List of stumbling blocks in Moers

Laying of the Stolpersteine ​​by Gunter Demnig in Moerser Kirchstrasse (May 2013)

The list of the stumbling blocks in Moers gives an overview of the fate of the victims of Nazism , to the by Cologne artist Gunter Demnig laid stumbling blocks in the area of the city Moers will be remembered. 101 memorial stones had been laid by 2019.

history

Relocation of the Stolpersteine ​​in Moerser Steinstrasse on August 27, 2014

The first suggestion for laying stumbling blocks in Moers was provided by pupils at the grammar school in den Filder Benden in 2004. This was followed by a discussion and weighing of the arguments, as there was both negative reception, for example by the Judaist Edna Brocke , who is associated with Moers , who in 2006 did the Rejected the concept of Stolpersteine ​​because she “sees her compatriots trampled underfoot” and gave approval for this internationally known and widespread type of memorial. The discussion initially remained without result.

A few years later, the associations “Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Moers” and “Remembering for the Future” resumed planning. As a basis for the transfer, they stipulated the consent of the bereaved, if they could be identified. In June 2011, the associations sent an application for municipal approval to Mayor Norbert Ballhaus . On September 22, 2011, the city council held a preliminary discussion. They led another discussion that made the dichotomy of the parties clear. Several politicians ( FDP , Die Linke ), also citing Edna Brocke, expressed concerns about the stumbling blocks, whereas the parliamentary groups of the SPD , FBG and the Greens unanimously supported the project. This debate, which suggested a failure of the stumbling blocks, continued on October 19, 2011, decision day. The Council ultimately approved the motion with a large majority.

Commemorative speech by Jürgen Schmude when laying stumbling blocks on November 24, 2015

In February 2013, the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation in Moers announced the laying of eleven stumbling blocks in front of five buildings. This took place on May 27, 2013 between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. On the evening of the day, Gunter Demnig also gave a public lecture in the old town hall.

On August 27, 2014, supported by the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation and the Association Remembering for the Future , another 18 stumbling blocks were laid at nine locations. The laying of the stones was accompanied by the depiction of the life of the murdered by pupils from various Moers schools, song lectures with Yiddish songs and workers' songs and poems by Wolfgang Borchert and Erich Fried . Sometimes relatives of the murdered reported about the memories in their families.

Laying of the stumbling blocks in Moerser Matthek on August 25, 2016

During the laying of six more stumbling blocks on November 24, 2015, the former Federal Minister Jürgen Schmude, as part of his memory of Reinhold Büttner (Bismarckstrasse 61), the father of his predecessor Fritz Büttner , warned of responsibility for people in need and encouraged them to do so to stand by the refugees who have found their way to Germany and who are seeking protection from persecution, oppression and war here. The two daughters Hannelore and Helga were present at the ceremony to lay the stumbling block for Paul Ulrich on November 27, 2015. In the report of the elderly, Hannelore, the pain was still clearly noticeable that the two children - then ten and seven years old - when their father was arrested, the hostility that followed from other young people and the fear of the youth welfare office and especially of Hannelore had suffered during her only visit to her father in prison (1941). Because Johann Esser was arrested again along with Paul Ulrich for “high treason” and sentenced to long prison terms along with seventeen other resistance fighters, the participants in the ceremony, accompanied by the Moers trombone choir, sang the song Die Moorsoldaten .

Follow-up meeting after the laying of the Stolperstein for Karin Alt on October 29, 2016 in Bollwerk 107

In 2016, a total of 16 new stumbling blocks were laid over three days. It started with the laying of 6 stones in the Matthek residential area. From a former barracks for Belgian occupation troops after the First World War, a workers' settlement emerged here around 1926, in which, as in other residential areas of the miners in Moers, the KPD as a political force had a great influence, the Matthek was one of the places in which the Clearly showed workers' resistance to the National Socialists. Because the settlement was replaced by modern, multi-storey residential buildings in the 1960s, the actual places of residence of the Nazi victims can no longer be reconstructed. That is why it was decided to lay six stones together at the entrance to the settlement on Leipziger Strasse. Almost 100 people came to attend the memorial service, including relatives of the murdered in many of the stumbling blocks. Mayor Christoph Fleischhauer called on people to “look ahead so that you don't put obstacles in your own way.” Pupils contributed to the memory with texts and their own “Anne Frank song”. At all other installation locations, too, students gave presentations to show how they had dealt with the topic and the victim stories they had supervised. During the move to Kirschenallee, union secretary Guido Freisewinkel pointed out that right-wing forces are once again a threat to democracy today.

The relocation on October 29, 2016 was a special event. It was here that a victim of the so-called “ euthanasia ” of the National Socialists was commemorated for the first time . The delusional idea of ​​" eradicating " "unworthy life" fell victim to over 200,000 people during the Nazi era, more than 100 of them in the old district of Moers and about 30 people in Moers. The commemoration began with a lullaby by Ilse Weber , with a solo part by Britta Benzenberg from Moers. Maren Schmidt from the association “Remembering for the Future” impressively described the terrifying actions of the National Socialists. The deputy mayor Ibrahim Yetin warned that these events should be passed on so that the ideology behind them would not stand a chance in the future. Students of the "Hilda Heinemann School. Special School for Mental Development “presented how they imagine a future for Karin Alt if she had not been murdered. Only after the Stolpersteine ​​campaign did the family deal intensively with Karin Alt's fate and also found traces, reported Silvia Rosendahl, a niece of Karin Alt. The usual meeting after the memorial act brought many people into conversation.

In 2017, another four stumbling blocks for Jewish citizens were laid. There were also stumbling blocks for two resisters, for a Jehovah's Witness, for two victims of the Nazi murders and for a citizen who had publicly criticized the regime. The relocations were accompanied by improvisations on the trumpet by Moers “Improviser in Residence”, John Dennis-Renken. The stumbling blocks of 2018 are reminiscent of three Jewish families with 9 stones and four fellow citizens who fell victim to the so-called "euthanasia" of the Nazi regime. On the night immediately after the laying, three of the thirteen stones laid had been smeared with black paint by vandals. However, the stones were cleaned again on the same day by the association “Remembering for the Future”. With the laying of new further stumbling blocks on May 27, 2019, the Moerser commemorated five Jewish victims and four victims of the Nazi murders.

List of stumbling blocks in Moers

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

image	Surname	location	Born	Died	description	laying
	Dr. Hermann Hirsch Bähr	Rathausplatz 1 (1) location	Nov 13, 1882 Prenzlau	unknown Auschwitz	Hermann Bähr was born on November 13, 1882 in Brandenburg . In 1920 he married Helene Haas. They lived together in the house at Kirchstrasse 48, which was now destroyed. Hermann Bähr worked as a doctor and not only had Jewish patients. He was also the last head of the Moers synagogue community. As part of the resettlement of the Jewish population, Hermann Bähr and his wife had to move into the Judenhaus at Repelner Strasse 2. On July 25, 1942, he was transferred to the Theresienstadt ghetto before he was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on October 19, 1944 . The memorial for the murdered Moers Jews, inaugurated on June 30, 1987, is located at today's Dr. Hermann-Bähr-Strasse.	May 27, 2013 Adolfinum High School
	Helene Hella Bähr (née Haas)	Rathausplatz 1 (1) location	April 21, 1893 Borken	unknown	Helene Haas was born on April 21, 1893 in Borken and initially lived in the Westphalian city. After marrying Dr. Hermann Bähr moved them to Moers in 1920. Two years later she gave birth to their son Günther. She was active in the Jewish women's association of the city of Moers. As part of the resettlement of the Jewish population, law-abiding Helene Bähr and her husband had to move into the Judenhaus at Repelner Strasse 2. Because of her diabetes, before she was abducted to the Theresienstadt ghetto on July 25, 1942, one leg was amputated. She came to Auschwitz on October 19, 1944 and disappeared there.	May 27, 2013 Adolfinum High School
	Günther Bähr	Rathausplatz 1 (1) location	Feb. 25, 1922 Düsseldorf	Feb. 21, 1945 State hat	Günther Bähr was born on February 25, 1922 as the son of Dr. Hermann and Helene Bähr were born. He attended the Jewish elementary school and the Adolfinum grammar school . He was considered intellectual early on and also led the last Jewish group of young people in Moers. In 1939 he left the Lower Rhine and went to the " Hachscharah ", a Zionist organization in various training goods in the Berlin area. On April 19, 1943 he was deported from the Neuendorf Landwerk to Auschwitz-Buna . This forced labor camp was evacuated in early 1945. Günter Bähr and a friend from Moers, Werner Coppel, were on the death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz. On the evening of February 20, 1945, the prisoners were driven into a tunnel near Landeshut (Lower Silesia). A disaster struck here during the night. The doors were locked, the inmates panicked and tried to get out. In the morning many were dead, including Günther Bär. Choked or kicked to death.	May 27, 2013 Adolfinum High School
	Moritz Chaim	Kirchstrasse 17 location	July 5, 1887 Tarnów	unknown Riga	Moritz Chaim (also spelled Chajm ) was born in Tarnów , southern Poland , in 1887 and never lost his Polish citizenship. After moving to Homberg, he was not guilty, which is why his residence permit was not withdrawn under National Socialism. Together with his wife Golda and his - until then - three children, he moved to Moers in 1928. In 1919 his fourth child, a girl, was born. On October 17, 1938, the Chaim family moved to Kirchstrasse. On December 10, 1941, they had to move to Uerdinger Strasse 11 with several other Jews. From here, Moritz Chaim and his wife were deported only a little later to the Riga ghetto, where they were subsequently murdered.	May 27, 2013 Adolfinum High School
	Golda Chaim (nee Teitelbaum)	Kirchstrasse 17 location	24 Aug 1895 Tarnów	unknown Riga	Golda Teitelbaum was a Polish citizen. She married Moritz Chaim, with whom she had four children. In 1928 the family moved to Moers, where they had lived in Kirchstrasse since 1938. The children were students of the Jewish elementary school. After the pogrom, all four children fled abroad. The parents, Moritz and Golda Chaim, stayed in Moers. In December 1941 the Chaim family had to move into the Judenhaus at Uerdinger Strasse 11, Johanna Levy's home. From there, Golda Chaim and her husband were deported to Riga and later murdered.	May 27, 2013 Adolfinum High School
	Leopold Moses	Neustraße 36 location	April 27, 1877 Moers	unknown Riga	Leopold Moses was the son of the butcher Jakob Moses and married to Amalie Moses (née Cappel), with whom she had three children, including Arthur Moses, Edith Moses Wolff, and Hildegard Moses (married Bachrach). He worked as a master upholsterer and saddler and was deputy head master of the Moers upholstery guild. He was also involved in a patriotic warrior club, a rifle club and a volunteer fire brigade. He was deported in 1942 and died in the Kaiserwald concentration camp .	May 27, 2013 Filder Benden High School
	Hildegard Bachrach (née Moses)	Neustraße 36 location	November 14, 1907 Moers	unknown Riga	Hildegard Bachrach was one of three children of Leopold and Amalie Moses and was deported in 1942.	May 27, 2013 Filder Benden High School
	Dr. Julius Coppel	Neustraße 33 location	Jan. 9, 1880 Homberg	unknown Riga	The veterinarian Dr. Julius Coppel had lived in Moers since 1908, was well educated and enjoyed a noticeable reputation among the population. He married Sofie Meyerhoff and in 1919 bought the house at Neustraße 33a. Around 1938/1939 the Coppel couple were obliged to take in other Jews from Moers. Julius Coppel signed the ID card applied for at the Moers authorities on December 15, 1938 without the mandatory first name "Israel", thus showing resistance to National Socialism. He was deported to Riga on the first large transport on December 10, 1941, and was later murdered there.	May 27, 2013 Filder Benden High School
	Sofie Coppel (née Meyerhoff)	Neustraße 33 location	Apr 23, 1884	unknown Moers	Sofie Coppel was the wife of the veterinarian Dr. Julius Coppel and committed suicide before being deported.	May 27, 2013 Filder Benden High School
	Theodora Leiss (née Chwirot)	Augustastraße 2 location	Jan. 22, 1917	Feb. 4, 1943 Sachsenhausen	Theodora Chwirot was born in 1917 and in 1939 married Wenzeslaus "Wenzel" Leiss. On December 14, 1942, as a tank grenadier of the 6th German Army, he defected to the Red Army in an attack on Stalingrad . The Krefeld criminal police then secretly monitored his family. On February 2, 1943, the heavily pregnant Theodora, her two-year-old daughter Marianne and her husband's family (mother Josefa, brothers Felix and Josef, sister Hanna (also heavily pregnant) and her Swiss husband Wilhelm Christen) were arrested ( clan liability ) in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp deported and murdered there two days after their arrival without a judge's judgment. In 1949 Wenzel returned from Soviet captivity and initially stayed with the mother of his brother-in-law. During his lifetime he denied defection because he did not want to endanger his family. He died in 1983 without finding out what really happened to his family. Eleven days after Theodora and Marianne Leiss died, the press spoke of a “Polish traitor family”, while the Gestapo file, which has been preserved in full, states that “from a criminal and political point of view [...] nothing disadvantageous is known or investigated against the Leiss family “Was. As early as 1947, the former Eitelstrasse in Meerbeck was renamed Leissstrasse to commemorate the fate of the family.	May 27, 2013 St. Marien Catholic Primary School / Mercator Vocational College
	Marianne Leiss	Augustastraße 2 location	July 21, 1940	Feb. 4, 1943 Sachsenhausen	The daughter of Wenzel and Theodora Leiss was arrested together with her mother and murdered in Sachsenhausen concentration camp at the age of two .	May 27, 2013 St. Marien Catholic Primary School / Mercator Vocational College
	Helene Leyser	Steinstrasse 19 location	Nov 8, 1887	unknown Riga	Helene Leyser was the daughter of the butcher Jakob Leyser and his wife Rosa, nee Marx. The Leyser family had been based in Moers since the beginning of the 18th century. Helene had seven siblings. Together with her sister Julie, she ran a small perfumery right next to their parents' butcher's shop. She remained unmarried and ran the household after her mother's death. Helene Leiser was deported to Riga on December 11, 1941, where she was murdered.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Hugo Leyser	Steinstrasse 19 location	Feb. 27, 1889	unknown Riga	Hugo Leyser was the son of the butcher Jakob Leyser and his wife Rosa, nee Marx. He had seven siblings. Hugo was a soldier in the First World War and married to a non-Jewish woman from Duisburg. He was deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Jenny Leyser (nee Meier)	Steinstrasse 19 location	Aug 18, 1884	unknown Riga	Jenny Leyser, b. Meier, came from Krefeld and was married to Siegmund Leyser. Both had two sons, Ernst (* 1912) and Hermann (* 1913) and ran a business. They lived at Homberger Strasse 16. The sons attended the Jewish elementary school with teacher Kahn and the Adolfinum. The sons were able to escape the Shoah. Ernst left Italy in 1937 and was able to flee to Brazil in an English ship after the outbreak of war in 1939. Hermann left Germany in August 1933. He had published an article about social injustice in the “Reichsbanner”. After internment in England at the beginning of the war, he became a member of the British Army. Jenny Leyser was deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Julie Leyser (married Schäfer)	Steinstrasse 19 location	Apr 14, 1893	Feb. 21, 1945 Auschwitz	Julie Leyser was the daughter of the butcher Jakob Leyser and his wife Rosa, geb. Marx. She ran a small perfumery with her sister Helene right next to her father's butcher and was married to a non-Jew. She lived with him in Düsseldorf. After the death of her husband she lost his protection and was deported to Theresienstadt on June 25, 1943. She was murdered in Auschwitz on October 19, 1944.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Louis Leyser	Steinstrasse 19 location	Feb. 22, 1890	Feb. 21, 1945 Auschwitz	Louis Leyser was the son of the butcher Jakob Leyser and his wife Rosa, b. Marx. He lost an arm in World War I and received the Iron Cross for it. He was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942, from there on October 6, 1944 to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, where he was murdered on February 21, 1945. Louis Leyser demonstratively put the Iron Cross on the table when leaving his apartment.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Siegmund Leyser	Steinstrasse 19 location	Feb. 17, 1883	unknown Riga	Siegmund Leyser served as a soldier in the First World War. As the eldest son of Jakob Leyser and his wife Rosa, he learned the butcher's trade. Together with his wife Jenny, he continued the father's business. With his son Ernst, who was an active athlete, he often visited the Grafschafter Spielverein on Sundays. While his children managed to escape, Siegmund Leyser was deported to Riga in 1941, where he was murdered.	27. Aug. 2014 Hermann Runge comprehensive school
	Albert Windmüller	Steinstrasse 30 location	1881	unknown Auschwitz	Albert Windmöller was the son of Max Windmöller from Moers (died 1936 in Krefeld). He had two sisters, Johanna and Paula. He had been a soldier in World War I. After the war he was a member of the city council of Moers. Professionally, he worked closely with his brother-in-law Paul Berkley. They had textile stores in Meerbeck and Hochheide, a household goods store in Lintfort (HAWABA) and the GLORIA cinema in Rheinhausen. He and his wife fled via Milan to France, where they were both arrested in a raid and interned in the Drancy camp. His daughter Gertrud received the last news of her whereabouts from Auschwitz.	Aug 27, 2014 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Else Windmüller	Steinstrasse 30 location	1891	unknown Auschwitz	Else Windmöller was Albert Windmöller's wife. With him she had the daughter Gertrud (* 1913), who graduated from high school after attending the Jewish elementary school at the Lyceum. After the seizure of power, she moved to Milan in order to be able to continue the medical studies she had started in Bonn. Else Windmöller moved to Krefeld with her husband in 1934 in order to be less exposed to discrimination. When they saw no more professional prospects in Germany, the Windmöllers went to their daughter in Milan in 1938, who was meanwhile married and had a child. Because their residence permit was no longer extended there, the parents continued their flight and went first to Paris, then to Pau in the Pyrenees. They were arrested in a raid near Chambéry and taken to the Drancy camp near Paris. From there they were deported to Auschwitz.	Aug 27, 2014 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Julius Busack	Steinstrasse 45 location	1880	October 29, 1943 Auschwitz	Julius Busack ran a shop for men's and boys' clothing on Steinstrasse. He was married to Helene Kugelmann (died 1933) from Korbach. They had three children, Liese (* 1909), Lore (* 1913) and Paul (* 1917). At the end of 1937 the business passed to a non-Jew. In 1938 the family fled to Holland. While the children managed to escape, Julius Busack was caught, deported to Auschwitz in 1942 and murdered there on October 29, 1943.	27. Aug. 2014 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Karl Coppel	Prinzenstrasse 5 location	Nov 17, 1881	unknown Riga	Karl Coppel was the third son of Sigmund and Friederike Coppel, whose gravestones can still be seen today in the Jewish cemetery in Moers on Klever Strasse. He was wounded several times during the First World War and was taken prisoner by the French. He worked as a cattle dealer, although the economic situation was difficult because of his poor health. He and his family had to spend their last time in Moers in the Judenhaus at Uerdinger Strasse 11. Karl Coppel was deported to Riga with his wife Gudula and son Günter in 1941 and murdered.	27. Aug. 2014 Gymnasium Filder Benden
	Gudula Coppel (née Jonas)	Prinzenstrasse 5 location	Jan. 2, 1894	unknown Riga	Gudula Coppel came from Walberberg near Brühl. With her husband Karl Coppel she had sons Werner and Günter in 1925 and 1930. Werner was able to finish the Jewish elementary school before it was closed in 1939. From 1939 Günter had to go to the Jewish school in Krefeld. Werner initially worked in a brick factory, where he was dismissed as a Jew. Together with Günther Bähr he went to the Hachscharah in a kibbutz in Havelberg. Shortly before the family was deported, he was able to visit them again in 1941 on Uerdinger Strasse. Werner was then deported to Auschwitz. He also survived the death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz, on which his friend Günther Bähr perished, and went to the USA after the war. After retiring from business life, he reported on the Shoah in schools and associations as a contemporary witness. Gudula Coppel was deported to Riga in 1941 with her husband and son Günter and murdered.	27. Aug. 2014 Gymnasium Filder Benden
	Günter Coppel	Prinzenstrasse 5 location	1930	unknown Riga	Günter Coppel was the son of Karl and Gudula Coppel. In 1941, when he was eleven, he was deported with his parents to Riga and murdered.	27. Aug. 2014 Gymnasium Filder Benden
	Dr. Alois Meyer	Lotharstrasse 34 location	1881	unknown Plötzensee	Dr. Alois Meyer was a popular miners' union doctor who, despite warnings, often openly criticized the Nazi regime. He was denounced and arrested in his practice on September 8, 1943. The last sign of life is a letter from 1945 that he wrote in Plötzensee, from which it emerges that he was expecting his death. The circumstances of death are unclear.	27. Aug. 2014 Vocational high school in the Herrmann Gmeiner vocational college
	Karl Twenty	Kirschenallee 11 location	1902	April 5, 1945 Werl prison	Karl Zwanzig was a communist and was denounced for his criticism of the Nazi regime and arrested in 1944. He was admitted to the Werl prison and died there of a gunshot wound shortly before the end of the war.	27. Aug. 2014 Justus von Liebig secondary school
	Albert Freiberg	Lindenstrasse 7G location	1885	Feb. 5, 1937 Derendorf Prison	Albert Freiberg was a member of the KPD and active in the resistance. He was denounced, arrested in 1935 and sent to the Düsseldorf-Derendorf prison. He was accused of having an arms store in his basement. Witnesses reported that they were two old, rusty pistols. He was sentenced to seven years in prison in the “Rautenberg and Others Trial” before the Hamm Higher Regional Court. After imprisonment in Lüttringhausen, he was transferred to the hospital of the Düsseldorf-Derendorf prison for treatment, where he died.	27. Aug. 2014 KAB St. Marien
	Alex Nöthen	Homberger Strasse 182 location	1885	July 7, 1935 Duisburg	Alex Nöthen, b. on January 5, 1885, was a miner and a member of the miners' association. He was chairman of the works council and from 1928 mine inspector. He had been a member of the SPD since 1918 and lost his job in 1933. In the resistance, he was active in the circle of "bread drivers" around Hermann Runge . Like many Social Democrats, he was arrested in the Moers district and in the Duisburg area in 1935 and died under the torture of the Gestapo in the police prison in Duisburg. There is an honorary grave for Alex Nöthen in the cemetery in Meerbeck and a street in Moers-Hochstraß is named after him.	27. Aug. 2014 Siblings Scholl comprehensive school
	Josef Leiss	Ruhrstrasse 76 location	1916	Feb. 1943 Sachsenhausen	Josef Leiss was arrested on February 2, 1943, like many other members of his family, for being held in kin; see the description of Theodora Leiss	27. Aug. 2014 Uhrschule Meerbeck
	Josefa Leiss	Ruhrstrasse 76 location	1881	Feb. 1943 Sachsenhausen	Josefa Leiss, like many other members of her family, was arrested on February 2, 1943, for clan imprisonment; see the description of Theodora Leiss	27. Aug. 2014 Uhrschule Meerbeck
	Reinhold Büttner	Bismarckstrasse 61 location	1879	July 5, 1935 Duisburg police headquarters	Reinhold Büttner was born as the seventh child of a family of miners in the Waldenburger Bergland . He had two children and was a member of the SPD. He belonged to the group of resistance fighters around Hermann Runge . He was arrested on June 25, 1935 and died during the interrogation on July 5, 1935 at the Duisburg police headquarters. A street in Moers is named after Reinhold Büttner. His son Fritz Büttner represented the Moers district for twelve years in the German Bundestag as a member of the SPD.	Nov. 24, 2015 Justus von Liebig secondary school
	Hermann Scheffler	Donaustraße 123 location	1899	Nov. 21, 1943 Eastern Front	Hermann Scheffler, married, one child, had taken part in the First World War and received the wound badge in black. He was a KPD member and for many years chairman of the works council of the Rheinpreußen V mine as well as a member of the local district management of the unified association of miners. He was elected to the Repelen-Baerl municipal council in 1929 and was the spokesman for the KPD group. Due to participating in a strike in January 1931, he lost his job as a miner. He was part of the KPD's resistance to National Socialism. His house was searched several times by the SS, SA and the local police. He was arrested on June 21, 1935 as a member of Ferdinand Jahny's group (instructor of the illegal KPD sub-district of Moers) and had to serve a prison sentence of two years and nine months in the Lüttringhausen Butzbach prison. He was released on March 21, 1938 and had to report regularly to the police, where he was forcibly enforced his military status. Hermann Scheffler died on November 21, 1943 on the Eastern Front.	Nov. 24, 2015 Herrmann Gmeiner Vocational College
	Gustav Swede	Warndtstrasse 22 location	1904	21 Sep Consequences of imprisonment in 1942	Gustav Schwede was a KPD member and part of the resistance against National Socialism. He was arrested on May 26, 1935 and had to serve a sentence in the Lüttringhausen Butzbach prison and in the Aschendorfer Moor concentration camp. He died of the consequences of imprisonment on September 21, 1942.	Nov. 24, 2015 Hilda Heinemann School
	Franz Saumer	Elbestrasse 9 location	1899	Feb. 4, 1944 Halle / Saale prison	Franz Saumer, Jehovah's Witness, was arrested in 1943. He refused military service for reasons of faith and was sentenced to death by the Torgau court martial on January 12, 1944. On February 4th he was imprisoned in Halle / S. executed. To commemorate him there is the Franz-Saumer-Weg in Moers.	Nov. 24, 2015 Hilda Heinemann School
	Gustav Grossmann	Elbestraße 34 location	1886	July 11, 1935 Duisburg police prison	Gustav Grossmann, who was active as a resistance fighter in the circle around Hermann Runge, was arrested on July 9, 1935 and murdered on July 11, 1935 in the Duisburg police prison. A street in Moers is named after Gustav Großmann.	Nov. 24, 2015 Scholl siblings comprehensive school
	Hermann Vennemann	Wetterstrasse 34 location	1895	June 6, 1936 Lüttringhausen prison	As a member of the KPD, Hermann Vennemann was taken into protective custody in 1933 after the National Socialists came to power. As a resistance fighter, he was arrested on June 19, 1935 and taken to the Lüttringhausen prison, where he died on June 6, 1936 due to the conditions in prison and his heart disease	November 24, 2015 Uhrschule Meerbeck
	Max Kaufmann	Steinstrasse 21 location	1885	1941 Riga	Max Kaufmann was the oldest child of the ironmonger Isaak Kaufmann (1846–1936) and his wife Esther, b. Leyser (d. 1940). Before the seizure of power, the family was fully integrated into Moers society. Isaak Kaufmann was Moers city councilor for thirteen years and the family was active in many associations. he was a long-time board member of the Moers synagogue community. The five children were unmarried and all worked in their parents' business. In 1931 Isaak Kaufmann received a commendation for his 85th birthday from President Hindenburg and he was recognized accordingly in the press. In 1933 the family was excluded from all Moers clubs. She had to give up her house on Steinstrasse and move to the house at Burgstrasse 16, which was also owned by her and later became the “Judenhaus”. The press remained silent about his death. Max Kaufmann and his siblings were deported to Riga on December 11, 1941, where they were murdered.	November 26, 2015 Hermann Runge Comprehensive School
	Helene Kaufmann	Steinstrasse 21 location	1888	1941 Riga	Helene Kaufmann was the second oldest child of the ironmonger Isaak Kaufmann and his wife Esther. (see under Max Kaufmann) She and her siblings were deported to Riga in 1941, where they were murdered.	November 26, 2015 Hermann Runge Comprehensive School
	Friedrich Kaufmann	Steinstrasse 21 location	1889	1941 Riga	Friedrich Kaufmann was the third oldest child of the ironmonger Isaak Kaufmann and his wife Esther. (see under Max Kaufmann) In 1938 he was taken into "protective custody" with his brother Wilhelm and interned in the Dachau concentration camp . After his return he and his siblings were deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	November 26, 2015 Hermann Runge Comprehensive School
	Adolf Kaufmann	Steinstrasse 21 location	1892	1941 Riga	Adolf Kaufmann was the fourth oldest child of the ironmonger Isaak Kaufmann and his wife Esther. (see under Max Kaufmann) He and his siblings were deported to Riga in 1941, where he was murdered.	November 26, 2015 Hermann Runge Comprehensive School
	Wilhelm Kaufmann	Steinstrasse 21 location	1895	1941 Riga	Wilhelm Kaufmann was the youngest child of the iron goods dealer Isaak Kaufmann and his wife Esther. (see under Max Kaufmann) In 1938 he was taken into “protective custody” together with his brother Friedrich and interned in the Dachau concentration camp. After his return he and his siblings were deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	November 26, 2015 Hermann Runge Comprehensive School
	Dr. Oskar Bähr	Kirchstrasse 4 location	May 1, 1856	October 18, 1942 Theresienstadt	Rabbi Dr. Oskar Bähr, b. in Mayen, had moved with his wife from Cologne to Moers after his retirement in 1934 to be closer to his son Dr. Hermann Bähr and his family to live. He is said to have tried to defend himself against the destruction of the synagogue during the Reichspogromnacht. He had to spend the last time in Moers in the "Judenhaus" at Burgstrasse 16. He was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942 at the age of 86, where he died on October 18, 1942.	Nov. 26, 2015 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Madchen Bähr	Kirchstrasse 4 location	1863	March 5, 1943 Theresienstadt	Madchen Bähr, b. Wertheim was born with her husband, Dr. Oskar Bähr, deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942 at the age of 79, where she died on March 5, 1943 due to living conditions.	Nov. 26, 2015 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Max Buschhoff	Kirchstrasse 11 location	1879	1941 Riga	Max Buschhoff was born in Moers as the son of Moses (d. 1903) and Friederike Buschhoff (née Cohen, d. 1922). His sister Fanny and her husband Simon Vollmann lived with their son Simon in their parents' residential and commercial building at Kirchstrasse 11. Max Buschhoff lived with his wife Martha in Kamp-Lintfort until 1939, where they ran a manufacturing business. In 1939 they were pushed to sell their property at Moerser Straße 335 and moved back to Moers to the Vollmann family in the residential and commercial building at Kirchstraße 11, where Max Buschhoff's parents had already run a retail business. The shops in Moers and Lintfort were not allowed to reopen after the pogrom night in 1938. Max Buschhoff was on the board of the Moers synagogue community for decades. On December 10, 1941, Max and Martha Buschhoff were deported to Riga, where Max was murdered. The city of Moers acquired the house at Kirchstrasse 11 on June 22nd, 1942 from Max Buschhoff's sister, Fanny Vollmann geb. Bushyard. The purchase price was not paid to the seller, but confiscated by the German Reich through the tax office. The Moers city library was later located in this house.	Nov 26, 2015 Adolfinum High School
	Martha Buschhoff (née Feldheim)	Kirchstrasse 11 location	1890	1943 Auschwitz	Martha Buschhoff, who came from Dortmund, was married to Max Buschhoff (see there). The couple were deported to Riga on December 10, 1941, via Krefeld and Düsseldorf. Martha Buschhoff was murdered in Auschwitz in November 1943.	Nov 26, 2015 Adolfinum High School
	Helene Coppel (née Abraham)	Kirchstrasse 30 location	Dec. 19, 1866	1941 Riga	Helene Coppel lived as a widow at Kirchstrasse 30 after her husband, the butcher Salomon Coppel, died in 1933. She was deported to Riga with her family living with her on December 10, 1941, where she was murdered.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Helene Coppel	Kirchstrasse 30 location	March 30, 1889	1941 Riga	Helene Coppel, the older daughter of Helene Coppel, b. Abraham, lived with her mother when she and her family were deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Frieda Jacob (née Coppel)	Kirchstrasse 30 location	March 30, 1889	December 9, 1944 Stutthof	Frieda Jacob and her husband Julius moved to Moers to live with their mother in 1939 after their house in Dinslaken had been destroyed during the night of the Reichspogrom. She and her family were deported to Riga in 1941. Frieda Jacob and her daughter Elisabeth were transferred to Stutthof on October 1st, 1944, where both were murdered on December 9th, 1944.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Julius Jacob	Kirchstrasse 30 location	Jan. 23, 1878	1941 Riga	Julius Jacob came to Moers in 1939 with his wife Frieda. His daughter Trude Goldschmidt, who was able to flee to Uruguay with her brother Fritz in 1938, reported that her father had strictly resisted leaving the country and was also firmly against her escape. She described her father as a "typical German" and a convinced patriot, who was 75% damaged in the First World War and was the bearer of the Iron Cross. He never wore the Star of David, he could not believe or grasp the exclusion and disenfranchisement of the Jews. Julius Jacob was deported with his family to Riga in 1941, where he was murdered.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Elisabeth Jacob	Kirchstrasse 30 location	June 16, 1911	December 9, 1944 Stutthof	Elisabeth Jacob was the daughter of Frieda and Julius Jacob. She and her parents came to Moers from Dinslaken in 1939 and, like them, was deported to Riga in 1941. Like her mother, she was murdered in Stutthof on December 9, 1944.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Rosalie Jacob (née Abraham)	Kirchstrasse 30 location	19 Feb 1870	1942 Treblinka	Rosalie Jacob was the sister of Helene Coppel, b. Abraham. She and her husband Ferdinand Jacob moved from Berlin to live with their sister in April 1938 after their children had managed to flee abroad. Her husband Ferdinand died two days after her sister and her family were abducted on December 12, 1941. Rosalie Jacob then had to move to the "Judenhaus" at Burgstrasse 16. She was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942 and murdered in Treblinka in 1942.	November 26, 2015 Filder Benden High School
	Paul Ulrich	Arnulfstrasse 15 location	1902	April 15, 1943 Mauthausen	Paul Ulrich came from Ilmenau. He was a trained baker, miner in Kamp-Lintfort, father of two daughters and a member of the KPD. His political commitment goes back to the 1920s. In 1932 he ran for the Lintfort municipal council. Because of his work as an activist for the KPD, he was taken into "protective custody" in 1933. Due to his work in the illegal local group Moers of the KPD, he was arrested on October 12, 1936 and sentenced to seven years in prison as the main defendant in a trial against 19 men for joint wiretapping of Radio Moscow on the grounds of “preparation for high treason” Remscheid-Lüttringhausen spent. In a second trial, his prison sentence in 1939 was increased to 15 years with the revocation of civil rights to 10 years and subsequent preventive detention due to his public protests as a representative of the “Sexual Reform League” against the abortion paragraph § 218, which went back to the 1920s. Because his sentence was more than eight years and because of the ordered security detention, Ulrich could be transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp , Gusen satellite camp, as a worker . He died there on April 15, 1943. He was buried in a family grave in Ilmenau.	Nov 28, 2015 Elementary School Hülsdonk
	Hermann Brandenbusch	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1906	Nov. 1944 killed as a soldier in France	The worker Hermann Brandenbusch lived first at Kaiserstraße 119, then at Mattheck-Siedlung 6. In 1934 he was sentenced to one year and nine months in prison for “acts against the state”. After serving his imprisonment, he found work as a miner at Diergardt-Mevissen in Hochemmerich. Like many “politicians” who feared being sent to a concentration camp during the war, the father of three submitted an application for “military worthiness” - initially unsuccessfully, then successfully. In November 1944 he was killed as a soldier in France.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	Margarete Hänel	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1902	February 8, 1945 Ravensbrück	Margarethe Hänel and her husband Adolf were arrested by the Gestapo in February 1943 - because of preparation for high treason, as her surviving husband later wrote. No charges were brought against the then 41-year-old mother of two; she died in February 1945 in the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	Georg Hirschmann	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1908	1943 Eastern Front	The construction worker and miner Georg Hirschmann, himself one of eight children, lived with his wife and a daughter at 9 Kirschenallee, where he was arrested in May 1935. As a resistance fighter of the KPD, he was imprisoned in Lüttringhausen prison from May 1933 to November 1938 for "high treason". At the end of 1942 he was again "worthy of defense" and died as a soldier on the Eastern Front in 1943. In 1945, his widow moved to Mattheck near other branches of the Hirschmann family - among them Andreas Hirschmann, who later became chairman of the Moers Reconciliation Authority (district special aid committee), and Christine Hirschmann, who was unable to take up her council mandate in Moers in 1933 as a communist.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	Max Langusch	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1904	Feb. 4, 1944 Brandenburg prison	The miner Max Langusch, subdistrict leader of the KPD in Moers, who was heavily burdened in the mass trial against "Jahny and comrades" in 1935, was able to flee to Holland in time and report to the exile organizations on the situation of the miners. He remained active in the KPD resistance even in exile. After the German attack, he was arrested there on December 1, 1940 and sentenced by the People's Court to 6 years in prison in 1943 for “preparing to commit high treason in a difficult form”. He died on February 4, 1944 in the Brandenburg / Havel prison. His wife Hedwig, sentenced to four years in prison for "high treason" in 1943, survived and lived in Mattheck from 1945–1963.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	David Lewkowicz	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1903	April 12, 1940 Buchenwald	The unemployed welder David Lewkowicz, b. 1903 in Wielun, Poland, was of Jewish faith and lived in Matthecksiedlung 67c. In 1936 he was u. a. Sentenced to three years in prison for singing communist songs. After his release from Remscheid-Lüttringhausen prison, the Gestapo ordered him to be transferred directly to the Buchenwald concentration camp, where he died in April 1940. For Konrad Imig, the Moers police chief, he was "an annoying foreigner and also a Jew". His wife Agnes and their 6 children survived - mainly in Mattheck from 1942–1946 - as the family was repeatedly warned by Inspector Paul Beilicke from Moers town hall.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	Hermann Schelinski	Leipziger Strasse 6 location	1902	Feb. 20, 1941 Consequences of imprisonment	The miner Hermann Schelinkski lived in Mattheck 16a when he was first taken into "protective custody" in February 1933 for distributing prohibited publications. At the end of 1933 he was arrested again and sentenced to one year and 5 months in prison in October 1934 in the trial of “Wolf and Comrades” for “preparing for high treason”. In 1941 he died of the consequences of imprisonment, from which he never recovered.	25 Aug 2016 Anne Frank Comprehensive School
	Karl Rautenberg	Kirschenallee 11 location	Dec 26, 1909	March 20, 1935 Düsseldorf-Derendorf prison	The miner Karl Rautenberg, a member of the KPD, was dismissed without notice on January 2, 1933 because of wildcat strikes and has been unemployed since then. On March 11, 1933, Karl Rautenberg and his friend Wilhelm Kanthuser distributed forbidden pamphlets calling for rebellion, mass strikes and the fight against capitalism and the Hitler dictatorship. They were caught and sentenced to 5 and 3 months in prison in April. After his release from prison, he found a place to stay as a subtenant in the house at Kirschenallee 11 in November 34. The office of the Communist Party of Moers was also housed on the first floor of this house until the seizure of power. In the first months of 1935 a resistance group of around 12 - mostly young people - was blown in Hochstraß and Meerbeck. After 1 year, 1 month and 17 days in pre-trial detention, the verdict against him and 15 other communists from Moers was pronounced before the Hamm Higher Regional Court "in the criminal case against Karl Rautenberg and others". Karl Rautenberg was sentenced to 5 ½ years and taken to the penal institution in Lüttringhausen near Remscheid. From there, just four months later, in August 36, he was taken to the Düsseldorf-Derendorf prison hospital for medical treatment. Karl Rautenberg died on March 20, 1937 in the institution hospital.	25 Aug 2016 Geschwister Scholl comprehensive school
	Adolf Ende	Weserstraße 19 location	1880	Consequences of imprisonment on June 3, 1939	The resistance fighter of the KPD Adolf Ende was arrested in May 1935 and imprisoned in Butzbach prison until November 1936. He died of the consequences of imprisonment on June 3, 1939.	25 Aug 2016 Mercator Vocational College
	Wilhelm Flecken	Pfefferstraße 6 location	1908	June 4, 1942 Sachsenhausen, Groß-Rosen	Wilhelm Flecken, b. on June 11, 1908 in Moers, was already a member of the KPD during the Weimar period. In April 1933 he was taken into protective custody because of his political views. In the following time he worked for the KPD in the underground. He was arrested in December 1940. He was sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. From there he was transferred to the Groß-Rosen labor camp in 1941, where he was murdered on June 4, 1942.	October 6, 2016 Justus-von-Liebig secondary school
	Julius Bloch	Steinstrasse 13 location	1876	unknown Riga	The merchant Julius Bloch, b. on December 11, 1876 in Lage, ran a cigar shop in Steinstrasse 13 until 1938. He was married to Rosa Bloch. Julius Bloch was a co-founder and long-time chairman of the Grafschafter sports club . In 1938 he moved with his wife Rose and his daughter Ilse to Cologne, where he had to live in so-called “Jewish houses” for a time. Here Julius Bloch was no longer registered as a merchant, but only as a worker. He was deported from Cologne to Riga on December 7, 1941, together with his wife Rosa and daughter Ilse, where all three were murdered.	Oct. 6, 2016 Filder Benden High School
	Rosa Bloch	Steinstrasse 13 location	1879	unknown Riga	Rose Bloch was the wife of the merchant Julius Bloch. Both had two daughters, Margot and Ilse. The daughter Margot left Moers in 1936 to get married and was later able to emigrate to the USA. In 1938 Rose moved to Cologne with her husband and daughter Ilse, where she had to live in so-called “Jewish houses” for a time. She and her husband Julius and Ilse were deported from Cologne to Riga on December 7, 1941, where all three were murdered.	Oct. 6, 2016 Filder Benden High School
	Use Bloch	Steinstrasse 13 location	1908	unknown Riga	Ilse Bloch was the daughter of Julius and Rose Bloch. Ilse had probably been trained as a kindergarten teacher and between 1929 and 1938 she apparently worked in several cities outside of Moers. Towards the end of 1933, "Hauslehrerin" appeared as a job title for Ilse Bloch. It can be assumed that she gave private tuition to Jewish children who were only allowed to attend Jewish schools. From the end of 1936 Ilse Bloch was only a housemaid. In 1938 she lived in Moers for a few months before moving with her parents to Cologne, where the family had to live in one of the so-called "Jewish houses" for a time. Ilse was deported from Cologne to Riga on December 7, 1941, together with her parents Julius and Rose Bloch, where all three were murdered.	Oct. 6, 2016 Filder Benden High School
	Philipp Berkley	Homberger Strasse 18 location	1875	October 30, 1944 Auschwitz	Philipp Berkley was born on June 8, 1875 in Schonhofen in the Netherlands, where his ancestors from Scotland immigrated. With his wife Johanna, he first moved to Homberg-Hochheide and around 1918 to Moers at Homberger Strasse 11, in the so-called “Oranien” house. Philipp Berkley worked as a businessman together with his father-in-law Max Windmüller and his brother-in-law Albert Windmüller (see above) in the family-owned company. The family left Moers in 1934 and fled to the Netherlands in 1939. There the parents were imprisoned in Westerbork on June 20, 1943 , deported to Theresienstadt on February 25, 1944 and taken to the Auschwitz extermination camp on October 28, 1944 , where they were murdered. The sons Max and Kurt survived underground in the Netherlands.	October 6, 2016 Adolfinum High School
	Johanna Berkley	Homberger Strasse 18 location	1883	October 30, 1944 Auschwitz	Johanna Berkley was the daughter of the businessman Max Windmüller. Her husband Philipp worked together with his brother-in-law Albert Windmüller in their parents' business. Both had their sons Max and Kurt, who, as students at the Adolfinum, reported spreading anti-Semitism before 1933 , which continued during their studies. The family left Moers in 1934 and fled to the Netherlands in 1939. There the parents were imprisoned in Westerbork on June 20, 1943 , deported to Theresienstadt on February 25, 1944 and taken to the Auschwitz extermination camp on October 28, 1944 , where they were murdered. The sons Max and Kurt survived underground in the Netherlands.	October 6, 2016 Adolfinum High School
	Otto Gutmann	Kirchstrasse 34 location	June 13, 1852	Jan. 4, 1943 Theresienstadt	Otto Gutmann was 90 years old when he was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942 with the so-called "Altentransport" from Burgstrasse 16, where he last had to live in one of the so-called "Jewish houses". There he died on January 4, 1943. Before moving to the "Judenhaus", Otto Gutmann lived at Kirchstrasse 34. A few days before his deportation, the police told him that his son Paul Gutmann had died of "diarrhea and heart failure" in the Groß-Rosen concentration camp. Paul Gutmann was noticed in Burhave near Wilhelmshaven because he did not wear a yellow star. A check revealed that he had also left Homberg, where he lived at the time, without a permit. These two misconduct were enough to take him to what is known as protective custody in Sachsenhausen concentration camp at the end of 1941. In the corresponding order of the Gestapo it says: "... by disregarding the laws enacted for Jews, causing considerable unrest among the population and, if released, suggests that he will damage the interests of the Reich"	Oct. 6, 2016 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Johanna Levy	Uerdinger Strasse 11 location	23 Aug 1863	Sep 10 1942 Theresienstadt	The married couple Jacob Levy, born on April 19, 1867 and Johanna Levy, born on April 19, 1867 Businessman, born on August 23, 1863, lived in their house at Uerdinger Strasse 11 since 1919. The daughter Margarete, who lived with her parents for some time with her husband, Karl Heymann from Krefeld during the persecution, was able to flee to Palestine via Belgium in 1939. The Levy parents stayed in Moers and were later forced to take in other Moers Jews into their house, which was known as the "Jewish house". Jacob Levy died in 1941. His wife had to leave her house on January 28, 1942 and move to Burgstrasse. She was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942, where she died a few weeks later at the age of seventy-nine.	Oct. 6, 2016 Grafschafter Gymnasium
	Else Blumenthal	Steinstrasse 51 location	1880	May 15, 1944 Auschwitz	Else Blumenthal, b. on March 17th, 1880 in Schulitz (Polish Solec) near Bromberg, from September 1941 she went into hiding with her non-Jewish brother-in-law, the architect Paul Rössler. Her sister Rosa, wife of Paul Rössler, died in 1931. Paul Rössler lived with his daughter Irmgard at Steinstrasse 51. Else Blumenthal, however, volunteered so as not to endanger her relatives. She was deported to Theresienstadt on July 25, 1942 and murdered in Auschwitz on May 15, 1944.	October 6, 2016 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Karin Alt	Homberger Strasse 99 location	1941	25 Aug 1944 Kalmenhof	Karin Alt was born on November 25, 1941. Her father Heinrich did military service since 1940. The mother Charlotte had to raise her three children on her own. Karin was sick. You didn't know what exactly she had. She hardly reacted to her environment. That is why she was receiving medical treatment, including at the local Bethanien hospital. From there she was referred to the “ children's department ” at Kalmenhof in Idstein. For the uninitiated, this was a place of special specialist medical care. In fact, at that time the Kalmenhof was a place where the so-called euthanasia program of the National Socialists was implemented in the special form of child “euthanasia” . The doctor in charge since May 1944 was Hermann Wesse . After taking up his duties, he asked his superiors to bring more children to the institution for his activities. It was decided to also assign children from the Rhine Province. This is how Karin came to the Kalmenhof. The registration card shows August 25, 1944 as the date of death. Hermann Wesse was sentenced to death in 1947. Because the sentence had not yet been carried out, it was converted into a life sentence after the Basic Law came into force. Wesse was released in 1965 and worked in the pharmaceutical industry.	Oct. 29, 2016 Hilda Heinemann School
	Sabine Cahn (née Katz)	Rheinberger Strasse 33 location	16 Sep 1865	unknown Riga	Sabine Cahn, b. Katz, was the widow of the cattle dealer Hermann Cahn, with whom she had five daughters and a son who died young. She lived with her grown up daughters Alma and Betty in her house at Rheinberger Strasse 33. The women were deported to Riga in 1941. Another daughter, Ida, took part in this transport voluntarily in order to be able to look after her mother as a doctor. The daughter Emmy, who was married to the grain dealer Emanuel Hess in Munich, was also deported to Riga with her husband and their sons Hans and Günther. Only Elfriede Eisenberg, b. Cahn, was able to flee to the USA with her children Gisela and Bernd.	June 29, 2017 Adolfinum High School
	Betty Cahn	Rheinberger Strasse 33 location	1888 Adolfinum Gymnasium	unknown Riga	Betty Cahn was the daughter of the cattle dealer Hermann Cahn and Sabine Cahn. She was deported to Riga in 1941 with her mother and sisters Alma and Ida Cahn.	June 29, 2017
	Alma Cahn	Rheinberger Strasse 33 location	1891	unknown Riga	Alma Cahn was the daughter of the cattle dealer Hermann Cahn and Sabine Cahn. She was deported to Riga in 1941 with her mother and sisters Betty and Ida Cahn.	June 29, 2017 Adolfinum High School
	Dr. Ida Cahn	Rheinberger Strasse 33 location	1895	October 1, 1944 Stutthof concentration camp	Dr. Ida Cahn was the daughter of the cattle dealer Hermann Cahn and his wife Sabine. She had attended the Lyceum in Moers from 1906 to 1913. From 1914 she began to study medicine. During this time she lived in Mannheim, Munich, Gießen and Berlin. In late autumn 1941 she worked as a doctor in Berlin in the Jewish hospital in obstetrics. When she learned of the impending deportation of her mother, who was then seventy-six years old, from Moers to Riga, she did not want to let her mother go into the unknown alone. She managed to get the authorities to join the transport to Riga on December 10, 1941, which she could still look after as a doctor. Dr. Ida Cahn was transferred from Riga to Stutthof on October 1, 1944 and murdered there.	June 29, 2017 Adolfinum High School
	Otto Preul	Hopfenstrasse 28 location	1878	Sep 15 1944 Moers police prison	The postal inspector Otto Preul lived in what is now Hopfenstrasse. 28. He did not belong to the organized resistance, but expressed his opposition to National Socialism through repeated critical statements. This led to his arrest in 1944. He died on September 15, 1944 in the Moers police prison at Uerdinger Strasse 4, allegedly by “suicide”. The exact circumstances were never clarified.	June 29, 2017 Mercator Vocational College
	Katharina Wöllenweber	Augustastraße 8 location	1904	April 17, 1941 Bernburg	Katharina Wöllenweber attended elementary school with mediocre performance and then went into "job" as a domestic worker. After being considered a pleasant child, she was stubborn and inaccessible as a teenager. After staying in the sanatoriums and nursing homes in Kaiserswerth and Grafenberg in 1935, she was admitted to the Bedburg-Hau sanatorium on November 12, 1936. On April 17, 1941, as part of "Aktion T4", she was "transferred" to another institution - namely to Bernburg - and murdered on the same day.	June 9, 2017 Hilda Heinemann School
	Heinrich Laakmann	Bonifatiusstrasse 47 location	1878	March 30, 1940 Sachsenhausen concentration camp	The farm of the farmer Heinrich Laakmann was formerly at the then Moerser Straße 75. Heinrich Laakmann belonged to the religious community of Jehovah's Witnesses. He was arrested in 1937 for distributing a leaflet and sentenced to one year and three months in prison. After serving this, he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he died on March 30, 1940 of exhaustion due to frequent gatekeeping . His son Peter Laakmann, who like his father had been convicted of distributing leaflets, survived the Buchenwald concentration camp .	June 9, 2017 Eschenburg School
	Jakob Wolff	Römerstrasse 438 location	1905	February 6, 1945 near Magdeburg	The miner Jakob Wolff was taken into protective custody as early as 1933 because of his membership in the KPD and related organizations. Arrested again on May 24, 1935 for his KPD activity as a newsman, he was sentenced to 6 years in prison on January 17, 36 in the "Jahny Trial" (80 other co-defendants) for preparing for high treason. After he was released from Butzbach prison in 1941, he worked as a miner again until he was called up for probation in the 999 Baumholder Penal Battalion in 1943 . In 1944 Jakob Wolff was certified his full military worth and he was deployed in the army. He fell on February 6, 1945 near Magdeburg.	June 9, 2017 Scholl comprehensive school
	Erich Pausewang	Lindenstrasse 106 location	1904	Apr. 2, 1940 Brandenburg-Görden State Agency	The unskilled worker Erich Pausewang suffered brain damage during a rescue operation at a digging hole and was then disabled. In 1935 he was admitted to the Bedburg-Hau regional hospital and in the spring of 1940 he was transferred to another sanatorium and nursing home. On April 2, 1940, he was “transferred” to the Brandenburg State Institution as part of “ Aktion T4 ”, where he was murdered on the same day.	9 June 2017 SCI Moers
	Friedrich Jirsak	Lauffstrasse 9 location	1885	Jan. 4, 1940 Consequences of imprisonment	The miner Friedrich Jirsak married a war widow with three children and lived with his family in Repelen-Rheim. He was arrested at the beginning of May 1935 and charged with many of his KPD comrades in the "Jahny Trial" for preparation for high treason. He was acquitted on January 17, 1936, but in October he was arrested again by the Gestapo on the same grounds and subjected to the most severe physical abuse by stick, lead and rubber truncheons during cross-examination. In February 1937, he returned from prison afterwards as a broken man. He died on January 4, 1940 of the long-term effects.	July 6, 2017 Rheinkamp high school
	Wilhelm Küsters	Filder Strasse 6 location	Feb. 1919	October 6, 1943 Stadtroda Sanatorium	Born in February 1919 at Königgrätzer Strasse 38, which no longer exists, Wilhelm Jakob Küsters was brought to the Hephata Evangelical Educational and Care Institution in Mönchengladbach as a disabled child who could walk but not speak when he was five and a half years old . Since he was dependent on constant help and care, he stayed there and grew up. At the age of 24 he was transferred to Hildburghausen in May 1943, shortly afterwards to the Stadtroda sanatorium in Thuringia, where he - meanwhile weak and apathetic - suddenly died on October 6, 1943 “under the signs of heart failure”. The telegram to his parents said “pneumonia”.	May 29, 2018 Filder Benden High School
	Peter Mill	Wiedstrasse 14 location	Dec 1910	May 27, 1941 Hadamar , Action T4	Peter Mill was born in December 1910 as the 12th child at 14 Wiedstrasse. He was not yet 2 years old when his mother suddenly died and the children had to raise each other. Peter was mentally retarded and after leaving school at the age of 14 came to Orbroich / Hüls as a farmhand to a farm, then to a monastery. In 1928 he was probably also temporarily in the Alexianer Hospital Maria Hilf in Krefeld. More details are not known - but it is documented that on May 27, 1941, at the age of 30, he "moved" with 89 other patients from the Galkhausen / Langenberg sanatorium to Hadamar by the GeKrat ( non-profit ambulance company , Berlin) and on the same day was killed. He is a victim of the T4 campaign .	May 29, 2018 Filder Benden High School
	Hubert Hanssen	Filder Strasse 34 location	1890	March 17, 1944 Ueckermünde Sanatorium	Hubert Hanßen, born in 1890, lived at Filder Str. 36, today only number 34 exists. For many years he worked as a head waiter in what was then the "Börse" on Moerser Altmarkt. Later he fell ill with Parkinson's or - that is not clear - with dementia and was therefore no longer able to do his job. On March 1st, 1943 he was admitted to the sanatorium and nursing home in Düsseldorf-Grafenberg . After a stopover in Süchteln-Johannistal, he was brought to the Ueckermünde sanatorium (Mecklenburg / Western Pomerania) on September 4, 1943, where he was murdered on March 17, 1944. The urn with Hubert Hanßen's ashes was sent to his son without prior notice and without further explanation.	May 29, 2018 Rheinkamp high school
	Herbert ter Stein	Blumenstrasse 15 location	1902	March 8, 1944 Altscherbitz-Schkeuditz Sanatorium	Herbert ter Stein (called Louven), born in 1902, worked as a window cleaner and lived in Blumenstr. 15. Not much is known about his living conditions, but his ordeal is documented: In 1941 he was admitted to Grafenberg , on March 8, 1944 he was murdered in the Schkeuditz sanatorium near Leipzig.	May 29, 2018 Rheinkamp high school
	Leopold happiness	Xantener Straße 18 location	1888	Warsaw Ghetto	As the head of a Jewish school, Leopold Frohsinn himself soon came into the focus of the National Socialists. As early as 1933 he was expelled from the school committee of the upper lyceum, and after the November pogrom he was taken into protective custody for a week. He had to justify the mayor of Moers in writing for the absence from school! Until the middle of 1939 he taught at the Jewish elementary school, which until then had been a municipal school. Then, like all Jewish teachers, he was dismissed from the public service and lost his civil service status. The Jewish schools were subordinated to the Reichsvereinigung der Juden, a Jewish association; but he could not finance such a small school with 9 students. It was therefore closed in 1939. The Frohsinn family could not live on their income as cantor, and so they left Moers on September 7th and moved to Bielefeld, where Leopold Frohsinn took over the management of the local Jewish private school and the organization of services and pastoral work in the community. On March 31, 1942, the Frohsinn family was deported to the Warsaw ghetto. There they were murdered.	29 May 2018
	Anna happiness	Xantener Straße 18 location	1897	Warsaw Ghetto	Anna Frohsinn, b. Hoffman, was abducted with her husband Leopold and their daughter Doris on March 31, 1942 to the Warsaw Ghetto and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Doris happiness	Xantener Straße 18 location	1929	Warsaw Ghetto	Doris Frohsinn was abducted with her parents Leopold and Anna on March 31, 1942 to the Warsaw Ghetto and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Louis Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	Aug 6, 1894	Auschwitz	Louis Kaufmann was the son of Jakob and Berta Kaufmann, who had built a house on Asberger Straße (today the fallow property at Xantener Straße 9). Three of her nine children died early. Three children were deported from other places (Aachen, Cologne area, Lennep). Only one daughter survived in hiding. Until their deportation, their two sons Louis, the butcher, and Gustav, the cattle dealer, lived with their families in the house at Xantener Str. 9. In 1938, both were taken into "protective custody" and taken to Dachau. In 1941 Louis was deported from Moers to Riga with his wife Henny and his son Günter, after which they were taken to Auschwitz and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Henny Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	May 15, 1902	Riga	Henny Kaufmann, née Marchand, was born on May 15th, 1902. She was the wife of Louis Kaufmann and was deported to Riga with her husband and son Günter in 1941 and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Günter Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	June 19, 1932	Riga	Günter Kaufmann was born on June 19, 1932. With his parents Louis and Henny Kaufmann, he was deported to Riga in 1941 and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Gustav Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	27 Sep 1887	Riga	Gustav Kaufmann was the son of Jakob and Berta Kaufmann, who had built a house on Asberger Straße (today the fallow plot of land at Xantener Straße 9). Three of her nine children died early. Three children were deported from other places (Aachen, Cologne area, Lennep). Only one daughter survived in hiding. Up until their deportation, their two sons Gustav, the cattle dealer, and Louis, the butcher, lived with their families in the house at Xantener Str. 9. In 1938, both were taken into “protective custody” and taken to Dachau. In 1941 Gustav was deported from Moers to Riga with his wife Herta and his son Heinz, where they were murdered.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Herta Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	Aug 20, 1892	Riga	Herta Kaufmann, née Cohn, was born on August 20, 1892. She was the wife of Gustav Kaufmann and was deported to Riga with her husband and son Heinz in 1941 and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Heinz Kaufmann	Xantener Strasse 9 location	March 15, 1930	Riga	Heinz Kaufmann was born on March 15th, 1930. He was deported to Riga with his parents Gustav and Herta Kaufmann in 1941 and murdered there.	May 29, 2018 Adolfinum High School
	Mathilde Kaufmann	Repelener Strasse 2 location	1876	1944 Auschwitz	Mathilde Kaufmann was the daughter of the butcher Salomon Kaufmann and his wife Henriette Regina, nee. Dahl, from chapels. She had nine siblings. Mathilde was single and a respected master tailor who trained apprentices and journeymen. In 1928 she was elected to the board of directors of the Moers ladies' guild. With the second large deportation of Jews from Moers, she was deported to Theresienstadt in July 1942. From there she came to Auschwitz, where she was murdered in 1944.	May 27, 2019 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Serious businessman	Repelener Strasse 2 location	1882	March 5, 1941 Amsterdam	Ernst Kaufmann was the son of the butcher Salomon Kaufmann and his wife Henriette Regina, geb. Dahl, from chapels. He had nine siblings. Together with his brother Karl, he fled to the Netherlands in 1939. From there they wanted to continue to flee to America, but they did not succeed. Little is known about the time in the Netherlands. After a stay in Rotterdam, Ernst went to Amsterdam, where his brother was staying. There he died on March 5, 1941 under unexplained circumstances in a pension.	May 27, 2019 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Karl Kaufmann	Repelener Strasse 2 location	1883	Feb 17, 1942 Amsterdam	Karl Kaufmann was the son of the butcher Salomon Kaufmann and his wife Henriette Regina, geb. Dahl, from chapels. He had nine siblings. Before 1933, Karl Kaufmann, as a respected citizen and businessman, was one of the board members of the butchers' guild in Moers. He couldn't come to terms with the times after the seizure of power. At the Moers fair he is said to have said, according to an anonymous informer, “[…] in Germany things are currently very bad, it would probably not be able to stay that way for long, woe if the little paper turns, he wouldn’t like to see Jews again The Moers police considered him “an evil slanderer and agitator who was out for revenge and retribution.” Karl Kaufmann was in protective custody in the Esterwegen concentration camp for almost a year. After the Reichspogromnacht in 1938 he was sent to the Dachau concentration camp on November 18, 1938, but was released again as a participant in the World War and owner of the EK 2nd class. The release was probably also favored because the Comité Duitse Vluchtelingen in Enschede had issued a certificate for emigration. Together with his brother Ernst, he fled to the Netherlands in 1939. There he died under unexplained circumstances on February 17, 1942 in the same pension where his brother had died just a year earlier.	May 27, 2019 Heinrich-Pattberg-Realschule
	Emil Moses	Nordring 9 location	1876	Riga	Emil Moses was a cattle dealer. He lived with his family on the Nordring. After his wife Sophie died in 1934, he married a second time, Ella Czarlinski from Cologne. Both were deported to Riga on December 10, 1941, and murdered there. The sons were able to flee to North and South America.	May 27, 2019 Adolfinum High School
	Ella Moses	Nordring 9 location	1882	Riga	Ella Moses, née Czarlinski, from Cologne was Emil Moses' second wife. She lived with her husband's family on the Nordring. Both were deported to Riga on December 10, 1941, and murdered there.	May 27, 2019 Adolfinum High School
	Veronika Dawidowski	Alsenstrasse 13m location	1889	May 14, 1943 Pfafferode	Veronika Dawidowski, b. Drzewicka, lived on Alsenstr. 13m in Hochstraß and was the mother of three children and grandmother of several grandchildren. On May 7, 1942, she was admitted to the Düsseldorf-Grafenberg sanatorium, on February 19, 1943, to the Pfafferode institution near Mühlhausen, and on May 14, 1943, she was murdered. Nothing is known about the reason for her admission to psychiatry, her further development, or the circumstances of her death	May 27, 2019 St. Marien Primary School
	Helmut Schön	Lindenstrasse 7 location	1914	Feb. 15, 1944 Uchtspringe	Helmut Schön was born in 1914 and lived in Lindenstrasse. 7. His father was a miner. Helmut successfully graduated from elementary school at the time. Despite his good health, he did not get a permanent job. He must have been a difficult personality. In 1934 he was examined by a medical officer and immediately afterwards admitted to the Bedburg-Hau sanatorium with the diagnosis "simple mental disorder". In March 1935 he was rendered sterile there (forced sterilization). In 1943 he was transferred to the care facility in Uchtspringe (now part of Stendal ). There he allegedly died on February 15, 1944 of tuberculosis and schizophrenia. In this case, too, it is a question of a patient murder.	May 27, 2019 Geschwister-Scholl Comprehensive School
	Magdalena Hirtz	Ruhrstrasse 51 location	1889	April 7, 1941 Bernburg	Magdalena Hirtz, b. Schütz, born in 1889, lived at Ruhrstrasse 51. Together with her husband, she had a son and a daughter born out of wedlock. On October 26th, 1935 she was admitted to the Bedburg-Hau sanatorium because she had developed a mental illness in the previous 1 ½ years without any external reasons. In the Bedburg-Hau sanatorium, Magdalena Hirtz was seen as an annoying patient who did not want to work. On March 8, 1940, it was "relocated" to the Görden state facility, which acted as a T4 intermediate facility. From here, on April 7, 1941, she was “transferred” to the Bernburg killing center , where she fell victim to the gas murder and thus to “Operation T4 ” on the same day .	May 27, 2019 Geschwister-Scholl Comprehensive School
	Friedrich Dreier	Lindenstrasse 56 location	1917	December 30, 1941 Eichberg	Friedrich Dreier was born on September 29, 1917 as the 9th child of the miner Friedrich Ernst Dreier in Meerbeck. After attending primary school, he worked as an agricultural assistant and unskilled worker in the Moers area until he was called up for the Reich Labor Service in April 1938. Whatever happened there, when he got home at the end of October, he told his father that he was "no longer quite right". This condition probably deteriorated, so that in June 1939 he was admitted to the Bedburg-Hau sanatorium. From there, after nine months, he was “transferred” to the Eichberg state hospital in Hesse , where, according to the patient file, he died on December 30th, 1941 of “infirmity with schizophrenia”. He was 24 years old.	May 27, 2019 Justus von Liebig secondary school

⁽¹⁾ The members of the Bähr family lived in the residential building at Kirchstrasse 48. This was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War, was not rebuilt and would now be at the intersection of Unterwallstrasse and Rheinberger Strasse, so that the stumbling blocks were relocated to the Rathausplatz, which overlooks the old Location enables.

Stumbling blocks with regard to Moers

A stumbling block was laid in Mülheim (Althofstraße 44a) for the Schwafheim teacher Maria Djuk . Else Soberski, born in 1941, was deported from Moers to Riga. Voss, who only came to Moers after 1939, after her house in Bad Neuenahr had been foreclosed. For them there is a stumbling block at Lindenstrasse 4 in Bad Neuenahr .

Other persecuted people in what was then the Moers district

Other documents include persecuted Jewish people who have been expatriated, have been murdered without rights and are mostly murdered if they cannot escape: Ludwig Krispin, Utfort; Gertrud Neuhaus, Kamp-Lintfort and Julius Oster, Xanten.

literature

with individual biographies:

• Bernhard Schmidt, Fritz Burger: Moers crime scene. Resistance and National Socialism in the southern Altkreis Moers . Aragon, 3rd edition Moers 2005, ISBN 978-3-89535-701-5
• Bernhard Schmidt (Ed.): Moers under the swastika. Contemporary witness reports, remembrance work and articles on the Nazi era in the old district of Moers . Klartext, Essen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8375-0004-2
• Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers 1991, ISBN 978-3-87067-440-3

Web links

Commons : Stolpersteine ​​in Moers  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Bernhard Schmidt: Memorial and stumbling blocks for the Leiss and Christians families
• Moers gets stumbling blocks (You tube 2013)
• Stolpersteine ​​in Moers (You tube)
• Stumbling blocks for six resistance fighters in Moerser Matthek (You tube)
• Stumbling block laying for Karin Alt, a "euthanasia" victim (You tube)
• Announcement for the laying of the stumbling block on June 9, 2017 by the association Erinnern für die Zukunft

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Christian Schroeder: Stolpersteine ​​stopped for the time being. Rheinische Post , September 26, 2011, accessed on May 22, 2013 . 
2. ↑ Gabriele Kaenders: Stumbling blocks. The left. Moers parliamentary group, 25 September 2011, accessed on 22 May 2013 . 
3. ^ Maren Schmidt: "Stumbling blocks" in Moers. Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Moers, October 20, 2011, accessed on May 22, 2013 . 
4. ↑ Barbara Grofe: First stumbling blocks in Moers at the end of May. Rheinische Post , February 16, 2013, accessed on May 22, 2013 . 
5. ↑ Press release of the city of Moers (accessed on March 22, 2017)
6. ↑ WAZ of August 28, 2014, local section Moers
7. ↑ Excerpts from a detailed interview with Hannelore Koch and Helga Sakowski about their memories of their father Paul Ulrich with corresponding passages are reproduced in: Bernhard Schmidt (Ed.): Moers unterm Hakenkreuz. Contemporary witness reports, remembrance work and contributions to the Nazi era in the Altkreis Moers , Klartext, Essen 2008, 194–199
8. ↑ NRZ , December 7, 2015, NMO_4
9. ↑ Relocation of the Stolpersteine ​​on August 25, 2016 (PDF) Documentation by the association "Remembering for the Future"
10. ↑ Press release of the city of Moers from November 2, 2016
11. ↑ Euthanasia in Moers is now being researched , RP-online from September 16, 2016 (accessed on March 22, 2017)
12. ^ Lullaby by Ilse Weber
13. ↑ Press release of the city of Moers from June 12, 2017
14. ↑ Press release of the city of Moers from June 1, 2018
15. ^ Freshly laid stumbling blocks in Moers smeared: State security investigates NRZ from May 30th
16. ↑ Date of relocation and school / organization involved in the memorial act
17. ↑ ^{a b} Federal Archives : Entry: Bähr, Hermann Hirsch. Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , accessed on June 11, 2013 . 
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . S. 117-119 .
19. ↑ ^{a b} Federal Archives : Entry: Bähr, Helene Hella. Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , accessed on June 11, 2013 . 
20. ↑ Federal Archives : Entry: Bähr, Günter. Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , accessed on June 11, 2013 . 
21. ↑ ^{a b} Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . S. 130 .
22. ^ Federal Archives : Entry: Moses, Leopold. Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , accessed on July 1, 2013 . 
23. ↑ Federal Archives : Entry: Bachrach, Hildegard. Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933–1945 , accessed on July 1, 2013 . 
24. ^ Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . S. 132 .
25. ↑ Bernhard Schmidt: Memorial and stumbling blocks for the Leiss and Christen families ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Website of the project "Zeitzeichen", Zeitzeichen is a project of the church district Moers - New Evangelical Forum and the association Remembering for the future 
26. ^ ^{A b} Bernhard Schmidt, Fritz Burger: Tatort Moers . 2nd Edition. Aragon Verlag, Moers 1995, ISBN 978-3-89535-701-5 , p. 327-333 .
27. ^ Peter Horstmann: Moerser streets. History and interpretation . Edited by the city of Moers. 5th edition. 2008, p. 134
28. ↑ For family history see: Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers, 1991, p. 161
29. ^ Commemorative book for the victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 , entry: Schäfer, Julie Julia, accessed on February 14, 2020
30. ^ Yad Vashem: Central database of the names of the Holocaust victims
31. ^ Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers, 1991, p. 161
32. ^ Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers, 1991, p. 121
33. ↑ Bernhard Schmidt: Hermann Runge (1902–1975), resistance fighter against National Socialism and one of the "fathers" of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany , portal history of the Rhineland Regional Association
34. ^ Bernhard Schmidt, Fritz Burger: Tatort Moers, Aragon, Moers 1994, 181-182
35. ^ LN (local news) Moers August 21, 2005
36. ^ Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers, 1991, p. 119 with evidence
37. ↑ Federal Archives : Memorial Book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny 1933 - 1945 , entry: Buschhoff, Martha, accessed on February 13, 2020
38. ^ Brigitte Wirsbitzki: History of the Moers Jews after 1933 . Brendow, Moers, 1991, p. 143
39. ^ Nazi judges punished Rheinhauser communists harshly from WAZ from May 25, 2016
40. ^ "Stumbling block" for Maria Djuk
41. ↑ Stolpersteine ​​in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 16 
42. ↑ A Mrs. Mathilde Rosenbaum is assigned by the source "Lintorf", district of Moers, a spelling or an assignment error. Michael Hepp (Hrsg.): Register of the places of birth and the last places of residence . Volume 3. Saur, Munich 1988; again de Gruyter, Berlin 2012. Here Julius Oster is assigned to the neighboring town of Uedem ; There has been a stumbling block for him there at Mühlenstrasse 24 since 2013.

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap