Metacomet Ridge
| Metacomet Ridge | ||
|---|---|---|
 Basalt cliffs (Holyoke Formation) |
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| Highest peak | Mount Toby ( 387 m ) | |
| location | Connecticut River Valley ; Massachusetts , Connecticut ( USA ) | |
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| Coordinates | 42 ° 29 ′ N , 72 ° 32 ′ W | |
| Type | Layer combs | |
| rock | Basalt , silicon plastic (hardly forming a relief) | |
| Age of the rock | Lower Jurassic | |
The Metacomet Ridge (also Metacomet Ridge Mountains , Metacomet Range ) is a narrow, steep mountain range made of basalt that runs north to south through the Connecticut River Valley in Massachusetts and Connecticut . Picturesque cliffs, viewpoints, special microclimates , ecosystems and plant communities make the mountain range a facet of the landscape that is particularly worthy of protection. It is also a valuable local recreation area in an area where more than 1.5 million people live in a corridor of approx. 10 mi (16 km). There are four long-distance hiking trails along the ridge and more than a dozen parks and recreation areas, as well as several nationally recognized historical sites are spread across its area. In addition to municipal, state and federal authorities, almost two dozen non-profit organizations are committed to protecting the landscape of Metacomet Ridge.
The Metacomet Ridge extends 100 mi (160 km) from New Haven and Branford on Long Island Sound to northern Franklin County , approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) from the Vermont and New Hampshire border . Geologically, it is not only younger than the nearby Appalachian Mountains, including the basement plateaus that surround the Connecticut River Valley, but is also composed differently in that it is largely made of basalt (also commonly known as "trap rock" in English, see Trapp ). is constructed. Although the mountain range rises to a maximum of just under 1270 ft (390 m) above sea level and reaches an average height of only 725 ft (221 m), it forms a striking landmark because it rises steeply from the surrounding landscape.
The rock of the Metacomet Ridge owes its formation to continental drift . At the turn of the Triassic to the Jurassic approx. 200 million years ago, basaltic lava oozed out of the cracks that had arisen when the North American and African plates began to drift apart and poured into the landscape. The basalt covered the river and lake sediments that had been deposited there until then (mostly gravel, sand and clay-silt-mud). Due to interruptions in volcanic activity, sediments were also deposited between the individual, up to 100 m thick basalt layers. After the volcanism finally subsided, the basalts were covered by further sediments. Subsequent tilting and lifting of the basalt coverings and the sediments in which they are embedded, and as a result of erosion , the weathering and erosion-resistant basalts were carved out of the sedimentary rocks as elongated ridges.
Origin of name
Metacomet or Metacom is the name of a sachem ("chief") of the Wampanoag Indians in the 17th century. Metacomet led his people in King Philip's War , a Wampanoag uprising against the expansion of British settlers in New England . Metacomet was also known under the name King Philip . Numerous geographic names ( toponyms ) in New England refer to it today: Metacomet Trail , Metacomet-Monadnock Trail , King Philip's Cave , King Philip Mountain and Sachem Head . Legend has it that Metacometburned downwhat was then the Simsbury outpostandwatchedthe fire from Talcott Mountain . There is also one of thecaves namedafter him King Philip's Cave . In addition, the names Metacomet and King Philip have been used in names of at least sixteen landscape features and more than 75 businesses, schools and civic organizations in southern New England.
geography
Geographical demarcation
The Metacomet Ridge as a " Traprock ridge to call" however is not without controversy. The actual basalt ridge begins at the Holyoke Range in Belchertown (Massachusetts) and ends at the Hanging Hills in Meriden (Connecticut) . A 2004 study commissioned by the National Park Service extends the definition to include the entire ridge from Greenfield, Massachusetts to Long Island Sound . The Sierra Club calls the entire Connecticut area "The Traprock Ridge". Geologically and apparently the ridge line stretches as a continuous landscape formation from Belchertown, Massachusetts to Branford, Connecticut on Long Island Sound, a distance of 71 mi (114 km). It is broken only by the gorges of Farmington River in Connecticut and Westfield and Connecticut Rivers in Massachusetts. Until 2008, the United States Board on Geographic Names (USBGN) did not recognize the names Metacomet Ridge, Traprock Ridge, or others, although several sections were named. Geologists refer to the whole formation as "the traprock ridge" or "the traprock mountains" or use technical terms. The situation is made more complicated by the fact that only the highest layers on the surface are real "trap rock". And this only applies to the southern three-quarters of the ridge. The underlying layers of sedimentary rock are also part of the structure of the ridge. In north-central Massachusetts, this formation becomes the predominant layer and extends the ridge from the Holyoke Range by an additional 35 mi (56 km) through greenfield almost to the Vermont border . In this article, the entire Metacomet Ridge is covered in its entire geological extent.
geography
The basalt ridge begins on Long Island Sound with two parallel mountain ridges, as well as the associated branches of individual basalt islands in between. These include, for example, the Härtling -like cliffs of East Rock and the isolated summit of Peter's Rock . The western ridgeline begins in New Haven (Connecticut) as West Rock Ridge with Mad Mare Hill and Mount Sanford and stretches northeast over Rocky Top and Sleeping Giant , Peck Mountain , Prospect Ridge . This line extends for approximately 16 mi (26 km) before turning into a series of low hills south of Southington , 2.75 mi (4.4 km) west of the Hanging Hills at Meriden.
To the east, the formation begins at Beacon Hill (130 ft = 40 m), in Branford, Connecticut , on the banks of the East Haven River Estuary , and from there extends over 60 mi (97 km) north to Mount Tom in Holyoke, Massachusetts ) ; from there it turns to the east over the Connecticut River where it continues as Holyoke Range for 10 mi (16 km) before it ends in Belchertown. Several scattered, parallel ridges run along this route. The best known of these are the hills of Rocky Hill, Connecticut and the Barn Door Hills of Granby, Connecticut .
To the north of Mount Tom and the Holyoke Range , the apex of the ridge has apparently been eroded and the underlying sediment layers come to the surface, but no longer with the same sharp profile. Between Holyoke Range and Pocumtuck Ridge , over a distance of 9 mi (14 km), the Metacomet Ridge consists only of a series of mostly undescribed hills between the sedimentary layers of the surrounding plains. Mount Warner (512 ft = 156 m) in Hadley, Massachusetts is not geologically connected to the Metacomet Ridge. It consists of metamorphic rock and extends west into the sedimentary layers.
The Metacomet Ridge then rises again to the Pocumtuck Ridge , with Sugarloaf Mountain and the parallel massif of Mount Toby (1269 ft = 387 m), the highest point of the entire formation. Both Sugarloaf Mountain and Mount Toby are made of erosion-resistant sedimentary rocks. North of Mount Sugarloaf , the Pocumtuck Ridge continues, alternating as a sedimentary and basalt ridge to Greenfield (Massachusetts) . From Greenfield to the north, the ridge runs up to 2 mi (3 km) to the border triangle Vermont – New Hampshire – Massachusetts. The profile of the Metacomet Ridge is lost in a series of undescribed hills and low, wooded peaks made of sedimentary rock and increasingly declining basalt layers.
In Connecticut, the highest point is the West Peak of the Hanging Hills (1024 ft = 312 m); in Massachusetts, the highest basalt peak is Mount Tom (1202 ft = 366 m). Only Mount Toby , a sedimentary rock summit, is a little higher. On the surface, Metacomet Ridge appears narrowest at Provin Mountain and East Mountain in Massachusetts, where the visible rocks are only 0.5 mi (1 km) wide; it reaches its greatest width at Totoket Mountain with more than 4 mi (6 km). Parallel ridges and connected layers make the Metacomet Ridge a lot wider than can be seen with the naked eye. The formation reaches up to 10 mi (16 km) wide in some places. The catchment area is mainly drained by the Connecticut River and its tributaries ( Falls River , Deerfield River , Westfield River , Farmington River , Coginchaug River ) and in southern Connecticut also by the Quinnipiac River .
The Metacomet Ridge is accompanied by a variety of rural, forested, agricultural and urban landscapes. It is within 6 mi (10 km) of a number of urban centers including New Haven , Meriden , New Britain , Hartford and Springfield . Smaller towns include Greenfield , Northampton , Amherst , Holyoke , West Hartford , Farmington , Wallingford and Hamden .
geology
The Metacomet Ridge was formed by geological expansion processes around 200 million years ago during the Triassic and Jurassic periods . The basalt crest (traprock crest) is the result of several enormous lava effusions that were several hundred meters thick in a fault when the North American plate separated from Eurasia and Africa . The Metacomet Ridge is, so to speak, a prehistoric rift valley that was once a branch or a parallel trench to the rift valley from which the Atlantic Ocean was to emerge.
Basalt is initially a dark pouring rock . Due to the weathering processes of the iron-containing minerals, it turns rust-brown to dark purple on the surface . It often forms octagonal and pentagonal columns, so-called "postpiles" (basalt prisms). Extensive scree slopes accompany many of the cliffs along the Metacomet Ridge .
The eruptions lasted about 20 million years. Erosion and sedimentation between the eruptions deposited thick layers of sediment between the lava layers and sediment layers formed in the basalt. The resulting "layer cake" made of basalt and sedimentary rocks was folded and tilted. The onset of erosion eroded the softer sediments faster than the hard basalt layers, exposing the edges of the basalt layers and creating the clear edge line and dramatic cliffs that are visible today on the western and northern sides of the ridge. The layer structure is most clearly seen at Mount Norwottuck in the Holyoke Range in Massachusetts. The summit of the Norwottuck is made of basalt; Directly below the summit are the Horse Caves , a deep overhang where the sediment layers have been washed out. Sugarloaf Mountain , Pocumtuck Ridge, and Mount Toby are another example of "pie layering". The base layer consists of arkose sandstone , which is pending at Mount Sugarloaf . The middle layer consists of basalt that emerges from the Pocumtuck Ridge and the top layer consists of sedimentary conglomerates known as Mount Toby Conglomerates . Displacements and earthquakes during continental drift placed the layers at an oblique angle. Erosion and glacier abrasions shaped the layers in such a way that three different mountain ridges have emerged from the original mass today. Although Mount Toby and Mount Sugarloaf are not made of basalt, because of how they were formed, they are part of Metacomet Ridge .
West Rock in New Haven is once again a special case because it was not created by volcanic lava flows, but is the remnant of a huge volcanic dike through which the lava flowed to the surface.
While the basalt cliffs are the most obvious remnants of prehistoric geological processes, significant evidence of prehistoric life can be found in the sedimentary rocks and the surrounding terrain in the form of fossils from the Triassic and Jurassic, in particular dinosaur tracks. In Dinosaur State Park in Rocky Hill (Connecticut) were excavated more than 2,000 well-preserved tracks. Other places at Holyoke and Greenfield brought similarly significant finds to light.
Ecosystem
The Metacomet Ridge is home to a number of rare microclimates . Dry, hot mountain ridges with oak savannas , which are often dominated by chestnut oak and various grasses and ferns of the understory, lie close together next to Virginian juniper ( Juniperus virginiana ), a drought-loving species that clings to the cliff edges and the slopes turned away from the sun provide habitat for plant communities characteristic of the nearby Appalachian Mountains , species of the Northern Hardwood forest and Oak-Hickory forest ecosystems. Canadian hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis , Eastern hemlock) grows in the narrow canyons and blocks the sunlight, providing moist, cooler growth conditions for ferns and shade plants. The scree slopes are particularly rich in minerals and are home to a number of calcium-loving plants that are otherwise rare in the region. Mile-long cliffs are an ideal habitat for large birds of prey and are an important landmark for bird migration.
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Because of these conditions, the ridge has the northernmost and southernmost extent of certain species. Others are rare nationally or globally. These species are Prickly Pear Cactus , peregrine falcon , North American copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen , northern copperhead), Queen lady's slipper ( Cypripedium reginae , showy lady's slipper), Yellow Corydalis ( Corydalis lutea , yellow corydalis), Aries lady's slipper ( Cypripedium arietinum , ram's – head lady's slipper), basil mountain mint and devil's bit lily .
The Metacomet Ridge is also an important aquifer . Cities and municipalities get their drinking water from there. Reservoirs were built at Talcott Mountain , Totoket Mountain , Saltonstall Mountain , Bradley Mountain , Ragged Mountain, and the Hanging Hills in Connecticut. Reservoirs for Springfield, Massachusetts are located on Provin Mountain and East Mountain .
history
Pre-colonial times
Indians lived in the surrounding river valleys for at least 10,000 years. The tribes belonged to the great peoples of the Quinnipiac , Niantic , Pequot , Pocomtuc and Mohegan . They used basalt to make tools and arrowheads and lived mainly from hunting and shifting cultivation. Slash and burn was occasionally carried out on smaller areas along the rivers to facilitate the cultivation of corn , pumpkins , tobacco and beans . The Indians incorporated the landforms into the legends of their religious beliefs and many of the stories of the Indians were later incorporated into the folklore of the colonial era. The stone giant Hobbomock , a popular character in many fairy tales, has been blamed for relocating the Connecticut River , where it turns abruptly east at Middletown, Connecticut , after running relatively steadily south for several hundred miles is. It is also said that Hobbomuck killed a giant man-eating beaver that was believed to have lived in a large lake somewhere in the Connecticut River Valley , Massachusetts. The Indians believed that the beaver's body is still more visible than the Pocumtuck Ridge . Later, after Hobbomuck relocated the Connecticut River , he was punished by sleeping forever. It is said that his sleeping body forms the human-like silhouette of the Sleeping Giant . There are even scientific explanations for these stories. The large lake where the gigantic beaver is believed to have lived could be a reminder of post-glacial Lake Hitchcock , which existed 10,000 years ago; the giant beaver could be traced back to a real, bear-sized species of beaver ( Castoroides ohioensis ). Many landforms of the Metacomet Ridge still bear Indian names today: Besek , Pistapaug , Coginchaug , Mattabesett , Metacomet , Totoket , Norwottuck , Hockanum , Nonotuck , Pocumtuck and others.
Colonization and industrialization
Europeans began colonizing the river valleys around the Metacomet Ridge in the mid-17th century. The forests were cleared or burned to create agricultural land. By the beginning of the 19th century, almost all of New England's forests had disappeared and the steep slopes of Metacomet Ridge had also been cut down, although the steep slopes were unsuitable for agriculture. The wood was used for the growing coal industry before the Appalachian hard coal took its place as fuel. Elsewhere, the forests on the ridges were burned when the surrounding areas were burned and some of the high-altitude areas were used as grazing land. Basalt was extracted from the cones of rubble to lay the foundations of buildings. Copper ore was discovered at the base of Peak Mountain in northern Connecticut and was mined by inmates at Old Newgate Prison .
In the course of industrialization in the 19th century, the rivers were dammed to use water power. The logging continued unabated to meet the growing demand for wood. Basalt and sandstone were mined in many places as building material for roads and houses, and brownstone was also popular and even exported by rail or boat.
Transcendentalism
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Urbanization and industrialization in Europe and North America led to aesthetic counter-movements. American transcendentalism with prominent figures such as the painters Thomas Cole , Frederic Edwin Church and other Hudson River School painters, landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and the writings of the philosophers Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson sought a balance to the destructive force in nature of the human. The romantic view of the mountains and other natural beauties in New England led to a change in perception and the Metacomet Ridge went from a commercial resource to a recreational resource. Hotels, parks and summer houses were built in the mountains from the mid-1880s until the early 20th century. Notable hotels have sprung up on Mount Holyoke , Mount Tom , Sugarloaf Mountain and Mount Nonotuck . Parks like Poet's Seat in Greenfield (Massachusetts) and Hubbard Park on the Hanging Hills in Meriden were created as retreats from the adjacent urban areas. Properties like Hill-Stead and Heublein Tower were created as second homes by industrialists and investors. Although interest has gradually focused on more remote areas, the physical, cultural, and historical legacy of this early conservation and recreation movement still forms an important foundation for modern conservation efforts. Many of the properties became museums; old hotels and the associated lands became state and urban park areas. Often the lands passed into the public domain after fires or due to foundations, acquisitions or confiscation due to unpaid taxes. Nostalgic memories from previous hotel guests supported the aesthetic of preservation.
Hiking movement (trail building)
Organizations such as the Appalachian Mountain Club , the Green Mountain Club , the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (Appalachian Trail Conference), and the Connecticut Forest and Park Association promoted interest in natural landscapes as recreational areas. The Green Mountain Club pioneered the establishment of the Long Trail in Vermont in 1918, and the Connecticut Forest and Park Association , under Edgar Laing Heermance , soon followed suit with the 23 mi (37 km) Quinnipiac Trail along Metacomet Ridge in southern Connecticut in 1928 and soon after with the 51 mi (82 km) long Metacomet Trail in central and northern Connecticut. More than 700 mi (1,100 km) of Blue Blaze Trails in Connecticut has been recognized to date. While the focus of the Appalachian Mountain Club initially mainly to the White Mountains in New Hampshire were done, the perception grew opened as the membership and interest in areas that are closer to winning the residences of members importance. In the late 1950s, the 110 mi (180 km) long Metacomet-Monadnock Trail was upgraded by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club under Professor Walter M. Banfield of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The trail follows Metacomet Ridge for a third of the length. Overall, the establishment of the hiking trails had a supportive effect on the perception of the natural beauties of the Metacomet Ridge .
Urbanization and landscape protection
Although the Metacomet Ridge had been in the immediate vicinity of major cities for more than two hundred years, it was long considered an unfavorable building site due to its difficult terrain, unless you had enough money to build. However, urbanization and the introduction of automobiles, along with modern construction techniques and machines, led to a demand for housing in and around the previously undeveloped Metacomet Ridge and the surrounding "exurban communities". In 2007, the metropolitan area around the Range with New Haven , Meriden , New Britain , Hartford , Springfield and Greenfield combined had a population of more than 2.5 million. The population around the Range in Connecticut increased between the 1990s and 2000 7.6 % increased and building permits by 26%. As an attractive landscape due to its views and proximity to urban centers, Metacomet Ridge has become a major destination for both contractors and landscape conservationists. Quarrying work has posed a particularly serious threat to ecosystems, public access, and the aesthetic aspects of the ridge. At the same time, however, the interest in outdoor activities also increased and made the Ridge an attractive "active leisure" destination. Today more than twenty local NGOs are active in protecting the landscape of the Ridge. Most of them were created between 1970 and 2000, and almost all of them have seen an increase in activity since 1990. In addition, several international and national organizations began campaigning for the Metacomet Ridge, including The Nature Conservancy , Sierra Club and Trust for Public Land .
Freetime activities
The steep slopes, viewpoints and the variety of landscapes in the vicinity of the urban centers make the Metacomet Ridge an important local recreation area. More than 200 mi (320 km) of hiking trails stretch along the mountains. In addition to the ones already mentioned ( Metacomet Trail , Quinnipiac Trail , Metacomet-Monadnock Trail ) these are Mattabesett Trail , Regicides Trail (Connecticut); Robert Frost Trail and Pocumtuck Ridge Trail, Massachusetts. There are also plenty of opportunities for climbing, bouldering, fishing, boating, hunting, swimming, skiing, trail running, cycling and mountain biking, snowshoeing, bird watching and picnicking. Around the Metacomet Ridge there are more than a dozen state parks , reserves, and community parks, as well as more than three dozen Nature Preserves and Conservation Properties . Seasonal automotive driveways with overlooks are available at Poet's Seat Park , Mount Sugarloaf State Reservation , JA Skinner State Park , Mount Tom State Reservation , Hubbard Park, and West Rock Ridge State Park . Camping, on the other hand, is largely prohibited. Museums, historic sites, interpretive centers and other attractions can be found and even some outdoor concerts, celebrations and festivals are held.
natural reserve
Urban expansion is the greatest threat to the Metacomet Ridge. Quarrying work has already cleared several square miles (km²) of mountains in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Areas affected include Trimountain , Bradley Mountain , Totoket Mountain , Chauncey Peak , Rattlesnake Mountain , East Mountain , Pocumtuck Ridge and the former Round Mountain of the Holyoke Range . The gigantic human-like profile of the Sleeping Giant shows signs of degradation on its "head". The dismantling there was stopped by the action of the local residents and by the Sleeping Giant Park Association .
Development and quarrying have led to efforts to acquire land for public use through collective acquisition and fundraising. Legal advice was created for land donations and conservation easement (protection privileges) and protection provisions and in some rare cases even expropriations (eminent domain) made. The most recent additions include the acquisition of the abandoned Mount Tom ski area , the acquisition of the slopes and peaks of Ragged Mountain , and the inclusion of the ridgeline from North Branford, Connecticut to Belchertown , Massachusetts in a National Park Service study for a new national Scenic Trail ( New England National Scenic Trail ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Elizabeth J. Farnsworth: Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment. ( Memento of August 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2004, as of June 14, 2015
- ↑ a b United States Census Bureau . December 20, 2007.
- ↑ a b c d e f g DeLorme Topo 6.0 (2006). Mapping software. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme .
- ↑ a b c d The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide, 9th edition. Amherst, Massachusetts: Appalachian Mountain Club , 1999.
- ↑ a b Massachusetts Trail Guide, 8th edition. Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club , 2004.
- ↑ a b c d e f Connecticut Walk Book East: The Trail Guide to the Blue Blazed Hiking Trails of Eastern Connecticut. 19th edition. Rockfall, Connecticut: Connecticut Forest and Park Association , 2005.
- ↑ United States Board on Geographic Names domestic names search. Searches conducted: "Metacomet," "Metacom," "King Phillip," "King Philip." January 24, 2007.
- ↑ WhitePages.com business search. ( Memento of the original from December 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Searches conducted: "Metacomet," "Metacom," "King Phillip," "King Philip." January 24, 2007.
- ↑ a b c Hubbard Park. ( March 4, 2009 memento on the Internet Archive ) North Haven, Connecticut: South Central Regional Council of Governments. June 14, 2015.
- ↑ a b SPARE America's Wildlands. ( Memento of July 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Sierra Club June 14, 2015.
- ↑ United States Board on Geographic Names domestic names search. December 13, 2007.
- ↑ United States Board on Geographic Names domestic names search . January 21, 2008.
- ^ A b c d Paul E. Olsen, Nicholas G. McDonald, Phillip Huber, Bruce Cornet: "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Deerfield Rift Basin (Triassic-Jurassic, Newark Supergroup), Massachusetts." Guidebook for Field Trips in the Connecticut Valley Region of Massachusetts and Adjacent States vol. 2: 488-535. 84th annual meeting, New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, Amherst, Massachusetts: The Five Colleges , 1992.
- ↑ a b c d e f Chet Raymo + Maureen E. Raymo: Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States . Chester, Connecticut: Globe Pequot, 1989.
- ↑ a b c An Act Concerning a Model River Protection Ordinance and Protection of Ridgelines. ( Memento from October 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Substitute Bill No. 5528, Connecticut General Assembly 1998. June 14, 2015.
- ↑ a b c Estimated and actual elevations from United States Geological Survey 1: 25000 and 1: 24000 scale 7.5 minute series topographic maps obtained via Topozone.com . December 1, 2007.
- ↑ a b Zen E-an, Richard Goldsmith, NM Ratcliffe, Peter Robinson, RS Stanley, NL Hatch, AF Shride, EGA Weed, DR Wones: Bedrock Geologic Map of Massachusetts. Washington: United States Geological Survey 1983.
- ^ Dinosaur State Park . Friends of Dinosaur State Park. December 23, 2007.
- ^ "Dinosaur Footprints" ( Memento from December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) The Trustees of Reservations . December 23, 2007.
- ^ A b c William Cronin: Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang 2003.
- ↑ Phinehas Field (1870-79): Stories, anecdotes, and legends, collected and written down by Deacon Phinehas Field. In: History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association. Deerfield, Massachusetts 1:59.
- ↑ Tammie Marie Rittenour, "Native American Legend of the Giant Beaver." ( Memento December 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Biology and the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. 2007.
- ^ "A Brief History of the Sleeping Giant" ( Memento from May 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Sleeping Giant Park Association. 2007.
- ^ Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism . 2007.
- ↑ Sharon Bass: "The View From: Branford; Trolley Rides in the Cause of Open Space." The New York Times , March 26, 1989
- ^ Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation . 2007.
- ↑ a b c Robb Strycharz: "Mount Holyoke Historical Timelines." 1996-2006. Chronos Historical Services. 2007.
- ^ City of Greenfield, Massachusetts. ( Memento of October 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2007.
- ↑ a b Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection 2007.
- ^ Hill-Stead Museum 2007.
- ^ A b Laura & Guy Waterman: Forest and Crag, A History of Hiking, Trail Blazing. 2nd ed.Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club Books 2003.
- ^ A b Michael S. Lombardo: Freshman Year Success via Outdoor Orientation Programs: A Brief History. newfoundations.com 2008.
- ↑ a b Connecticut Forest and Park Association. ( Memento of September 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2007.
- ^ Green Mountain Club. 2007.
- ^ "AMC History." Appalachian Mountain Club . 2007.
- ↑ Examples are: Bethany Land Trust , Branford Land Trust , Berlin Land Trust ( Memento of December 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Simsbury Land Trust , Suffield Land Conservancy ( Memento of October 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), The Trustees of Reservations , The Valley Land Fund ( Memento December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) and Deerfield Land Trust . Organization websites. 2007.
- ^ "Metacomet Ridge Open Space Preserved (CT)" The Trust for Public Land . 2007.
- ^ "Higby Mountain Preserve" ( Memento from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) The Nature Conservancy . 2007.
- ^ Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation . 2007.
- ^ Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2007.
- ↑ Google Earth . Satellite images of specified mountains. Google, inc. 2007.
- ↑ a b "Mount Tom: Defining the Landscape of the Connecticut River Valley." The Trustees of Reservations . 2007.
- ^ Ragged Mountain Foundation. 2007.
- ^ "Monadnock, Metacomet, Mattabesett National Scenic Trail Study" ( Memento of October 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). United States National Park Service . 2007.
