UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakech 2016

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UN Climate Change Conference 2016
COP 22 Marrakech LOGO.png Template: Infobox / maintenance / picture

place Marrakech , MoroccoMoroccoMorocco 
date 7-18 November 2016
Attendees Members of the UNFCCC
Website cop22.ma
“Farewell to civil society” for UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon . Endorsement of Transparent - Banners something like: "1.5 ° are possible, the fight against climate change can not be stopped" (Nov. 17)
UN General Assembly President Peter Thomson on the lectern (November 15)

The UN climate conference in Marrakech in 2016 , the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( English United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , 22nd Conference of the Parties , shortly COP 22 ) was held as 22  UN Climate Change Conference and at the same time as the 12th meeting on the Kyoto protocol ( english 12th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto protocol in 1997 , shortly CMP 12 ) as well as the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA ) from November 7th to 18th, 2016 in Bab Ighli near the Moroccan city ​​of Marrakech .

preparation

At the beginning of November, in the run-up to COP 22, the ratification of the Paris Agreement reached at COP 21 last year by the world's largest CO 2 emitters, the United States and China , ensured that the number of 55 signatory states required for its entry into force came about The European Union and Germany also joined this movement last; also Australia and Pakistan .

In the Paris Agreement, which was classified as historical, the international community of states agreed to make efforts not to limit themselves to the two-degree target in the fight against global warming , but to stick to the more ambitious 1.5 °.

Participation, leadership

196 countries took part in the summit, led by the Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar .

aims

Global rise in sea levels , statistical trend :
3.3 mm / year (2010)

Above all, the conference should work out the practical implementation of the limitation of the global temperature increase to a maximum of 1.5 ° C as announced in the Paris Climate Agreement ( see two-degree target ).

Up to now this was controversial. B. the structuring of support for “poorer” countries in coping with the partly unavoidable consequences of global warming , of particular importance for “ developing countries ”, which have to suffer particularly from droughts , the melting of the polar ice caps , storms or storm surges ( → Loss and Damage ). Since the COP 15 ( UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 2009 ), 100 billion dollars have been announced annually, so far only a tenth of the amount had been promised. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is supposed to tax part of the climate damage financing.

The developing countries demanded that support for the industrialized countries should also take adaptation measures into account: not only the generation of energy from renewable energies should be promoted, but e.g. B. also measures to build dykes as a precaution against rising sea levels and in view of decreasing precipitation also artificial irrigation .

course

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on the lectern (November 15)

In an improvised tent city, the delegates negotiated steps to implement the climate agreement from last year's conference. The example of Morocco with huge solar power plants, hydropower and wind power and small renewable energy plants in surrounding villages should radiate to the African continent . The Moroccan Presidency described the summit as a conference on the implementation of the COP 22 Treaty. There have been a number of commitments and initiatives. B. for renewable energies and climate-safe agriculture in Africa.

The election of the Republican climate skeptic Donald Trump as future US President in the initial phase of the conference on November 15 (American time) initially dampened expectations: in his election campaign, among other things, he had announced that America would be the world's second largest CO 2 emitter , will withdraw from the Paris Agreement after its inauguration . In a keynote address, US Secretary of State John Kerry , who is still in office in Marrakech, affirmed that the “overwhelming majority” of America believe in climate change.

The acting Secretary General of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Petteri Taalas presented the forecast of a new record for the annual average temperature, as in the two previous years : with a probability of well over 90 percent , the 1.2 ° C mark will be exceeded in 2016 with its increase.

The President of the World Bank Jim Yong Kim called for the cushioning of the pressures of climate change, especially for poorer sections of the population, through z. B. Insurance and social security systems : After the United Nations had previously assumed almost 330 billion annual damage due to extreme weather events, the World Bank calculated not only the loss of wealth but also the loss of purchasing power that individual countries could suffer from storms or floods, adding up more than 500 Billion dollars.

In the discussion about coping with the financial consequences of global climate change, after creating a target roadmap for the loss and damage compensation (-> Green Climate Fund ), the question of where to get the 6,000 necessary annually for the transformation to more climate-friendly infrastructures Could activate billions of dollars: how can capital that can be raised in the global financial markets be used in such a way that it contributes to the fight against climate change?

As at every COP, the global environmental protection movements celebrated a halftime celebration .

In the second week of the conference, the new, highest “body for the implementation of the Paris Agreement” met for the first time and in a festive setting on the “historic turning point in world climate policy”; around 150 officials came to attend, including 60 ministers and heads of state .

United States

Nov. 16, 2016: US Secretary of State John Kerry (at the head of the right) and former Moroccan Ambassador Aziz Mezouar (left) welcome the participants of the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change ( forum of major economies on energy and climate change ); on the far left at the edge of the picture, the German Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks , on the right her French counterpart Ségolène Royal

After more than a year of preparation in Washington, the incumbent US government was the first state to publish national climate protection targets for 2050: the economy should become largely greenhouse gas-neutral. In view of Donald Trump's skeptical statements, z. B. the state of California a possible go it alone. Specifically, the US wants to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. In addition to energy generation from renewable energies, nuclear energy and a proportion of conventional energies should continue to play a role, but with the inclusion of the storage or use of carbon dioxide so that it does not get further into the earth's atmosphere . In addition, the US made a commitment to reduce its CO 2 emissions by 26 to 28% below 2005 levels by 2025.

In an article published in the newspaper Wirtschaftswoche in mid-November together with German Chancellor Angela Merkel during his farewell visit to Germany, which was carried out in parallel to COP 22 , the still-US President Barack Obama praised the Paris COP 21 agreement of the previous year: “There are the world the framework for the common protection of our planet ”.

More than 360 companies operating in the US and investors of the American commitment to climate protection to the appeal for a continuation designated Trump government, "a non-CO 2 low-carbon economy threatens American prosperity."

China

In a press conference of just a few minutes at the beginning of the summit, China committed itself to climate protection and its own climate goals: According to its deputy chief negotiator Xie Ji, it will, as promised , have peaked its CO 2 emissions by 2030 at the latest , and maybe sooner; it has been increasing its efforts lately. Usually, new paths and goals are first tested here in individual regions . Some cities have assured that they want to play a pioneering role: “Many cities have promised to achieve their goal for the peak of CO2 emissions before 2030. I have the impression that many cities are trying to pass this summit around 2020. "

Germany

A " Climate Protection Plan 2050 " for Germany prepared by Federal Building and Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks (SPD) for a cabinet meeting on November 2nd to decide before the conference could not be passed there, contrary to her intention, because several departments such as finance, agriculture, economics - and the Ministry of Transport had not yet agreed with him; For the delay, Germany was named "Fossil of the Day" by the global environmental associations at the environmental conference.

The top of the cabinet was divided on the question of how long one should continue to mine lignite and convert it into electricity. Sigmar Gabriel , Minister of Economic Affairs and SPD chairman, intervened against an “too early” coal exit . On November 11th it was said that a compromise had been reached; the formal cabinet resolution required for implementation will be brought about over the weekend in a " circulation procedure ". The federal government will not advocate a minimum price for CO 2 emission certificates that industry and power plants have to buy.

The environmental and development policy organization Germanwatch ranked Germany 29th in its annual climate protection index (assessment of the climate policy of 62 major CO 2 emitters together with their emissions of climate-damaging greenhouse gases ) , which was developed together with the Climate Action Network Europe (CAN) , behind, for example, Egypt , Morocco , Croatia or Latvia , a fallback by seven positions behind countries such as India or Indonesia . It was assessed as particularly negative that the Federal Republic of Germany will probably not achieve its climate targets for 2020 and that it is continuously not developing a brown coal phase-out scenario.

Environment Minister Hendricks announced that her country would tax 50 million euros in addition to loss and damage compensation this year; Overall, Germany promised to contribute around 10% of the 100 billion dollars planned for 2020. In addition, she presented an international program here to advise emerging and developing countries on the implementation of the COP 22 Agreement: A corresponding organizational unit has been set up in Washington, 42 countries such as the USA, Great Britain and Japan as well as other organizations have already agreed to work.

Results

On November 17th, Great Britain became the 111th of 195 signatory states to ratify the 2015 Paris Agreement; In addition to the USA, Canada and Mexico also specified their climate protection targets for 2050.

On November 18, 48 “poor” countries adopted a declaration entitled the “Marrakech Vision”: They want to convert their energy supply systems to renewable ones as soon as possible or by 2050 at the latest , and they also expressly commit to the 1.5 degree target. Most of them belong to a coalition of countries particularly affected by global warming ( Climate Vulnerable Forum , Round of the Climate Vulnerable , CVF); According to Greenpeace, the undersigned emit as many greenhouse gases as Russia , the fifth largest global CO 2 producer. For most of the signatories, the declaration marks a U-turn in their energy policy: Ethiopia , Bangladesh , Kenya , Tanzania and Vietnam, for example, are practically rejecting the construction of new coal-fired power plants .

According to German Environment Minister Hendricks that since 2013 at the UN climate conference convenes in parallel to Forum Sustainable Development ( Global Landscape Forum ) will be located permanently annually in Bonn now, in 2017 for the first time: Here, economic, government and representatives committed by civil societies for. B. for the afforestation of forests and new methods in agriculture.

A roadmap has been drawn up with a view to financing measures to prevent greenhouse gas emissions ( loss and damage , mitigation ), the industrialized nations' promise to provide 100 billion dollars a year from 2020 to support those countries particularly affected by global climate change.

graduation

The conference ended with the final plenum on the night of November 18-19 (German winter time) after the detailed questions relating to the final declaration had been resolved, six hours late; Germany’s representative, Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks, was already satisfied with the course and result shortly before the end of the conference: she “delivered and met our expectations”.

Proclamation of Marrakech

One day before the end of the conference, 196 states as well as the European Union adopted that of Morocco's King Mohammed VI. Imposed " Marrakech Proclamation ": one should act with the greatest possible political commitment against global warming, the fight against it has urgent priority: one wants to combat greenhouse emissions as a source of global warming and undertakes to "fully" achieve the goals of the UN climate protection agreement in Paris to implement and realize. Participants are "not only governments, but also science, companies and worldwide actions at all levels".

The final declaration opens the way for negotiations and provides a roadmap for the practical implementation of the Paris Agreement. Progress is to be reviewed as early as 2017 and a balance sheet will be taken in 2018. It did not include a controversial detailed question about reviewing the climate targets of the individual countries: it is to be clarified at COP 23. By 2018 z. B. Rules for the comparability of the sometimes very different climate goals of the individual countries are established.

Follow-up meeting

The chairmanship of the follow-up conference COP 23 2017 was entrusted to the Republic of Fiji : given the expected number of 15,000 to 20,000 participants on its territory, it could not gather together in one place, the former German capital Bonn was chosen as the venue; it is the seat of the UN climate secretariat . The President of Fiji explicitly invited US President-designate Donald Trump to his island state so that he could at least get an authentic picture of the consequences of global climate change for the island states lying in the seas .

outlook

Global temperatures between 1880 and 2010
Mauna-Loa.jpg
Scenarios.jpg

The national commitments made to date to reduce greenhouse gases are still not enough to achieve the two-degree target (let alone the 1.5 ° C targeted in Paris).

According to press reports at the conference, China took a leading role in climate protection; Europe could possibly take on the leading role of the USA up to now. Germany’s presidency of the G20 group of states, which is scheduled for 2017, offers the opportunity for this :

“And we spoke very specifically, Mr Xie and I, today about the G20 agenda. The chairmanship will be transferred to Germany this year. The Chancellor will only present the agenda, but it is already clear that climate protection will play an important role there. "

- Barbara Hendricks :

In its annual “Energy Outlook” published in November 2016 , the International Energy Agency (IAE) assumes that the demand for crude oil will continue to rise (“due to a lack of alternatives in fuels for ships, trucks and airplanes as well as plastics and other petrochemical products”) as well as a 50 percent increase in the consumption of natural gas worldwide by 2040 . Politics have to be active and investments in the energy sector have to be redeployed. For the two-degree target, it is not enough to change the “energy mix”, but rather to reduce our enormous energy consumption and, for example, to use electricity more efficiently . In the IAE's two-degree scenario , by 2040 most of the capital invested will flow into renewable energies and only around 30% into fossil fuels . As a result, their expansion will also be promoted in the area of building heating , where there is currently a lot of catching up to do.

According to the climate protection initiative Climate Action Tracker , the 10 most important short-term possible or necessary steps to achieve the 1.5 ° C target are:

  1. Electricity : The current growth rates for renewable energies and other zero-CO 2 -emission or low-carbon energies would have to be maintained until 2025, 100% zero emissions would have to be achieved in 2050;
  2. Coal : No more coal- fired power plants may be built, coal emissions will be reduced by at least 30% by 2025;
  3. Road traffic : the last fossil fuel vehicles would have to be sold before 2035;
  4. Aviation and shipping : development and agreement on a vision compatible with the 1.5 ° C target;
  5. New buildings: all new buildings should no longer consume fossil fuels , their zero energy consumption should be aimed for by 2020;
  6. Building renovation : Increase in the renovation rate from below one percent in 2015 to five% by 2020;
  7. Industry : all new plants in emission-intensive sectors would have to operate with low carbon after 2020, material efficiency should be maximized;
  8. Emissions from forestry and other land uses should be reduced to 95% below the 2010 level by 2030, and net deforestation should be halted in the 2020s;
  9. Commercial agriculture : Your emissions should be kept at or below the current level, regional best practice examples should be created and disseminated, the relevant research intensified;
  10. CO 2 removal : Research and planning to achieve negative emission rates are necessary.

Assessment, reception

Possible Klimakipp points ( " tipping points ")

According to scientists, the 1.5 ° C target, which was politically confirmed internationally at COP 22, can no longer be achieved, it is " utopian ", is no longer seriously discussed in their circles and no longer appears in any climate scenario : in the current one The temperature increase in 2100 is predicted to be in a corridor between 2.7 and 3.6 °. In addition, if there is an increase beyond the two-degree target , serious predictions about the corresponding consequences are no longer possible, as climate tipping points could be triggered.

According to the latest analyzes of the Global Carbon Project , for example , given the current level of greenhouse gas emissions , the global climate will rise by two degrees as early as 2037; To achieve this, emissions would have to be drastically reduced between 2020 and 2030, and CO 2 would even have to be removed from the earth's atmosphere . If the status were retained, a warming of three degrees would already be reached in 2070. At the moment , it can be assumed that in view of the ongoing increase, the maximum global CO 2 emissions will not be reached until 2030, partly due to the current level of emissions in China only then declining. In addition, some greenhouse gases are very long-lived ( -> persistence (chemistry) ), anthropogenic CO 2, for example, remains in the earth's atmosphere for up to 200 years.

See also

Portal: Climate Change  - An overview of the topic can be found in the Wikipedia portal Climate Change

Web links

Commons : 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ COP 22 . UNFCCC . Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c d deutschlandfunk.de , Information am Morgen , November 12, 2016, Georg Ehring: Creating facts until Trump is there (November 19, 2016)
  3. ↑ a b c d badische-zeitung.de , background , November 19, 2016: The Proclamation of Marrakech (November 19, 2016)
  4. ↑ a b c d deutschlandfunk.de , Information am Morgen , November 18, 2016, Georg Ehring: "Collective insight that this is a priority topic" (November 19, 2016)
  5. ↑ a b c d e badische-zeitung.de , Brennpunkte , November 18, 2016: End of the climate conference: poor countries want coal exit ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.badische-zeitung.de
  6. ↑ Sven Harmeling: care.de the climate conference in Morocco , charity care Germany, November 4, 2016 Retrieved on November 7, 2016
  7. ↑ a b c deutschlandfunk.de , Economy and Society , November 17, 2016, Georg Ehring: The day of long contracts (November 19, 2016)
  8. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Informations am Mittag , November 7, 2016, Georg Ehring: Hope for a reasonably successful climate conference , accessed on November 7, 2016.
  9. ↑ a b deutschlandfunk.de , Forschung aktuell , November 21, 2016, Niklas Höhne in conversation with Lennart Pyritz : "The Trump topic dominated the entire summit" , accessed on November 25, 2016
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g badische-zeitung.de , November 16, 2016: Marrakech: US government promotes climate protection internationally (November 19, 2016)
  11. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft , November 14, 2016, Georg Ehring: "We break all records" (November 19, 2016)
  12. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news of November 14th , 2016 : Natural disasters harm the economy more than expected ( memento of the original from November 20th, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  13. ↑ $ 100 billion annually from 2020
  14. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft , November 16, 2016, Georg Ehring: New Alliances and More Money for Climate Protection (November 19, 2016)
  15. ↑ a b c deutschlandfunk.de , Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft , November 10, 2016, Georg Ehring: Demonstrative Commitments to CO2 Reduction (November 19, 2016)
  16. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Environment and Consumers , October 28, 2016, Georg Ehring: Germany struggles for a national climate plan 2050 (November 1, 2016)
  17. ↑ November 1, 2016, de.nachrichten.yahoo.com: Hendricks accuses the Union of "blocking" the climate protection plan (November 1, 2016)
  18. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , interview , November 3, Wolfgang Lucht in conversation with Ann-Kathrin Büüsker : Dispute over the climate protection plan : "The exit from coal is inevitable" (November 11, 2016)
  19. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Interview , November 2, 2016, Christian Schmidt in conversation with Christine Heuer : The goal unites us, the path is marked differently (November 11, 2016)
  20. ↑ a b deutschlandfunk.de , Environment and Consumers , November 11, 2016, Georg Ehring: Germany is still behind Latvia or Egypt in terms of climate protection (November 19, 2016)
  21. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news of November 8, 2016 : Federal government disagreed on climate protection plan ( memento of the original of November 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 11, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  22. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Environment and Consumers , November 9, 2016, Nadine Lindner: Gabriel puts the brakes on (November 11, 2016)
  23. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Comments and Topics of the Week , November 11, 2016: A Pyrrhic Victory (November 11, 2016)
  24. ↑ spiegel.de , November 11, 2016: Coal compromise paves the way for agreement on climate plan
  25. ↑ faz.net : [1] November 11, 2016
  26. ↑ bundesumweltministerium.de: press release 280/16 from 14.11.2016
  27. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news from November 15 , 2016 : Germany presents an advisory program for climate protection ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  28. ↑ badische-zeitung.de , Wirtschaft , November 21, 2016: This is how the world wants to limit global warming (November 24, 2016)
  29. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news from November 16, 2016 : “Global Landscapes Forum” moves to Bonn ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  30. ↑ a b c d deutschlandfunk.de , Information am Morgen , November 19, 2016, Georg Ehring: States want to implement the Paris climate agreement (November 19, 2016)
  31. ↑ cop22.ma: La Proclamation de Marrakech pour l'Action en faveur de notre climat et le Développement Durable ( The Marrakech Proclamation on Measures for our Climate and Sustainable Development , December 30, 2016)
  32. ↑ spiegel.de , Wissenschaft , November 18, 2016, Axel Bojanowski : 45 countries want to do without coal, oil and gas completely - the conference ends euphorically (November 25, 2016)
  33. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news from November 19, 2016 : Agreement on a roadmap for climate protection ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  34. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news from November 18 , 2016 : Bonn officially confirmed as the location for the next UN climate conference ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 19, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutschlandfunk.de
  35. ↑ China's chief negotiator
  36. ↑ Volker Mrasek : Enormous energy consumption must be throttled , Deutschlandfunk - Forschung aktuell , November 16, 2016 (November 25, 2016)
  37. ↑ November 16, 2016, climateactiontracker.org: The ten most important short-term steps to limit warming to 1.5 ° C ; Infographic ( memento of the original from November 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 25, 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / climateactiontracker.org
  38. ↑ Der Sonntag newspaper , November 20, 2016, p. 11, interview with Dirk Schindler: The 1.5 degree target is utopian