kk Ministry of National Defense
Coordinates: 48 ° 12 '10 " N , 16 ° 21' 45" E
The Imperial and Royal Ministry for National Defense (colloquially also known as the Landwehr Ministry ) with its seat in Vienna was one of three armed forces ministries of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy that were formally independent of each other during peacetime . The other two ministries were:
- the kuk war ministry based in Vienna - responsible for the joint army and navy
- the ku Honvédministerium , based in Budapest - responsible for the Royal Hungarian Landwehr with the affiliated "Croatian-Slavonian Landwehr".
The Landwehr Ministry was set up on December 30, 1867 as the Imperial and Royal Ministry of National Defense and Public Security , renamed the Imperial and Royal Ministry of National Defense in 1870 and existed until November 11, 1918. It was responsible for the financing, organization and administration of the cisleithan half of the empire from 1868 onwards The dual monarchy set up military units alongside the joint Austro-Hungarian army , which were designated as the Imperial-Royal Landwehr . The legal basis for this, especially the budget and the defense law, were decided upon by the Reichsrat at the request of the ministry and sanctioned (approved) by the emperor .
Framework
After the lost war with Prussia (which Prussia had started), Emperor Franz Joseph I was forced in 1866/1867 to grant the Kingdom of Hungary , which had remained in passive resistance since the failed secession in 1849, partial sovereignty and equal rights with Austria with the so-called Austro-Hungarian compromise . For this purpose, the Austrian Empire (with Hungary as a part) , which had been uniformly run until then, had to be constitutionally converted into the so-called “dual monarchy”.
One of Hungary's demands was for its own armed forces. The compromise with the crown resulted in the right of both halves of the empire to set up their own territorial forces in addition to the still existing (joint) army from 1867: In Transleithanien the ku Landwehr (Hungarian: Királyi Honvédség , also in German, in contrast to the Austrian Landwehr, often referred to as Honvéd) built up, in Cisleithanien according to her the kk Landwehr.
Although the common army formed the bulk of the total armed power, there was no common defense law for both halves of the empire. These had reserved autonomy in recruiting in 1867.
budget
From 1868 three de jure independent army bodies existed side by side in Austria-Hungary, of which the common army was by far the largest institution. In 1896, for example, 140.2 million guilders were budgeted for the army, 15.7 million for the Landwehr and 14.7 million for the Honvéd (1895). Due to the significantly lower number of recruits in the Landwehr, however, the Landwehr was not automatically worse off from a budgetary point of view. B. also include costs for fortifications; the Landwehr, however, could concentrate on training and equipment. At the beginning of the war, the five regiments of the Imperial and Royal Mountain Troops were the best trained and equipped troops in Austria-Hungary.
location
The Imperial and Royal Ministry for National Defense was located in Vienna , 1st district, at Babenbergerstraße 5 in the immediate vicinity of the Hofburg, where the emperor lived and worked and the parliament .
Commander in chief
Until July 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph I himself held the highest command ; at the beginning of the war he appointed General of the Infantry Archduke Friedrich von Österreich-Teschen as Army Commander in Chief, to whom all land forces in Austria-Hungary were subordinate. On December 2, 1916, Karl I./IV. the ah. Supreme command itself and kept it until the collapse of the common army at the beginning of November 1918. On November 3, 1918, the Kaiser appointed Arthur Arz von Straussenburg to take responsibility for the armistice of November 3 and the demobilization of November 6, and on November 4 in his place Hermann Kövess von Kövesshaza as army commander .
minister
The Minister was appointed and dismissed by the Kaiser in agreement with the Imperial and Royal Prime Minister , who was also appointed by him .
Landwehr ministers ( entitled to speak to the Supreme Command ) were:
- Count Eduard Taaffe , December 30, 1867 - January 15, 1870 (also Deputy Prime Minister, kk on September 24, 1868 Prime Minister of the. Citizens Ministry )
- Ignaz von Plener , January 15 - February 1, 1870, also Imperial and Royal Prime Minister
- Field Marshal Lieutenant Johann von Wagner, February 1 - April 12, 1870
- Count Eduard Taaffe , April 12, 1870 - 1871, also Imperial Minister of the Interior
- Major General Baron Julius von Horst , 1871 - 1880
- Zeno Graf Welser von Welsersheimb , 1880 - 1905, 1882 Lieutenant Field Marshal
- Feldzeugmeister Franz Schönaich , 1905 - October 24, 1906 (appointed Reich Minister of War on this day )
- Julius Latscher von Lauendorf , October 28, 1906 - December 1, 1907
- General of the Infantry Friedrich Freiherr von Georgi , December 1, 1907 - June 23, 1917
- General Karl Czapp Freiherr von Birkenstetten . June 23, 1917 - October 27, 1918
- Entrusted with the management: Section head Friedrich Freiherr Lehne von Lehnsheim , October 27th - November 11th 1918 (see Ministry of Lammasch )
Structure of the Ministry
- The structure shown below relates to the status in July 1914 immediately before the start of the First World War .
The Ministry consisted of several sections, which were divided into departments (departments) and bureaux (offices). The current structure was published in the schematic of the kk Landwehr and the kk gendarmerie of the kingdoms and states represented in the Reichsrat , which was published annually in the kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Vienna.
Adjutants:
- Personnel adjutant : Lieutenant Viktor Hurth
- For personal service at the minister:
- Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich Kutschera
- Secretary of State Gaston Murad
Section heads and departments
- Field Marshal Lieutenant Richard Schreyer
- Field Marshal Lieutenant Karl Edler von Langer
- Section head Karl Rädlhammer (economic section and Landwehr directorate)
- Head of Section Karl Graf Messey de Bielle
- Section head Alfred Freiherr Bibra von Gleicherwiesen
- Section head Otto Stöger Edler von Marenpach
- Presidential Office
- Colonel of the General Staff Corps Stephan Majewski
- Personnel matters of the generals, all staff officers and staff officer aspirants, press matters, ordinance sheet and schemes
- Presidential Aid Office
- Board of Directors: Colonel Eduard Hofer
I. | II. | III. |
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Post institutions
Landwehr court authorities
- Supreme Landwehr Court
- kk military advocate general
- Landwehr Division Courts
- Landwehr Brigade Courts
Landwehr High Command
- Vienna 1st district Schillerplatz 4 (not installed in peace)
Landwehr Territorial Command
Military command in:
- Krakow : ( Western Galicia , Silesia , Northern Moravia )
- Vienna: ( Lower Austria and South Moravia)
- Graz : ( Styria , Carinthia , Carniola , Trieste , Gorizia , Gradiska )
- Prague : Bohemia
- Leitmeritz : Bohemia
- Przemyśl : Central Galicia
- Lviv : Eastern Galicia and Bukovina
- Innsbruck : ( Tyrol , Vorarlberg , Upper Austria , Salzburg )
- Ragusa : Dalmatia
kk gendarmerie
The kk gendarmerie was founded in 1849 as a military guard for civil security. From 1869 it was replaced in the large cities of Cisleithania, as the gendarmes mostly lacked police training and language barriers often arose, by the non-military security guard , soon under the minister of the interior ; in the rural areas of Austria the later Federal Gendarmerie remained until 2005. Kk Landesgendarmeriekommandos existed in Vienna, Prague , Innsbruck , Brno , Lemberg , Graz , Trieste , Linz , Zara , Troppau , Salzburg , Ljubljana , Chernivtsi and Klagenfurt .
The Austro- Hungarian Gendarmerie was subordinate to the Austro- Hungarian War Ministry until 1876 , which has been illegal since the settlement with Hungary in 1867 , since the War Ministry should only be responsible for joint armed forces, but after the settlement the gendarmerie only worked in Cisleithanien and nothing more with the Kingdom of Hungary had to do. In 1876 this was changed and the gendarmerie was structurally (militarily, economically, administratively) subordinated to the cisleithan Landwehr Ministry. In the public security service, the gendarmerie was subordinate to the political kk district and state authorities.
Utilities
- kk horse breeding institutions
- Landwehr equipment depot (Vienna)
- Landwehr weapons depot (Vienna)
- Landwehrzeugsanstalt (Vienna)
- Landwehr remontendepots in Zawadka and Wolfpassing
- Landwehr hospitals in Krakow, Teschen , Olmütz, Kremsier , Graz, Klagenfurt , Eger , Pilsen , Leitmeritz , Caslau , Hohenmauth , Rzeszów , Jaroslau , Stryj , Chernivtsi , Linz , St. Pölten and Wels
Subordinate troop units
Landwehr foot troops
- 13th Landwehr Infantry Division in Vienna
- 21st Landwehr Infantry Division in Prague
- 22nd Landwehr Infantry Division in Graz
- 26th Landwehr Infantry Division in Leitmeritz
- 43rd Landwehr Infantry Division in Chernivtsi
- 44th Landwehr Infantry Division in Innsbruck
- 45th Landwehr Infantry Division in Przemyśl
- 46th Landwehr Infantry Division in Cracow
Landwehr cavalry
- 1st Landwehr Cavalry Brigade in Wels
- 2nd Landwehr Cavalry Brigade in Olomouc
- 3rd Landwehr Cavalry Brigade in Lemberg
Landwehr artillery
- Eight "Landwehr field cannon divisions" (among other things, in the artillery unit, battalion-strength units were referred to as "divisions") were each assigned to a Landwehr infantry division and given the same number.
- Eight "Landwehr Field Howitzer Divisions" were each assigned to a Landwehr infantry division and given the same number.
literature
- kuk war ministry “Dislocation and division of the kuk army, kuk navy, kk landwehr and ku landwehr” in: Seidel's small army scheme - published by Seidel & Sohn Vienna 1914
- Stefan Rest, M. Christian Ortner , Thomas Ilming: “The emperor's rock in World War I. Uniforms and equipment of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1914 to 1918 ”. Verlag Militaria, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3950164200
- Walter Wagner: The k. (U.) K. Army - structure and tasks . In: Adam Wandruzska , Peter Urbanitsch (ed.): The Habsburg Monarchy 1848-1918 Volume 5 - The armed power . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1987 ISBN 3 7001 1122 3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Walter Wagner: The k. (U.) K. Army - structure and tasks p. 417–418
- ^ Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Army and Navy in: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon , Volume 13, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna 1896, p. 302 f.
- ↑ daily newspaper Wiener Zeitung , no. 246, October 26, 1906 p.1
- ↑ Manfried Rauchsteiner: The death of the double eagle . Special edition. Verlag Styria, Graz, Vienna, Cologne 1997. ISBN 3-222-12454-X , p. 580.
- ↑ daily newspaper Wiener Zeitung , no. 248, Supplement Viennese Evening Post , October 28, 1918 p.1 .
- ^ Schematismus , Vienna 1906, in American Libraries / Internet Archive
- ↑ "Section chief" was also a rank used by military officials. He belonged to rank IV and corresponded to the field marshal lieutenant
- ↑ with press matters is meant printing work
- ↑ operational readiness
- ↑ Class VI like Colonel
- ↑ Veterans
- ↑ Law of February 26, 1876, on the Imperial and Royal Gendarmerie for the kingdoms and countries represented in the Imperial Council