957 to 1960, Part III: The investigations in 1959 and 1960. New excavations and research in Lower Saxony 1, 1963, pp. 238-252. G. Stelzer: New excavations on the royal palace Werla near Schladen, Kr. Goslar, Part I: The excavations in the years 1962 to 1964. Excavations and research in Lower Saxony 2, 1965, pp. 298-390.
21. ^ Archaeological Park Kaiserpfalz Werla. (pdf, 2.6 MB)
22. ↑ Report on Werlaburgdorf, FStNr. 1, Gde. Werlaburgdorf. News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory, Supplement 13. Fund Chronicle Lower Saxony 2006/07, Stuttgart 2010, pp. 121–123, No. 210. Report on Werlaburgdorf, FStNr. 1, Gde. Werlaburgdorf. News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory, Supplement 14. Find Chronicle Lower Saxony 2008/09, Stuttgart 2011, pp. 251–252, No. 473. Report on Werlaburgdorf, FStNr. 1, Gde. Werlaburgdorf. News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory, Supplement 15. Find Chronicle Lower Saxony 2010, Stuttgart 2012, pp. 155–156, No. 333.
23. ↑ Markus C. Blaich, Henning Zellmer: The Ottonian Palatinate Werla - considerations on building ground and building stone. In: HG Röhling & H. Zellmer (Eds.): GeoTop. “Learning to read landscapes”. No. 56, Hannover 2008, pp. 27-39. J. Kaminski, S. Söllig: Palatinate Werla - Reconstruction and mass determination of the chapel and "screed construction". News from Lower Saxony's Prehistory 80, 2011, pp. 161–178.
24. ↑ HA Schultz: Where were curtis and castrum Scladheim? In: German royal palaces. Contributions to their historical and archaeological exploration. Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History 11/2, Göttingen 1965, pp. 150–166.
25. ↑ Timothy Reuter: King, Noble, Others: "Base" and "Superstructure" in Ottonian times. In: B. Schneidmüller, S. Weinfurter (Ed.): Ottonian new beginnings. Symposium on the exhibition "Otto the Great, Magdeburg and Europe." Mainz 2001, pp. 127–150. Markus C. Blaich, Michael Geschwinde: On the internal structure of the Carolingian burial ground of Werlaburgdorf, Ldkr. Wolfenbüttel, Lower Saxony. In: Chr. Grünewald, T. Capelle (Hrsg.): Inner structures of settlements and grave fields as a mirror of social reality? Files from the 57th International Saxony Symposium August 26th to 30th, 2006 in Münster, publications of the Antiquities Commission for Westphalia, Volume XVII, Münster / Westf. 2007, pp. 109-117. Markus C. Blaich, Silke Grefen-Peters: Children, Children - On the paleodemography of the early medieval burial ground of Werlaburgdorf, district of Wolfenbüttel. Archeology in Lower Saxony 10, 2007, pp. 98-101. Markus C. Blaich: About walking aids, bar spikes and "Schulzenstäben". Archeology in Lower Saxony 12, 2009, pp. 81–84.
26. ^ Markus C. Blaich: Werla - Fronhof, Königspfalz and settlement of the 9th – 13th centuries. Century. Chateau Gaillard 25, 2012, pp. 27-37.
27. ^ Braunschweiger Zeitung, Wolfenbüttel edition of March 7, 2011
28. ↑ Kaiserpfalz Werla - excavations bring new knowledge at regionalweltenbuettel.de from October 4, 2016
29. ↑ Kai-Uwe Ruf: New finds on the Werla are puzzling researchers in: Braunschweiger Zeitung of October 4, 2016
30. ↑ A new realm for the Ottonians. In: newsclick from June 25, 2010.
31. ↑ Archeology Park near Werlaburgdorf is to open in late summer. In: newsclick from January 25, 2011.
32. ↑ Archaeological Park opened ( memento of November 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) on ndr.de
33. ↑ MC Blaich, M. Geschwinde u. a .: Pfalz Werla - between archaeological research, nature conservation and tourism development. Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony 2010, pp. 6–9.
34. ↑ MC Blaich: The archeology and landscape park “Kaiserpfalz Werla” - For the visualization of an archaeological monument in the context of nature and landscape protection. Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony 2012, pp. 89–94.
35. ↑ Reports on the preservation of monuments 2012/2