Vețel Castle
Map with all coordinates: | Vețel Castle | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name | Micia |
| limes | Dacian Limes |
| section | A / V / 19 |
| Dating (occupancy) |
Trajan by no later than AD 271 |
| Type | Equestrian and cohort fort |
| unit | a) Legio XIII Gemina (Bauvexillation), b) Legio IIII Flavia Felix , c) Cohors II Flavia Commagenorum , d) Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum Sagittariorum , e) Ala I Hispanorum Campagonum , f) Ala I Gallorum et Bosporanorum , g) Numerus Maurorum Micensium |
| size | 181 × 360 m (stone fort) |
| Construction | a) wood-earth, b) stone |
| State of preservation | The fence in the area is recognizable as an elevation. The foundations of the amphitheater and the thermal bath complex were preserved. |
| place | Vețel |
| Geographical location | 45 ° 54 '46.9 " N , 22 ° 48' 54" E |
| height | 185 m |
| Previous | Bulci Fort (west, A / I / 1) |
| Subsequently | Abrud Fort (north-northeast, A / V / 20) |
Fort Vețel (ancient name Micia ) was a large Roman auxiliary troop camp and an important part of the outer line in the western fortress chain of the Dacian Limes (limes Daciae) , in the municipality of Vețel (Witzel) , Hunedoara district in Transylvania , Romania .
Among other things, its crew was responsible for monitoring and securing the road connection to Partiscum , today's Szeged . In addition, there was a strategically important river port and a beneficiarierstation here . In particular, the large number of inscriptions and various civil institutions make this site known beyond Romania.
Location and function
The fort, occupied by a cavalry troop and auxiliary cohort, is located in the southwest of the Transylvanian Basin , north of the Poiana-Ruscă Mountains in the western Romanian Carpathians . The well-chosen place is on a flood-protected low terrace on the left bank of the river Mieresch , whose Latin name was Marisus . The Mieresch enabled a fast long-distance connection to the west, in addition to an ancient road running along the southern bank, Partiscum could also be reached via this waterway. There the river flows into the Tisza and ultimately also into the Danube on the Pannonian Limes. In the opposite direction, in the northeast, was the important legion camp Apulum ( Alba Iulia ). About two kilometers northeast of Micia is the village of Vețel, which was founded by Hungarian settlers.
Research history
As the field name "Cetate" (castle) suggests, under which this site was also known, the knowledge of an old fortification has probably never been completely lost among the population in this region. Since 1726, the ancient square was known to a large number of interested parties through the publications of the officer and scientist Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730). In the 19th century the remains of the wall were repeatedly visited by researchers and individual inscriptions found here were described. In this context, the important ancient scholar Theodor Mommsen (1819–1903) also mentioned that Vețel is a “wonderfully preserved” fortification. But just a few years later, the fort area was divided into two halves with the construction of the Arad – Alba Iulia railway line, which was opened in 1868 and is now double-tracked . This fact was also recorded in the 1880s during the Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme . The corresponding map shows the walls of the fortification that are still visible today.
Nevertheless, the area - viewed as a whole - has only been rudimentary explored so far. The first scientific excavations did not take place until 1929 to 1930 under Constantin Daicoviciu . The various subsequent investigations, however, were not summarized in a general plan of the excavation site and thus remained only fragmentary. When the construction of a power station and a road accompanying the railway line began in 1968, rescue excavations were carried out by the archaeologists Octavian Floca and Liviu Mărghitan, who researched in Micia until 1978 . With the construction of the power station, not only was the southern section of the fort partially destroyed, parts of the camp village ( vicus ) were also badly affected. At the same time, the road construction destroyed other ancient structures. Between 1980 and 1992 further excavations were carried out by the archaeologist Liviu Petculescu. In 1982 he also examined the thermal bath complex. His research has been replaced by a long-term project of the Institute of Archeology in Bucharest , the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization (MCDR) in Deva and the National Museum in Cluj is worn. Several buildings, including the small amphitheater and two bath complexes, have been restored and preserved. Most of the ancient areas are still threatened by the intensive agriculture here .
development
After the second Dacian War of Emperor Trajan (98–117), which was successfully ended in 106 , the consolidation of Roman rule took place in the areas of Dacia that had been conquered and declared Roman provinces. In the course of this, the Micia fort was founded in the early 2nd century , which belonged to the administrative area of the veterans' colony Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (named after the previously destroyed old royal city of the Dacians, about 40 km northeast), which is now a metropolis of the newly established Roman province of Dacia acted. A building inscription found in the fort area around 1850, which was dedicated to Augustus Caracalla around 205 AD, is of great importance for the history of the fort .
Two building inscriptions could point to a devastating attack that took place before the year 204, which affected the fort and the camp village equally. In addition to an inscription mentioned below, the restoration of a temple in 204 testifies to extensive rebuilding work.
From 235 the province of Dacia was ravaged by the Sarmatian Jazygens and free Dacians. The reigning emperor Maximinus Thrax (235–238) was able to defeat the opponents from Sirmium in 236, but Dacia continued to be devastated in almost uninterrupted succession by incursions that the Romans could no longer master. From 271 Dacia and with it Micia were evacuated by the military and administration by order of the emperor Aurelian and finally abandoned.
Fort
The system was laid out in the classic, long rectangular floor plan with rounded corners (playing card shape). Due to its - for an auxiliary force camp - exceptionally large internal area, it could accommodate up to two units at the same time. The construction work in the 19th and 20th centuries largely destroyed the inner surface of the fortification. Of the fort itself, only the remains of its fortification wall can be seen as a rise in the ground. A total of two construction phases (wood-earth fort and stone fort) could be verified. The defense of the early fort consisted of a four-meter-wide wood-earth wall, which was still 1.30 m high in places. The fortification was surrounded by a trench eight meters wide and 2.50 m deep. The exact extent of the early fort could not be determined exactly. The stone rebuilding was probably started towards the end of the 2nd century AD. It retained its long rectangular shape with rounded corners and now covered an area of approx. 181 × 360 m. Subsequently, the south gate, a granary (horreum) near the west gate and the trapezoidal corner tower of the SW corner could be excavated. The south gate was flanked by two rectangular towers attached to the inside using the opus incertum technique , which protruded slightly beyond the fort wall at the front.
North wall of the fort (2014)
East wall of the fort (2014)
West wall of the fort (2014)
Garrison and commanders
The double occupancy of a garrison for Micia is unusual for this epoch, but underlines the great strategic importance that this place had for the Romans. The following crew units and commanding officers are known for Micia by inscriptions:
| Time position | Troop name | Inscriptions and commanders | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd to 3rd century AD |
Legio XIII Gemina Antoniniana (The Thirteenth Twin Legion ) |
Brick stamps found on site , the consecration stones of the legionary centurions Lucius Licinius Messalinus and Caius Iulius Iulianus from Legio XIII Gemina confirm the identification of the site as a Roman military installation of the 2nd century AD, the fort was probably built by a vexillation of this legion and for various tasks in the further course of the 2nd century repeatedly used as a basis by members of this legion, as the dates of the consecration stones suggest. A dedicatory inscription to Hercules and Silvanus , the god of shepherds and forests from the years 211 to 222, shows that a vexillation of the Legio XIII Gemina was stationed in Vețel even in the 3rd century . | |
| 2nd century |
Legio IIII Flavia Felix (The fourth Flavian Legion, the lucky one) |
A vexillation of the Legio IIII Flavia Felix is known as another occupation unit for the early phase . A centurion of this legion, Quintus Licinius Macrinus, donated a consecration stone in Micia between 101 and 117. | |
| 2nd century |
Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum Sagittariorum (The First Equestrian Squadron of Archers from Ituraea ) |
This troop - originally raised in Palestine - was stationed in Vețel during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117), it can be proven by simultaneous military diplomas in the years 109, 110 and 114 for the Dacian provinces. The Itureans are also attested by the grave inscription of a veteran in Micia . The use of mounted archers is attributed to the enemy expected from the west, the potentially restless and dangerous Sarmatian Jazyans who settled between the Pannonian Danube Limes and the western Carpathians since the 1st century AD . As cataphracts , the Jazygen were also known and feared for their excellent archery skills. | |
| 2nd to 3rd century |
Cohors II Flavia Commagenorum (Second Flavian Cohort of the Commagener) |
Their relatives originally came from Commagene , a kingdom in Asia Minor that was occupied by the Romans . The infantry cohort is only confirmed by military diplomas for the years between 109 and 110 in Dacia. The Commagenic cohort also left numerous stamped bricks and inscriptions. Under the emperor Philip the Arab , the commagenic cohort distinguished itself in battle and was given the nickname Philippiana for it .
From this unit alone, seven cohort prefects are known by name from Micia :
Another officer of this unit, Crispus Luci, who dedicated his consecration stones to Jupiter between 151 and 250 , held the rank of cohort turio. The military rank of another 3rd century commander in this unit, Marcus Arruntius Agrippinus, is unknown. A dedicatory inscription to Emperor Hadrian (117–138), which was created between 119 and 123, shows them also for this time in Mirca , another precisely datable honorary inscription from the fort area had this cohort built in the years 163/164. |
|
| 2nd to 3rd century |
Ala I Hispanorum Campagonum (first Hispanic cavalry squadron) |
From around AD 160 to AD 271 at the latest, the cavalry troops were garrisoned in Micia together with the Cohors II Flavia Commagenorum, who apparently still remained present here . During this time the Ala had several nicknames:
A cavalry commander (Praefectus Alae) , Marci Plauti Rufi (?), Who proudly mentions his knightly status, the state horse (Equus publicus) , donated an altar of consecration between 151 and 270 in the name of the Ala I Hispanorum Campagonum . |
|
| 2nd century |
Ala I Gallorum et Bosporanorum (first cavalry squadron of the Gauls and Bosporans ) |
In Micia there was also a consecration stone to Jupiter, made between 107 and 150, on which the Alen Prefect Caius Valerius Gracilis immortalized himself in the name of his troop, the Ala I Bosporanorum as the founder. It was moved from Upper Pannonia to Upper Dacia at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Hadrian. First she came to Micia and was barracked at the latest under Antoninus Pius (138-161) in Cristeşti . There the troop left many brick stamps and the military diploma of one of their veterans. The presence of another prefect of this cavalry, Claudius Sosius, who was on duty during the same period as his previous colleague, also testifies to the temporary presence of this cavalry in Vețel. | |
| 2nd century? |
Numerus Maurorum Micensium (a group of Moors in Micia) |
How long this unit was stationed in Micia is unknown. | |
| 2nd century? | Ala | Another commander in the knightly rank of a previously unknown cavalry troop, the Praefectus equitum Pergamianus, has been preserved through his daughter Statilia (?) Bassa, who bequeathed a consecration to the goddess of the hunt, Diana , for posterity . |
For the dating of the troops and local assignment, not only for Micia , an altar, which was set in the years 197 to 211, is of importance, although it is now lost. Its inscription, which is only preserved in fragments, provides information about the units and their commanders who jointly commissioned this dedication.
IMP (erator) M (arcus) IVL (ius) PHILIPPVS AVG (ustus); PROVINCIA DACIA.
The province of Dacia, personified by the female figure, holds the standards of Legio V Macedonica and Legio XIII Gemina; next to it the symbols of the two legions, eagle and lion.
I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo)
pro (s) alu (te)
dd (ominorum)
nn (ostrorum)
(Severi) et Anton (ini)
(et? Getae?) Caes (aris)?
(-) CVIL (---) DEP
a (l) ae Ba (tavorum miliariae) al (ae) Cam (pagonum)
sub cur (a) Iul (i)
Tere (n) tiani pr (a) ef (ecti)
coh (ortis) s (a) g (ittariorum) coh (ortis) I Vind (elicorum)
coh (ortis) II Fl (aviae) Com
m (agenorum) coh (ortis) I Alp (inorum)
n (umerus) M ( aurorum) Tib (iscensium) [n (umerus)]
(G) erm (anicianorum numerus Cam)
(p) estr (orum) (---)
(-) S (---)
(-) MO (- -) I (---)
(praefect) us coh (ortis) I (I? Flaviae)?
(Comma?) G (enorum) (---)
Translation: “For Jupiter, the best and greatest, for the good of our Lords Severus and Antoninus……… the Batavian Ala milliaria, the Campagian Ala under the supervision of Prefect Iulus Terentianus, the cohort of archers, the first Vindelican cohort, the second Flavian Cohort of the Commagener, the first cohort of the Alpine countries, the Moorish numerus from Tibiscum, the Germanic numerus, the Kampestrian numerus ... ... the prefect of the second Flavian cohort of the Commagener ... "
- The Ala Batavorum milliaria pia fidelis civium Romanorum may not have been stationed in Dacia until the beginning of Hadrian's reign. Your permanent garrison was at Războieni-Cetate in the middle Miereschtal.
- The Cohors I Sagittariorum , the first regular crew of the Tibiscum Fort , was transferred to Drobeta at the end of the 2nd century.
- A military diploma from the year 157 discovered in Tibiscum , which was issued to a veteran of the Cohors I Vindelicorum milliaria equitata civium Romanorum , is the first indication of the presence of this troop in this Upper Dacian garrison town. The Vindeliker are likely to have been stationed there until the time the Roman provinces were abandoned in Dacia.
- The Cohors I Alpinorum equitata belonged to the Upper Moselle army between 103 and 106 and was also moved to Dacia under Hadrian. Numerous brick stamps testify to the stationing of this troop in the castles of Călugăreni and Sărăteni to the east.
- Various Moorish units that had come into the country during the Dacian Wars around 157/158 were subsequently reorganized into new units. One department provided the Numerus Maurorum Tibiscensium as a garrison force for Tibiscum .
Vicus
Bathing facility
An extensive vicus (camp village) connected to the fort in the west , which has only been partially explored. In addition to the port, on the vicus area on the south bank of the river, a still well-preserved large military bath (thermal bath) of the row type with three apses was opened up, the foundation walls of which were still more than a meter high when they were exposed. This bathing building also has a building inscription, which is executed as a tabula ansata .
- Imp (erator) Caes (ar) L (ucius) Septimius Severus
- Pertinax Aug (ustus) co (n) s (ul) balne-
- as coh (ortis) II Fl (aviae) Commag (enorum) ve-
- tustate dilabsas resti-
- tuit sub polo Terentia
- no co (n) s (ulari) III Daciar (um) curante Sex (to) Boebio Scribonio Casto
- praef (ecto) coh (ortis)
Translation: “To the Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus, Consul. The dilapidated bath was restored by the second Flavian cohort of the Commagener under Polus Terentianus, governor of the three Dacia, under the supervision of Sextus Boebius Scribonius Castus, prefect of the cohort. "
The tablet probably dates from 193 AD, the year Septimius Severus took office , as his consulate was named without further information. The emperor had already been consul in 190, his second consulate, which is usually indicated accordingly on such inscriptions, did not take office until 194. The governor Polus Terentianus, also mentioned on it, was responsible for the province of Dacia from approx. 192 to 194/195.
More than twenty years later, during the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222–235), the bathroom had to be renovated again. A second building inscription attests to this, but only half of it has survived.
View from the south-west: The central area of the row bath, which was entered from the north-west (2014).
View from the northwest: The caldarium and tepidarium heating ducts (2014).
View from the northeast: the caldarium with two hot air vents to the non-preserved praefurnium (2014).
View from the east: tepidarium and frigidarium with apse; a branching heating duct at the front (2014).
amphitheater
To the south-east of the bathing building there was a small amphitheater just a hundred meters away , the circular stone foundation walls of which had a circumference of 104 meters. The arena itself was 31 × 29 meters. Access was through four entrances, of which the western and eastern were each 3 meters wide. Outside the inner stone ring, the rows of seats running all around were supplemented with a wooden construction. The system probably combined several functions, e.g. B. as a meeting place for cultic or political events. In addition to classic gladiator fights and spectacles, use for military training units should also be considered.
Amphitheater arena (2014)
Plan of the amphitheater
Benefit station
The presence of beneficiaries is evidenced by the consecration stones of Titus Flavius to Silvanus Domesticus and Claudius Saecularis as well as for his colleague Priscinus. These men had the rank of beneficiarius consularis , the highest rank that a common legionary soldier could achieve among the beneficiaries.
Customs post
In Vețel there was also a customs and tax delivery station on the river, such as an inscription by Felix, a Caesaris nostri servus vilicus stationis Pontis Angusti (slave of our emperor, administrator , dedicated to Jupiter, the Dacian land and the protective spirit of the Roman people and trade) the customs station “Pons Augusti / Augusta”).
Craft shops, businesses and burial ground
Local handicraft businesses can be identified, among other things, by ceramic kilns. The stonemason (Lapidarius) Marcus Cocceius Lucius erected a stone for the goddess of victory Victoria Augusta and the genius of his staff. In addition to the inscription mentioned below in honor of the salt works tenant Publius Aelius Marius, a fragmented inscription, also found at Vețel, by another salt works tenant, the conductor salinarum? Tili Rufini , shows the importance of this fabric in this place.
The dead on the burial ground were mainly buried in stone sarcophagi and brick-plate graves .
Grave monument, 2nd century AD
Grave monument, 2nd century AD
Sociopolitical structures
The dedicatory inscription of Caius Antonius Crispinus, erected in the name of the veterans and Roman citizens, who, as head of the Gaues ( Pagus ) of Mici (magistrum pagi Miciensis), was responsible for keeping the land registers, provides an insight into the socio-political structure of ancient Vețel . led the local Gaufest ( Paganalien ) and also performed various other official services. This inscription, consecrated to Jupiter between 193 and 235, came to light south of the fort. Also for Jupiter, Juno and the well-being of Mici , two other district leaders, Lucius Atiliu Faustinus and Marcus Ulpius Romanus, erected an altar in accordance with their vows in the 1st or 2nd century. The altar of Marcus Ulpius Quintus, also a Magister pagus, was built at this time . Other well-known Magister couples: Titus Aurelius Verus and Cornelius Fortunatus (Antonine-Severan epoch) and Aurelius Alpinus and Claudius Nicomaedes (3rd century). The following are still proven as individuals for this office: Marcus Ulpius Quintus, Marcus Aurelius Tert (?) Ius.
Remains of the vicus building (2014)
Remains of the vicus building (2014)
The Marisus River north of the Vicus (2014)
temple
In addition to the secular buildings, there were also cultic structures. The remains of an approximately 20-meter-long temple of the Moorish gods (Dii Mauri) are documented, which the Moorish occupation had rebuilt in 204 under their prefect Iulius Euangelianus. This temple, whose cultic area was oriented exactly to the west, was connected with the arrival of the Numerus Maurorum Micensium from around 160 AD and was probably intended for a whole pantheon of North African gods. A votive altar to Hercules Augustus , which the two Magistri cultorum Herculis (head of the Hercules cult), Lucilius Felix and Domitius Herculanus had erected, testifies to the presence of this cult. The inscription "CIL 3, 1342" mentioned above in the Garrison section was often used in the past as an example of an Isis shrine in Micia. However, the name of the goddess in this stone donated out of gratitude is almost completely illegible. Another Ex Voto , which calls it a temple , makes it very clear that there was such a shrine in Vețel . The inscription of Marcus Cornelius Stratonicus, discovered in 1913, is important for identifying the place by name, and between 193 and 235 he had his stone set for the priestly college of the colony ( Augustalis coloniae) for the salvation of the imperial house and the genius of Mici (Genium Miciae) .
The connection between cult and trade can be attested in the second half of the 2nd century by two important residents of Micia . A Publius Aelius Euphorus donated a shrine to the Deus invictus - Mithras - and erected an altar out of gratitude to the Silvanus Domesticus and the Publius Aelius Marius. This Publius Aelius Marius was the conductor pascui et salinarum in Micia at the time: a leaseholder of the willows and salt pans. Another dedication for Publius Aelius Marius, now from the Transylvanian fort town of Domneşti, shows his rise to Flamen colonis (priest of the colony). This dedication was donated by his actor Atticus and was intended for both Jupiter and Mithras. The ancient historian Manfred Clauss suspected that Publius Aelius Euphorus was possibly a freedman of Publius Aelius Marius, whose fortune allowed the construction of a sanctuary.
Important finds
Military finds include a bronze badge made in the 2nd or 3rd century that once had enamel inlays , which were already missing when it was found. There is a fastening pin on its back.
Lost property
A large part of the finds from the excavations are in the Muzeul Judecean in the district capital Deva , further pieces in the National Museum Brukenthal in Sibiu, in the Muzeul Unirii in Alba Iulia, in the National Museum of Roman History in Bucharest and in the Austrian National Library in Vienna . Walled-in spolia can be found in the village church of Vețel, in the Gyulai Castle in Mintia and in the former residence of Baron von Josika in Brănişca .
Monument protection
The entire archaeological site, in particular the fort, the vicus, the amphitheater and the necropolis are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are on the national list with the LMI code HD-IsA-03214 of the Historic Monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice). Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments as well as other important institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.
See also
literature
- Constantin Daicoviciu: In: ACMIT 3, 1930-1931, pp. 1-45.
- Vasile Christescu: Istoria militară a Daciei romane. Fundația regulate Carol I. Bucharest 1937. pp. 133–134, 178, 185, 198.
- Walter F. Wagner: The dislocation of the Roman auxiliary formations in the provinces of Noricum, Pannonia, Moesia and Dacia from Augustus to Gallienus. Junker u. Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1938. pp. 49-50, pp. 124-126 and pp. 208-209.
- János Szilágyi : The crews of the defense system of Dazien and their brick stamps / A Daciai erődrendszer helyőrségei es a katonai teglabélyegek. Dissertationes Pannonicae Ser. II, 21. Institute for Coin Studies and Archeology at the Peter Pazmany University, Budapest 1946. pp. 8–9 and 63 (in German and Hungarian).
- Konrad Kraft : For recruiting the ales and cohorts on the Rhine and Danube. A. Francke, Bern 1951, pp. 150 and 173.
- Octavian Floca, Valentin Vasiliev: Amfiteatul militar de la Micia (The military amphitheater of Micia.) In: Sargetia 5, 1968, pp. 121-152.
- Dumitru Tudor: Tabula Imperii Romani (TIR): Bucarest. Drobeta-Romula-Sucidava. Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie, Bucharest 1969 (parts of sheets K-34, K-35, L-34, L-35), here: TIR L 34, pp. 120–129.
- Octavian Floca, Liviu Mărghitan: Noi consideraţii privitoare la castrul roman de la Micia. In: Sargetia 7, 1970, pp. 43-57 (Romanian).
- Liviu Mărghitan: Micia a fost un “pagus” în tot timpul stăpânirii romane? (Was Micia a " Pagus " during Roman rule ?) In: Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie 21, 1970, 4, pp. 579-594 (Romanian).
- Constantin C. Petolescu: Cohors II Hispanorum la Micia. (The Cohors II Hispanorum in Micia) In: Sargetia 9, 1972, pp. 43-49 (Romanian).
- Constantin C. Petolescu, Liviu Mărghitan: Tigle si caramizi stampilate din thermele de la Micia. (Stamped tiles and bricks from the thermal baths of Micia) In: Muzeul Naţional 1, 1974, pp. 247-258 (Romanian).
- Jan Beneš: Auxilia Romana in Moesia atque in Dacia. On the questions of the Roman defense system in the Lower Danube region and in the adjacent areas. Academia-Verlag, Prague 1978. pp. 27 and 59-60.
- Liviu Petculescu: Un fragment de diplomă militară de la Micia. (A fragmented military diploma from Micia) In: Acta Musei Napocensis 15, 1978, pp. 131-133 (Romanian).
- Liviu Petculescu: Muzeul Naţional 5, 1981, pp. 109-114.
- Liviu Petculescu: Cercetări arheologice 4, 1981, pp. 70-75; 5, 1982, pp. 73-76; 6, 1983, pp. 45-50.
- Liviu Petculescu: Noi descoperiri epigrafice in castrul Micia (epigraphic finds from the Micia fort). In: Potaissa 3, 1982, pp. 84-88 (Romanian).
- Liviu Petculescu et al. a .: Cercetări arheologice 8, 1986, pp. 59-62.
- Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz , Volume 44, Part 2, 1997, pp. 37–39 ( PDF ).
- Dorin Alicu: In: Sargetia 27/1, 1997-1998 (2001), pp. 401-425.
- Dorin Aliciu: Micia. Studii monografice. Vol. 1: Monumentele de spectacol şi de cult. Editura Napoca Star, Cluj 2004. ISBN 973-647-219-1 .
- Ioana A. Oltean et al. a .: New discoveries in the military vicus of the auxiliary fort at Micia Isac. (New research in the vicus of the auxiliary fort Micia Isac). In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003 . University of Pécs, 2005, ISBN 963-642-053-X . P. 351–360 with Fig. 1 (new excavation plan).
- Ioana A. Oltean: Dacia. Landscape, colonization, Romanization. Routledge, London / New York 2007, ISBN 0-203-94583-2 . Pp. 156–158, fig. 5.28, 164 (new plan of the fort and the vicus).
Web links
- Micia Castle ( Memento from November 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Romanian)
- Findings plan of the thermal bath according to L. Marinescu, 1979
Remarks
- ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
- ↑ a b c d Ioana Oltean: The use of satellite imagery for the transcription of oblique aerial photographs, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Aerial Archeology, Lissa, Poland, 15. – 17. Nov. 2000. In: Robert Bewley, Włodzimierz Ra̜czkowski (Ed.): Aerial Archeology. Developing Future Practice. IOS Press, Amsterdam 2002, ISBN 1-58603-184-8 . P. 225.
- ^ Karl Torma: About some Dacian inscriptions. In: Mittheilungen der kk Central-Commission for the research and preservation of architectural monuments. Xth year, Prandel and Ewald commission publishing house, Vienna 1865. S. XCI.
-
↑ CIL 3, 1377
- Imp (eratori) Caes (ari) L (uci) Septimi (i) Severi
- Pii Pertinacis Aug (usti) Arabici
- Adiabenici Parthici maximi
- filio divi Marci Antonini Pii
- Germanici Sarmatici nepoti
- divi Antonini Pii pronepoti
- divi Hadriani entsepoti divi
- Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae
- adnepoti M (arco) Aur (elio) Antonino
- Aug (usto) eq (uites) alae Campagonum
- dedicante Mevio Suro co (n) s (ulare)
- ↑ a b AE 1944, 74 : Pro salute d (ominorum) n (ostrorum) in / victissimor (um) Imp (eratorum) Severi / et Antonini et Getae Caes (aris) Aug / g (ustorum) et Iuliae et Plautillae Aug ( ustarum) et / Plautiani c (larissimi) v (iri) praef (ecti) pr (aetorio) patris / Augustae sub Pomponio / Liberale co (n) s (ulari) Mauri Mic (ienses) / et Iul (ius) Euangelianus praef ( ectus) / templum deorum patrio / rum vetustate conlapsum / sua p (ecunia) et opera restituer (unt) / Cilone II et Libone co (n) s (ulibus) .
- ^ A b Eduard Nemeth: Changes and troop transfers on the western border of Dacia from Trajan to Antoninus Pius. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera Romana (Roman Frontier Studies). Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-00-08854-5 . P. 883.
- ^ AE 1888, 97
- ^ AE 1914, 115
- ↑ CIL 3, 1354
- ↑ CIL 3, 7858
- ↑ CIL 3, 1353
- ↑ CIL 16:57 ; CIL 16, 163 .
- ↑ CIL 16, 163
- ^ Eduard Nemeth: Changes and troop transfers on the western border of Dacia from Trajan to Antoninus Pius. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera Romana (Roman Frontier Studies). Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-00-08854-5 . P. 882.
- ↑ AE 1975, 706
- ↑ CIL 3, 7855
- ↑ CIL 3, 7873
- ↑ CIL 3, 7848
- ↑ CIL 3, 1374
- ^ AE 1903, 66
- ^ AE 1903, 67
- ↑ CIL 3, 1347
- ^ AE 1903, 65
- ↑ CIL 3, 1371
- ↑ CIL 3, 1342
- ↑ CIL 3, 1344
- ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X . P. 125.
- ↑ AE 1930, 12
- ↑ CIL 3, 1366
- ↑ AE 1977, 705
- ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X . Pp. 124-125.
- ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X . P. 133.
- ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X . P. 126.
- ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X . P. 140.
- ↑ military bath vétel at 45 ° 54 '52.93 " N , 22 ° 48' 53.8" O
- ↑ CIL 3, 1374
- ↑ Arthur Stein : The Reichsbeamten von Dazien. ( Dissertationes Pannonicae , Ser. I, Volume 12). Institute for Numismatics and Archeology at the Péter Pázmány University, Budapest, 1944. p. 56.
-
^ AE 1903, 66
Imp (erator) Caes (ar Marcus Aurelius Severus)
Alexan (der Pius Felix Augustus)
balnea (s cohortis II Flaviae Commagenorum)
Severia (nae vetustate dilapsas res-)
tituit s (ub… consulari)
Dac (iarum) III c (urante. ..-)
diano p (raefecto cohortis II Flaviae Commagenorum Severi-)
anae (Alexandrianae ...?)Translation: “To the emperor Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus. The (dilapidated?) Bathroom was restored by the (second Flavian cohort of the Commagener?) Under ..., governor of the three Dacia, under the supervision of ... dianus, prefect of the cohort. "
- ↑ Vețel amphitheater at 45 ° 54 ′ 54.07 ″ N , 22 ° 49 ′ 2.12 ″ E
- ^ Russell L. Sturzebecker: Photo Atlas. Athletic-Cultural Archaeological Sites in the Greco-Roman World. Europe, North Africa & the Middle East. Russell L. Sturzebecker, West Chester PA 1985, ISBN 0-9600466-2-3 . P. 349.
- ↑ CIL 3, 7859
- ↑ AE 1930, 11
- ^ Joachim Ott: The Beneficiarier. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-515-06660-8 , p. 30.
- ^ Elisabeth Herrmann-Otto : Ex ancilla natus. Investigations into the "home-born" slaves in the west of the Roman Empire. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-515-06329-3 . P. 364.
- ↑ CIL 3, 1351
- ↑ CIL 3, 1365
- ^ AE 2005, 1296
- ↑ AE 1980, 780
- ↑ CIL 3, 1350
- ↑ CIL 3, 1352
- ^ AE 1911, 40
- ^ AE 1931, 121
- ↑ CIL 3, 1339 .
- ↑ Manuel Bendala Galán: The oriental religions of Hispania in pre-Roman and Roman times. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World. Part II Principate. Volume 18.1: Religion - Paganism. The religious conditions in the provinces. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 1986. p. 374.
- ^ Sarolta A. Takács: Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world. Brill, Leiden 1995, ISBN 90-04-10121-7 , pp. 196-203; Laurent Bricault , Miguel John Versluys, Paul GP Meyboom (eds.): Nile into Tiber. Egypt in the Roman world. Brill, Leiden 2007, ISBN 90-04-15420-5 , p. 283.
- ↑ CIL 3, 1341
- ^ AE 1931, 120
- ↑ AE 1971, 384
- ↑ CIL 3, 1363
- ↑ AE 1930, 10
- ↑ Manfred Clauss: Cultores Mithrae. The followers of the Mithras cult. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-515-06128-2 . P. 198.
- ↑ Gabriella Bordenache: Romans in Romania . Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne 1969, p. 123.
- ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage: cultura.ro
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