UN climate conference

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Logos of international climate protection conferences

The UN Climate Change Conference ( English title United Nations Climate Change Conference , and (world) Climate Summit or World Climate Conference ) is the annual Conference of the Parties ( Conference of the Parties , COP ) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate . Since 2005, the conference has been supplemented by the meeting of the members of the Kyoto Protocol ( Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol , COP / MOP , CMP for short ), and since 2018 by that of the members of the Paris Agreement ( Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement , CMA for short ).

For a long time, the focus of the climate conferences was on developing a follow-up protocol to the Kyoto Protocol, which was due to expire in 2012, and thus a new, legally binding instrument for climate protection policy. In the Kyoto Protocol itself, the industrialized countries have only relatively low obligations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions . At the UN climate conference in Durban it was decided that the Kyoto Protocol should be extended by a second commitment period, reduction targets and the duration of the second commitment period until the end of 2020 were set at the 18th UN climate conference in Qatar in 2012.

A global post-Kyoto regulation , which many no longer believed in after the failure of the UN climate conference in Copenhagen in 2009, was adopted at the 21st UN climate conference in Paris . The contract came into effect on November 4, 2016.

World Climate Conferences (WCC)

A first "world climate conference " under the umbrella of the UN, the First World Climate Conference (WCC-1), took place from February 12 to 23, 1979 in Geneva and was organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Here, experts from United Nations (UN) organizations discussed the possibilities of containing the harmful climate changes caused by humans. The main focus and important result was the warning issued here that the continued concentration on fossil fuels in connection with the progressive destruction of forests on earth will "lead to a massive increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration". In the same year in May the establishment of the World Climate Program ( WCP - World Climate Program ). It contains recommendations for further observation of climatic phenomena and for targeted climate research in all regions of the world in order to gain further knowledge about the causes of climatic changes. This primarily concerned investigations into the development of the proportion of carbon dioxide and other trace gases, the further observation of the ozone hole and the assessment of the El Niño climate anomaly in the Pacific region.

The first world conference in Geneva was followed by the world climate conference in Toronto in 1988 ( World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere , also Toronto Conference ) and the second world climate conference (WCC-2), which met again in Geneva in 1990. The Toronto Conference went a long way towards putting climate change on the international political agenda . Over 300 delegates from 40 countries and 24 international organizations took part. The conference took place shortly after the Brundtland report was published and was heavily influenced by the idea of ​​sustainable development. The outcome of the conference was the Toronto goals , which included the call for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2005 and 50% by 2050, compared to 1988 levels.

Part of WCC-2 was a review of the first assessment report of the IPCC , which helped to prepare the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . While the WCC-1 was primarily a scientific conference, a two-day ministerial meeting took place within the framework of the WCC-2 with participation from 137 countries. The result was a declaration adopted by consensus calling for international cooperative action in the face of the climate problem. A third world climate conference was held in Geneva in 2009 (WCC-3).

chronology

In 1992, the Framework Convention on Climate Change was agreed at the environmental summit in Rio de Janeiro . As an institution of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Climate Change Conferences ( Conference of Parties , COP ) have been held annually at different locations since 1995; the first conference location in 1995 was Berlin .

Selected international conferences as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Conference / Agreement date place Result Remarks
Environmental summit June 3-14, 1992 BrazilBrazil Rio de Janeiro Agenda 21 , global framework convention on climate change The Framework Convention on Climate Change (entered into force in 1994) is the first international treaty to classify climate change as a serious threat and to formulate the goal of the international community to avoid dangerous climate change. The convention forms the framework for the climate protection negotiations, each of which takes place as a conference of the parties to the convention.
1st climate conference (COP 1) March 28 to April 7, 1995 GermanyGermany Berlin “Berlin Mandate” is the basis for negotiations on a protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Also known as the follow-up conference to Rio. The aim of the conference was to develop and tighten the obligations of the convention.
2nd climate conference (COP 2) July 8-19, 1996 SwitzerlandSwitzerland Geneva
3rd climate conference (COP 3) December 1-11, 1997 JapanJapan Kyoto Kyoto Protocol adopted . For the first time, legally binding targets for maximum emission levels for industrialized countries are set internationally.
4th Climate Conference (COP 4) October 2nd to 13th, 1998 ArgentinaArgentina Buenos Aires Work plan for the design of the Kyoto Protocol.
5th Climate Conference (COP 5) October 25 to November 5, 1999 GermanyGermany Bonn
6th Climate Conference (COP 6) November 13-24, 2000 NetherlandsNetherlands The hague Negotiations fail and are suspended.
6th Climate Conference (COP 6-2) (continued) July 16-27, 2001 GermanyGermany Bonn Continuation of the negotiations of the 6th climate conference. Agreement on the design of the Kyoto Protocol.
7th Climate Conference (COP 7) October 29 to November 9, 2001 MoroccoMorocco Marrakech Decisions on the design and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Basis for international ratification of the Kyoto Protocol established at this conference.
8th Climate Conference (COP 8) October 23 to November 1, 2002 IndiaIndia New Delhi
9th Climate Conference (COP 9) December 1 to 12, 2003 ItalyItaly Milan Inventory of international climate protection; Adopt new guidelines for emissions reporting; Agreement on carbon-binding afforestation projects. ( Clean Development Mechanism , CDM)
10th climate conference (COP 10) December 6th to 17th, 2004 ArgentinaArgentina Buenos Aires Measures to reduce man-made greenhouse gas emissions; Adaptation to the inevitable consequences of climate change 10th anniversary of the entry into force of the Framework Convention on Climate Change in March 1994.
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 11 / CMP 1) November 28 to December 9, 2005 CanadaCanada Montreal Update of the Kyoto Protocol beyond 2012; Negotiation of new limit values ​​for greenhouse gas emissions. USA accepts the result of the conference, but still does not ratify the Kyoto Protocol.
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 12 / CMP 2) November 6th to 17th, 2006 KenyaKenya Nairobi Talks about the Kyoto successor regime. Establishment of funds especially to support African countries.
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 13 / CMP 3) December 3-14, 2007 IndonesiaIndonesia Bali Bali Roadmap : A follow-up agreement to the Kyoto Protocol is to be agreed in Copenhagen in 2009; substantive requirements for this follow-up agreement Germany's demands on the industrialized countries: 30% CO 2 savings
UN Climate Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 14 / CMP 4) December 1 to 12, 2008 PolandPoland Poses
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 15 / CMP 5) December 7th to 18th, 2009 DenmarkDenmark Copenhagen " Copenhagen Declaration " ( PDF document ) was only noted. A follow-up agreement for the Kyoto Protocol could not be passed due to a lack of agreement. In the Copenhagen Accord (legally non-binding) “minimum consensus”: Global warming should be limited to a maximum of 2 ° C compared to the pre-industrial level.
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 16 / CMP 6) November 29th to December 10th, 2010 MexicoMexico Cancun The summit ends with the minimum target of continuing the Kyoto Protocol through 2012. A forest protection program and an aid fund for developing countries are also decided. At COP-16, the failed attempt in Copenhagen to reach a legally binding follow-up agreement to the Kyoto Protocol should be continued. This did not work.
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 17 / CMP 7) November 28 to December 11, 2011 South AfricaSouth Africa Durban Extension of the Kyoto Protocol, second commitment period from January 1, 2013; Elaboration of a "protocol, legal instrument or other legally binding result" for a climate treaty for all member states by 2015, entry into force from 2020. Reduction targets and the duration of the second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol are to be set in Qatar in 2012 .
UN Climate Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 18 / CMP 8) November 26th to December 8th, 2012 QatarQatar Doha
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 19 / CMP 9) November 11-23, 2013 PolandPoland Warsaw
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 20 / CMP 10) December 1st to 14th, 2014 PeruPeru Lima
UN Climate Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 21 / CMP 11) November 30th to December 12th, 2015 FranceFrance Paris Drafting of the Paris Agreement as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol .
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 22 / CMP 12 / CMA 1-1) November 7th to November 18th, 2016 MoroccoMorocco Marrakech Signing of the “ Proclamation of Marrakech” and adoption of the “Marrakech Vision” by 48 “poor” countries
UN Climate Change Conference (World Climate Conference, COP 23 / CMP 13 / CMA 1-2) November 6th to November 17th, 2017 GermanyGermany Bonn A 200-page long compromise for the implementation of the Paris Agreement was drawn up. In addition to Great Britain and Canada, 17 other countries have committed to phase out coal.
UN climate conference

(World Climate Conference, COP24 / CMP14 / CMA 1-3)

December 2 to December 15, 2018 PolandPoland Katowice
UN climate conference

(World Climate Conference, COP25 / CMP15 / CMA 2)

December 2 to December 15, 2019 SpainSpain Madrid Madrid

1995: Berlin (COP 1)

Special stamp for the 1st Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1995

The first UN climate conference took place from March 28 to April 7, 1995 in Berlin . On this first COP (Conference of the Parties, COP) to the UNFCCC, participating countries agreed on the "Berlin Mandate": This included the establishment of a formal " ad hoc group on the Berlin Mandate" ( Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin mandates , AGBM). This in turn had the task of working out a protocol or another legally binding instrument between the annual climate conferences, which should contain fixed greenhouse gas reduction targets and a time frame for their achievement. In accordance with the principle of “common but different responsibilities” laid down in the Framework Convention on Climate Change, emerging and developing countries were already excluded from binding reductions at this point in time. In addition, the subsidiary bodies Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) for scientific and technical questions and Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) for questions about implementation were established, and Bonn was designated as the seat of the UN climate secretariat.

The then German Federal Environment Minister Angela Merkel played a key role in the far-reaching promise made by the German delegation to commit to making the largest single contribution to greenhouse gas reduction among all industrialized countries at an early stage . This early commitment is seen as a decisive factor, which is why countries that were initially opposed to a legally binding emission reduction could still be brought "on board" until 1997.

1996: Geneva (COP 2)

In the run-up to the second conference of the contracting states in Geneva in July 1996 , the working group established on the Berlin mandate, chaired by the Argentine Raúl Estrada Oyuela, had already held three preparatory meetings. The fourth meeting took place in Geneva at the same time as COP-2. The ministers and present other negotiators agreed to a complicated voting process to the "Geneva Ministerial Declaration" (Geneva Ministerial Declaration) . In it, the conclusions from the Second IPCC Assessment Report, completed in 1995, were made on the scientific basis for the further process of international climate protection policy and the forthcoming elaboration of a legally binding regulation for the reduction of greenhouse gases was confirmed. Resistance to explicit reduction targets from the USA, Canada, Australia and especially the OPEC states, which was still openly revealed at the Berlin conference , was thus overcome.

1997: Kyoto (COP 3)

The third UN climate conference , originally planned for the period from December 1 to 10, 1997 and extended to December 11, took place in Kyoto , Japan. Under the leadership of Hiroshi Oki, the participants adopted the Kyoto Protocol after a turbulent conference . The industrialized countries listed in Annex I of the protocol committed themselves to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% between 2008 and 2012.

1998: Buenos Aires (COP 4)

Buenos Aires , Argentina, hosted the fourth UN climate conference from November 2 to 13, 1998. Maria Julia Alsogaraym was the conference president. The result was a work plan , the Buenos Aires Plan of Action , which extended to COP 6 in 2000 and was intended to clarify technical problems relating to the Kyoto Protocol that had been passed the year before, with the aim of making the protocol ready for implementation.

1999: Bonn (COP 5)

The fifth UN climate conference under President Jan Szyszko , Poland's Minister for the Environment, was held from October 25 to November 5, 1999 in Bonn . The subject of the negotiations was to further develop the planned implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

2000/2001: The Hague (COP 6) and Bonn (COP 6-2)

The climate conference in The Hague from November 13 to 24, 2000 was the sixth UN climate conference . The conference president was the Dutch Environment Minister Jan Pronk . The Buenos Aires Plan of Action should be worked through at the conference . However, this did not succeed, u. a. No agreement could be reached on questions of climate finance . The conference was postponed and continued from July 16 to 27 in Bonn as COP 6-2 ( UN Climate Conference in Bonn 2001 ). In Bonn, the necessary resolutions on detailed technical issues were finally taken so that the Kyoto Protocol could be ratified by participating countries.

2001: Marrakech (COP 7)

Conference President Mohamed Elyazghi chaired the seventh UN climate conference , which took place from October 29th to November 9th in Marrakech , Morocco. As a result, details of the Kyoto Protocol were specified in the Markesh Accords , for example the Clean Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation , which allow climate protection projects to be financed elsewhere and the emissions saved to be offset.

2002: New Delhi (COP 8)

From October 23 to November 1, 2002, the eighth UN Climate Change Conference was held in New Delhi , India, under the direction of the Indian Environment Minister Thalikottai Rajuthevar Baalu. The participants decided on rules for the Clean Development Mechanism and for reports by states on their greenhouse gas emissions.

2003: Milan (COP 9)

The ninth UN climate conference from December 1st to 12th in Milan , Italy, was chaired by the then Hungarian Environment Minister Miklós Persányi. At that time, the Kyoto Protocol had still not come into force because the signatory states were only responsible for 47% instead of the necessary 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the USA, ratification of the Kyoto Protocol had failed. In order to make the signing of the agreement more attractive for other states, the Clean Development Mechanism was finally initiated.

2004: Buenos Aires (COP 10)

The 10th UN Climate Change Conference took place from December 6th to 17th in Buenos Aires , Argentina. President was Ginés González García.

2005: Montreal (COP 11 / CMP 1)

The eleventh meeting of the 189 signatory states to the agreement (COP-11) took place from November 28 to December 9, 2005 in Montreal, Canada, with around 10,000 participants. This was accompanied by the first meeting of the signatory states to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP-1) adopted at the COP-3 in Kyoto , Japan , which came into force on February 16, 2005 as a result of ratification by Russia .

The aim was to advise on the implementation of the contract concluded in Japan and to enforce it. The signatory states to the Framework Convention on Climate Change had agreed in 1997 to reduce emissions of the six greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), partially halogenated fluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (HFCs) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) reduced by an average of 5.2 percent compared to 1990.

CMP stands for "Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol".

2006: Nairobi (COP 12 / CMP 2)

At the UN climate conference in Nairobi 2006, two major topics were to be discussed: 1. How are the negotiations for the post-2012 climate regime structured? And 2. Which package of action can be adopted for developing countries to adapt to the consequences of climate change , use the Clean Development Mechanism and technology transfer ?

In the opinion of many observers in Nairobi it became clear that for fundamental progress in negotiations it is not enough for environment ministers or delegates to negotiate, since they usually do not have sufficient decision-making authority. One of the main demands of climate activists after Nairobi was therefore that the heads of state and government should push the process forward.

2007: Bali (COP 13 / CMP 3)

The 2007 UN climate conference in Bali was primarily intended to define the next steps on the way to a Kyoto successor agreement. The protracted negotiations threatened to fail until the end because the USA was unwilling to compromise and did not want to accept binding targets, but instead relied on voluntary commitment and the innovative strength of the economy. The fact that, despite this difficult initial constellation, we were able to take a big step in the direction of common climate protection efforts (“ Roadmap of Bali ”) is primarily thanks to Europe's solidarity with the emerging countries . The participation of the G-77 countries (developing and emerging countries such as India , the People's Republic of China , Pakistan ) was combined with an extensive technology transfer from Europe. Europe should provide the technical know-how to enable economic growth and the associated climate protection also in the G-77 states. Through this negotiation step, the G-77 countries and Europe succeeded in completely isolating the USA in the negotiation - a position in which failure to give in would probably have permanently damaged the relationship with the world community. They waived their veto vote. Hopes that the USA would give in again after a change of government were not fulfilled.

Negotiation results:

  • The negotiation phase for the Kyoto successor contract was set for three years and should lead to signing in Copenhagen at the end of 2009. It is disputed whether the results met the challenges.
  • Specific maximum values ​​for emissions have not been set. Only the appeal to contribute to climate protection with “deep cuts in global emissions” was accepted.
  • The Adaptation Fund was set up to provide support in dealing with the consequences of climate change .
  • From 2013, forest-rich countries should be able to sell the emissions-compensating effects of their rainforest areas to industrialized nations as part of emissions trading . The forest would be protected from deforestation or clearing.
  • A comprehensive technology transfer in developing and emerging countries was planned.
  • However, Bali fell short of what international climate research considered necessary to avoid catastrophic climate change.

2008: Poznan (COP 14 / CMP 4)

The UN climate conference in Poznan took place from December 1st to December 12th, 2008. It served the further negotiation of a succession to the Kyoto Protocol, which should be finally decided in 2009. 187 states participated in the conference. The conference was the 14th meeting of the member states of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP-14) as well as the fourth meeting of the signatory states of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP-4) since its entry into force in 2005.

2009: Copenhagen (COP 15 / CMP 5)

At the 15th UN Climate Change Conference ( COP 15 ), which took place in Copenhagen from December 7th to 18th, 2009 , the goal agreed in 2007 of adopting a successor to the Kyoto Protocol could not be achieved. Instead, it was agreed to take note of the non-binding “ Copenhagen Agreement ”.

2010: Cancún (COP 16 / CMP 6)

At the 16th UN Climate Change Conference ( COP 16 ), which took place from November 29th to December 10th, 2010 in Cancún / Mexico, the failed attempt in Copenhagen to pass a legally binding follow-up agreement to the Kyoto Protocol was to be continued. The summit ended with the minimal goal of extending the Kyoto Protocol to 2012. A forest protection program and an aid fund for developing countries were also decided.

2011: Durban (COP 17 / CMP 7)

The UN Climate Change Conference in Durban (COP 17) started on November 28th and was originally supposed to end on December 9th, 2011; Since there was disagreement about the final protocol, binding agreements and a schedule for a new global climate agreement, it was extended to December 11th. Although an agreement was reached in Durban, the decisions regarding implementation remain non-binding. Accordingly, the Kyoto Protocol should be extended in Qatar in 2012 with a second commitment period and a binding climate protection agreement should be negotiated by 2015, which should come into force in 2020. Canada then withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol.

2012: Doha (COP 18 / CMP 8)

The 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 18) from 26 November to 7 December 2012 has been described as a problem: According to statistics from the World Bank , the petroleum - Emirate of Qatar is currently the country with the world's highest CO 2 emissions per capita . The results of the conference were on the one hand the renewed extension of the Kyoto Agreement until 2020, and on the other hand a review of the CO 2 reduction targets is to take place in 2014 . In 2020, a binding global climate agreement is also to be agreed for all countries. To finance climate change, the developing countries and those affected by climate change have received financial commitments totaling 100 billion dollars.

2013: Warsaw (COP 19 / CMP 9)

The UN Climate Change Conference 2013 (COP 19) took place in Warsaw from November 11 to 23 .

The division of the world into industrialized and developing countries was discussed, as the developing countries demanded their own institutions. Furthermore, it was stipulated that the global warming may only be 2 ° C.

For the developing countries, 100 million US dollars could be pledged for 2013 (Germany with 30 million dollars as the main donor). Six UN funds support poorer countries in the field of climate protection. After the negotiations were extended by one day, some building blocks for a future climate agreement could be agreed, as well as a further schedule up to COP 21 in Paris.

2014: Lima (COP 20 / CMP 10)

The UN Climate Change Conference 2014 (COP 20) took place in Lima from December 1 to 14 . The draft of a contract text for the climate conference in Paris 2015 was decided.

2015: Paris (COP 21 / CMP 11)

The UN Climate Change Conference 2015 (COP 21) took place in Paris from November 30th to December 12th . There, a new agreement with binding climate targets for all 195 member states of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was agreed as a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. It was decided that the warming of the world should be limited to less than 2 ° C. The global net greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced to zero in the second half of the 21st century. Financial aid for developing countries was also agreed, details of which were postponed to the upcoming conference in Marrakech.

The meeting times at the conference in Warsaw were the 2. – 13. May 2018 (for the COP 23) and the 7.-18. November 2018 (for COP 24) decided.

2016: Marrakech (COP 22 / CMP 12 / CMA 1-1)

The COP 22 took place from November 7th to 18th, 2016 in Marrakech ( Morocco ).

2017: Bonn (COP 23 / CMP 13 / CMA 1-2)

The COP 23 was held from 6 to 17 November 2017th Fiji has taken over the presidency, but for organizational reasons made this dependent on the COP 23 taking place in Bonn ( Germany , location of the UN climate secretariat ).

2018: Katowice (COP 24 / CMP 14 / CMA 1-3)

The COP 24 took place from December 2 to 14, 2018 in Katowice ( Poland ).

2019: Madrid (COP 25 / CMP 15 / CMA 2)

The COP 25 was to take place in one of the countries of the Group of Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean ( GRULAC ). Brazil withdrew its candidacy at the end of 2018 after Jair Bolsonaro was elected president. The reasons given were financial bottlenecks and the upcoming change of government. Instead, it was planned to hold the conference in Santiago from December 2-13, 2019 . On October 30, the President of Chile , Sebastián Piñera , canceled the conference. He cited the protests against the government as the reason . Instead of Santiago de Chile, the Spanish capital Madrid was commissioned with the organization at the beginning of November 2019 . The conference was still headed by Chile.

The conference ended on December 15th. With a duration of 13 days, it was the longest UN climate conference to date. Their result was described in the media as a minimum compromise and sharply criticized by nature, environmental and climate protection organizations. Accordingly, the media referred to the conference as a " zero round ".

2020: Glasgow (COP 26 / CMP 16 / CMA 3)

The COP 26 is for November 2020 Scottish Glasgow planned. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the 11th Petersberg Climate Dialogue , which serves as preparation at the ministerial level at the end of April each year, is taking place exclusively in a digital setting for the first time. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the corona pandemic.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : United Nations Climate Change Conference  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ World Climate Conference-1 (WCC-1) (12-23 February 1979; Geneva, Switzerland). World Meteorological Organization, accessed February 19, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Georg Simonis: Handbook on Global Climate Policy . utb, 2017, ISBN 978-3-8252-8672-9 , p. 266 .
  3. ^ A b Daniel Bodansky: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary . In: Yale Journal of International Law . tape 18 , no. 2 , 1993, p. 454-455 ( online ).
  4. ↑ John W. Zillman: A History of Climate Activities. In: Bulletin Volume 58, No. 3. World Meteorological Organization, 2009, accessed February 20, 2019 .
  5. ^ UNFCCC: COP - Conference of the Parties (Conference of the Parties) - COP1
  6. ↑ International Institute on Sustainable Development: Summary of the First Conference of the Parties for the Framework Convention on Climate Change: March 28 - April 7, 1995 . Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 12, No. April 21, 1995 (PDF; 429 kB)
  7. ↑ See Oberthür and Ott 1999: pp. 46–49.
  8. ↑ The preamble to the Framework Convention on Climate Change reads: “[...] recognizing that, given the global nature of climate change, all countries are called upon to cooperate as fully as possible and to adopt effective and appropriate international action in accordance with their common but different responsibilities to participate in their respective skills and their social and economic situation, [...] " (PDF; 53 kB)
  9. ↑ Article 2, paragraph b of the Berlin Mandate Decision (Decision 1 / CP.1) reads: "[The Process will] Not introduce any new commitments for parties not included in Annex I, [...]"
  10. ↑ See Convention Bodies - Subsidiary Bodies , unfccc.int
  11. ↑ See, for example, Heroes of the Environment: Angela Merkel , Time Magazine
  12. ↑ See Oberthür and Ott 1999: pp. 52–54.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Reimer: Final conference . 2015, chronology of the most important climate conferences.
  14. ^ Report of the Conference of The Parties on it's ninth session, held at Milan from 1 to 12 December 2003, Part One: Proceedings . FCCC / CP / 2003/6, March 30, 2004, B. Election of the President of the Conference at its ninth session.
  15. ↑ What is the CMP? at unfccc.int (Kyoto Protocol Bodies - unfccc). Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  16. ↑ Germanwatch 2006: Climate protection must now be a top priority. The climate summit in Nairobi 2006 and its assessment ( Memento of the original of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Germanwatch: Bonn, Berlin @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.germanwatch.org
  17. ↑ Response to the climate summit in Bali - India's small triumph , sueddeutsche.de , December 16, 2007
  18. ↑ Climate conference in Bali and the USA - So near the end , sueddeutsche.de, December 16, 2007
  19. ^ A b Felix Ekardt : Ten Steps to Save the World , now.sueddeutsche.de, December 1, 2008. Accessed December 30, 2016.
  20. ↑ Tagesschau: "The resolutions of the Bali summit at a glance". December 15, 2007, accessed December 30, 2016 .
  21. ↑ Copenhagen Accord (PDF)
  22. ^ Durban Climate Change Conference - November / December 2011. In: unfccc.int. UNFCCC, accessed December 30, 2016 .
  23. ↑ Dagmar Dehmer: Low expectations in Durban . In: zeit.de, Wissen, Umwelt, November 27, 2011, accessed on November 28, 2011
  24. ↑ Climate change - fear of economic collapse due to extreme weather - Durban . In: Die Welt Online , November 25, 2011. Accessed November 27, 2012. 
  25. ↑ Claudia Ehrenstein: New round in the fight against global warming - climate conference in Durban to bring about a breakthrough in the desired climate agreement . In: Die Welt Online , November 28, 2011. Accessed November 27, 2012. 
  26. ↑ Ulli Kulke: Conference in Durban - Climate critics are publicly as good as mouthful . In: Die Welt Online , November 28, 2011. Accessed November 27, 2012. 
  27. ↑ Canada says goodbye to the Kyoto Protocol . Spiegel online, accessed December 13, 2011.
  28. ↑ Climate conference adopts plan for new agreement . In: Die Welt Online 2012 , December 11, 2011. Accessed November 27, 2012. 
  29. ↑ Ulli Kulke: Summit in Durban - climate agreement only preserves the beautiful appearance . In: Die Welt Online , December 11, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2012. 
  30. ↑ Press Release: Decision on the host of COP 18 / CMP 8th United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, November 9, 2011, accessed January 6, 2017 .
  31. ^ Doha Climate Change Conference - November 2012. UNFCCC, accessed January 6, 2017 .
  32. ↑ "Environmental activists think that Qatar could significantly increase its credibility as chairman of the climate conference if it committed to reducing its CO2 emissions by a certain amount in a certain period of time. So far, however, Qatar has not made such commitments. At past climate conferences, the country was not represented by high political officials, nor did it develop its own positions (...) 'It's a very harsh climate in which everything is air-conditioned and cooled,' explains Hmaidan. 'In addition, the country has become very rich very quickly, and the way of life is extremely inefficient in terms of energy consumption.' According to the World Bank, Qatar had the third highest per capita income in the world after Luxembourg and Norway last year. The Qatari economy grew by around 19 percent in 2011. ”Andrea Rönsberg: The world is a guest at the climate offender . In: Deutsche Welle , November 26, 2012. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved on November 27, 2012. 
  33. ^ The Emissions Gap Report 2012 - A UNEP Synthesis Report . United Nations Environment Program UNEP. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  34. ↑ CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) . In: Catalog Sources World Development Indicators . The World Bank. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  35. ↑ “The UN climate summit , which started on Monday, leads the 15,000 or so participants into the lion's den, because the host emirate of Qatar has the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world per inhabitant. Each of the 1.7 million people living there causes an average of 31 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) to be emitted each year. For comparison: A US citizen has 17.3 tons, a German 9.9 and a Chinese 7.2 tons. ”Angelika Hillmer: In the country with the highest CO2 emissions in the world . In: Welt Online , November 26, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012. 
  36. ↑ Sabine Adler : "Hurray! We have inaugurated the first nuclear power plant". In: deutschlandfunk.de: Europe today. December 7, 2012, accessed January 6, 2017 .
  37. ↑ Joachim Wille: Climate Conference in Doha: Climate Summit goes into extension. In: fr-online.de. December 7, 2012, accessed January 6, 2017 .
  38. ↑ Nick Reimer et al. a .: Dossier for the climate summit in Lima with preliminary reporting , klimaretter.info , November 20 to December 14, 2014
  39. ↑ Paris 2015: UN climate conference is casting its shadow. ( Memento from April 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Bayerischer Rundfunk, January 22, 2014
  40. ^ ZEIT ONLINE: A new world climate treaty
  41. ↑ IISD : UNFCCC COP 22 . Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  42. ↑ UNFCCC: Calendar - 2017 . Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  43. ↑ Is the COP 23 coming to Germany? ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. BMUB , November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmub.bund.de
  44. ↑ http://cop24.gov.pl/en/
  45. ↑ Brazil withdraws host offer for climate conference 2019. In: Deutschlandfunk. Reuters, accessed November 29, 2018 .
  46. ↑ Statement on COP25 host. UNFCCC, November 30, 2018, accessed December 23, 2019 .
  47. ↑ Der Tagesspiegel: Unrest prevents world climate conference in December. Retrieved October 30, 2019 .
  48. ↑ Reiner Wandler, Die Tageszeitung: Climate Conference Comes to Madrid. Retrieved November 1, 2019 .
  49. ↑ Jakob Mayr: World Climate Conference in Madrid "Tired delegates, tired compromise". December 15, 2019, accessed December 23, 2019 .
  50. ↑ UN climate summit in Madrid ends with a minimum compromise. In: t-online.de. December 15, 2019, accessed December 15, 2019 .
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