Mohammed Mursi

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Mohammed Mursi (2013)
Signature of Mohammed Mursi

Mohammed Mohammed Mursi Isa al-Ayyat ( Arabic محمد محمد مرسي عيسى العياط, DMG Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ʿĪsā al-ʿAiyāṭ ; often transcribed as Mohamed Morsi Al Ayat ; *  August 20, 1951 in al-Adwa , al-Sharqiyyah governorate ; † June 17, 2019 in Cairo ) was an Egyptian politician and materials scientist . He was elected President in Egypt's first free presidential election in June 2012 . Before that he was chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party , which was founded by the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood after the 2011 revolution . On July 3, 2013, after days of mass protests against his policies, Morsi was deposed and imprisoned in a military coup . This sparked violent clashes and led to a state crisis in Egypt . After his disempowerment, Morsi was sentenced to long prison terms in several criminal proceedings. He collapsed unconscious during a court hearing on June 17, 2019 and subsequently died in a hospital.

Personal, study and professorship

Mursi grew up in the small north Egyptian village of al-Adwa in the Nile Delta as the eldest of five sons of a farmer and a housewife. Due to good school grades, he received a place at the University of Cairo , where he earned a Bachelor in engineering in 1975 . From 1975 to 1976 he served in the Egyptian armed forces as a soldier (English: private ) in the chemical weapons department of the second infantry division. He then continued his studies and graduated in 1978 with a master's degree in metallurgy .

Mursi was a Sunni Muslim . He had been married since 1979 to his cousin Naglaa Ali Mahmoud, who was eleven years his junior and who was seventeen at the time of the wedding. Three days after the wedding, Mursi went to the United States , where he received his doctorate in engineering from the University of Southern California in 1982 . After graduating from school, his wife moved to live with him in Los Angeles . There the oldest two of the couple's five children were born; they have US citizenship in addition to Egyptian citizenship .

After receiving his doctorate, Mursi taught at the Universities of Cairo and Southern California and at California State University in Northridge . In 1985 he and his family returned to Egypt for good to accept a professorship at the University of Zagazig , which he held until 2010. There he was director of the department for materials science . In order to earn additional money on the side, Mursi traveled around like many Egyptian professors and taught, among other things, at a Libyan university from 1988 to 1992 .

Political career

Mohammed Morsi in the 2012 presidential election campaign

Morsi first came into contact with the Muslim Brotherhood in 1977 while studying at Cairo University, which was a center of Islamism in the 1970s. He formally joined the Brotherhood in 1979 and had contact with representatives there during his stay in Los Angeles. After his return from the USA, Morsi rose quickly within the Muslim Brotherhood. Since the 1990s he was the organization's top political strategist and responsible for numerous election campaigns. Since the Muslim Brotherhood was not allowed to vote in elections as a religious party during the Mubarak regime, they ran as independent candidates. As such, Mursi was elected member of his home constituency, Zagazig, in the 2000 parliamentary elections. Until 2005 he held the role of group leader of those parliamentarians who belonged to the Muslim Brotherhood.

As a member of the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, Morsi took part in demonstrations critical of the government during Mubarak's reign and was arrested several times, most recently in 2011. After Mubarak's fall, the Muslim Brotherhood founded the Freedom and Justice Party and on April 30, 2011 elected Morsi as the first chairman of the new party Political party.

As such, he ran for his party in the 2012 presidential election . Originally, Chairat el-Schater was supposed to stand for the Freedom and Justice Party and Morsi to remain party chairman, but El-Schater's candidacy was not approved by the electoral commission. In the first ballot, Morsi received the most votes with 24.78% and ran in a runoff election in mid-June against the independent candidate Ahmad Schafiq , against whom he won with 51.7% of the valid votes. When he was sworn in on June 30, 2012, Morsi took office as the fifth President of Egypt .

Positions

Domestic politics

During the first round of the presidential election campaign in particular, Morsi adopted the Muslim Brotherhood's motto several times: “The Koran is our constitution. The prophet is our guide. The Jihad is our way. Death for God is our noblest wish. ”In the fight for the runoff election, however, he chose a much more reserved rhetoric:“ I want a democratic, civil and modern state. ”In his inaugural address, Morsi promised to be president of all Egyptians. As soon as his election victory became known on June 24, 2012, he resigned from the chairmanship of the Freedom and Justice Party and ended his membership of the Muslim Brotherhood. In terms of content, both the election campaign manifesto of the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi's election campaign speeches were essentially limited to general objectives such as strengthening the Egyptian economy through more freedom for small and medium-sized enterprises, combating corruption, restructuring the state and security apparatus and reforming the school system to make Egypt a knowledge society. Even after his election victory, Morsi was largely reluctant to make specific demands regarding political measures. In the first months of his presidency, Morsi was mainly concerned with strengthening his powers, which led to power struggles with the military council and the judiciary ( see below ) . He also endeavored to support the Constituent Assembly and advocated the constitution it had drawn up, despite the many criticisms that the constitution was too strongly influenced by Islam and that it did not sufficiently protect the rights of women and minorities.

Foreign policy

Morsi was considered critical of the State of Israel , among other things, because he was a founding member of the Egyptian project committee for the resistance against Zionism . In a speech broadcast on Egyptian television after the announcement of his election victory, Morsi pledged compliance with the international treaties concluded by Egypt, including the 1979 peace treaty with Israel . However, Morsi also assured the ruling Hamas in the Gaza Strip , which does not recognize Israel's right to exist, that it would support it at a meeting with its boss Khalid Maschal on July 19, 2012. Morsi described the killing of Hamas' military chief Ahmed al-Jabari in an Israeli air strike on November 14, 2012 in response to Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israel as an "unacceptable action". He summoned Prime Minister Hisham Kandil to the Gaza Strip to show Hamas support for Egypt and announced that he would try to end the Israeli offensive. In early 2013, several anti-Semitic statements by Morsi before his presidency became known. In a video from 2010 he describes " Zionists " as "bloodsuckers who attack Palestinians, these warmongers, these descendants of monkeys and pigs". Also in 2010, in a speech to members of the Medical Association of the Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate, he called for “teaching our children and grandchildren to hate the Zionists and the Jews. We have to feed them with this hatred, it has to be preserved. ”When Mursi was asked about these statements during his visit to Germany on January 30, 2013, he relativized them to the effect that in no way was Judaism meant as such, but only those people who caused bloodshed among the innocent.

In the tense relationship between Egypt and Iran that had been tense for decades, Morsi said he tried to relax in order to create a strategic balance in the region. As the first Egyptian president since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 , he visited Iran on the occasion of the meeting of the non-aligned countries on August 30, 2012. However, in his speech there, he described Syrian President Assad as the leader of an oppressive regime, which angered the Iranian government, which is allied with Syria, so that relations between the two states are still tense and no official diplomatic relations are maintained. Nevertheless, Morsi received the Iranian President Ahmadinejad on February 5, 2013 for a state visit to Egypt.

Presidency

Power struggle with the military council

Morsi's powers as president were largely unclear at the beginning of his term of office, as the new constitution was still being drafted and thus the competencies of the individual state organs were not precisely defined. According to observers, Morsi was therefore mainly faced with the difficulty of asserting himself against the still powerful military council. This had limited the powers of the president shortly before Morsi took office so that the military council had sole supreme command over the armed forces and the decision-making power over the armed forces finances; In addition, the president was not allowed to make appointments or promotions in the military.

Morsi originally wanted to take his oath of office in front of parliament , but this had previously been dissolved by the military council due to a ruling by the constitutional court . The official swearing in on June 30, 2012 in Cairo therefore took place at the urging of the Military Council before the Constitutional Court. The day before, Mursi took a symbolic oath of office in front of tens of thousands of supporters on Tahrir Square in Cairo to show his solidarity with the people and to stand up to the military council.

On July 8, 2012, Mursi called on the dissolved parliament by decree, regardless of the constitutional court decision, to resume its work, which it did on July 10. In addition, Morsi ordered early elections within 60 days of the adoption of a new constitution by referendum, which parliament discussed at its meeting. The Military Council, whose decision to dissolve Parliament was thus overlooked, met for an emergency meeting, but did not comment on the matter.

On July 19, Morsi ordered the release of 572 prisoners who had been sentenced by the Military Council in the period since the fall of Mubarak, bringing a total of more than 10,000 of the nearly 12,000 civilians detained by the Military Council at large.

On August 12, 2012, Mursi appointed Mahmud Mekki as his vice-president and retired Muhammed Hussein Tantawi , the chairman of the military council. He was succeeded by Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi . In addition, Morsi declared the constitutional amendments restricting his position, which the military council had decided shortly before Morsi was sworn in, ineffective. With these amendments to the constitution and the dissolution of the parliament elected at the turn of the year, the military council had concentrated an unusually large amount of power in its hands, which was partially revised by Morsi's measures. Nevertheless, experts still considered the military council to be powerful afterwards; some observers even believed that any Egyptian government - including President Morsi - could only hold out if tolerated by the military council. This turned out to be true in the wake of the 2013 military coup .

Power struggle with the judiciary and enforcement of the new constitution

In October 2012, Morsi tried to remove the Egyptian attorney general, Abdel Meguid Mahmud, from his office. According to some government politicians, inadequate investigative measures by Mahmud were the reason why 24 high-ranking officials of the ousted head of state Husni Mubarak were acquitted of responsibility for suppressing demonstrations in February 2011. Mahmud was accused of still being on the side of the old leadership. Mahmud, however, stressed the independence of the judiciary and refused to give up his post. He received support from senior judges. As a result, protests against Morsi's policies in Tahrir Square broke out on October 12th, leading to violent clashes between supporters and critics of Morsi, injuring around 200 people. The next day, Morsi relented and withdrew Mahmud's dismissal.

In mid-November 2012, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict intensified again due to hundreds of rocket attacks by the ruling Hamas in the Gaza Strip on targets in Israel , which led to an Israeli offensive against the Gaza Strip (" Operation Pillar of Cloud "). In the subsequent international efforts to reach a ceasefire between the conflicting parties, Morsi played a central role and presented the proposal, which was accepted by Israel and Hamas on November 21. Observers rated this as an indication of a stronger role Morsi played in the Middle East region.

The next day, November 22, 2012, Morsi, strengthened by his most recent foreign policy success, passed new amendments to the constitution, which declared the laws and decrees that had been passed since Morsi took office until a new constitution was passed so that they could not be challenged by the judiciary or other state organs. In addition, Prosecutor General Abdel Mahmud was again removed from his post and orders were given to reopen the proceedings against members of the old regime, including Morsi's predecessor Mubarak, as well as the trials for the killings during the protests in spring 2011 . The decrees were heavily criticized in Egyptian society and internationally because they effectively abolished the separation of powers. For example, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammed el-Baradei said that Morsi was posing as the “new pharaoh”. There were mass protests against the decrees, as a result of which at least five people died in violent clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi.

In the decrees, Morsi also ordered that the Constituent Assembly and the Shura Council could not be dissolved by court decisions, which he wanted to forestall a possible decision by the Constitutional Court. Morsi's supporters subsequently blocked access to the courthouse in order to prevent the constitutional judges from ruling on the constitutionality of the Constituent Assembly. In protest against what he believed to be unconstitutional action by Morsi, the Egyptian Judges Club decided to boycott the referendum on the new constitutional draft drawn up by the Constituent Assembly. This would have been problematic as, under Egyptian law, all elections must be supervised by judges. Nevertheless, Morsi stuck to the planned date for the referendum, December 15.

Due to ongoing mass protests, Morsi finally relented on December 8th and annulled his controversial special powers. In doing so, he followed the recommendation of a committee of lawyers and politicians, which he had previously convened to resolve the conflict and to whose decision he had bound himself in advance. As some of the judges boycotted the constitutional referendum , it was held in two stages on December 15 and 22, 2012. The new constitution was adopted with almost 64 percent of the vote and signed by President Mursi on December 26, 2012, which brought it into force.

On March 27, 2013, it became clear that the power struggle between Morsi and the judiciary was continuing, as an appeals court in Cairo declared the November 2012 replacement of Prosecutor General Abdel Mahmud by Talaat Ibrahim Abdallah to be invalid and ordered Mahmud's reinstatement in office. While Mahmud was seen by many Muslim Brotherhoods as a supporter of the overthrown Mubarak, the opposition saw in Abdallah a vicarious agent of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood.

Protests and military coup in 2013

In January 2013, protest movements increased in Egyptian society. Liberal and left opposition groups in particular called for demonstrations against President Morsi, the government and the new constitution. The protests were fueled primarily by the poor economic situation in Egypt and the associated high unemployment, as well as the death sentence handed down on January 26th against 21 football hooligans in connection with the stadium disaster in Port Said . After the riots had already claimed more than 30 lives, President Morsi decided on January 28, 2013 to declare a state of emergency and to impose a night curfew in the major cities of Port Said , Suez and Ismailia . He invited the opposition to talks, which they immediately refused, since a dialogue without prior concession would be “a pure waste of time”. In addition, the House of Lords passed a law submitted by the government that gave Morsi the opportunity to use the army together with the police in the interior to restore public safety at its own discretion until the planned general election. In the days that followed, police took tough action against demonstrators, and Amnesty International said at least 45 people died in the course of the events. After a video became public showing the severe mistreatment of a demonstrator by police officers, the main opposition groups closed for the first time on February 3, calling for Morsi's resignation. In a statement, Mursi said he was “pained by these shocking images”, but emphasized that this was an isolated case and, unlike his interior minister, did not offer any prospect of resignation.

At the end of June 2013, the protests against Morsi's policies intensified again. One trigger was that Morsi had appointed new governors for 17 of the 27 Egyptian governorates , seven of which were members of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. In particular, protests were made against the appointment of Adel al-Chajat , a former member of the former terrorist group Gamaa Islamija , as governor of the Luxor tourist region. Critics feared a complete takeover of power by the Muslim Brotherhood and negative consequences for tourism. The main reason for the rise of the protests, however, was that on the approaching first anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, the opposition called for large-scale demonstrations against his policies and called for new elections. The protests turned mainly against Morsi's economic policy and his perceived authoritarian style of government. On June 26, 2013, Morsi admitted errors in an "address to the people" and announced that he would fire officials. At the same time, he claimed that the planned mass demonstrations were being controlled by corrupt ex-functionaries of Mubarak. Morsi's supporters expressed their support for the president through demonstrations. As a result, there were bloody street battles between supporters and opponents of Morsi, in which hundreds of people were injured. On June 29, 2013, several parliamentarians resigned from their posts to support the opposition. At least eight members of the House of Lords resigned from their seats, and several others submitted a corresponding request. Sheikh Hassan al-Shafi, a senior cleric at al-Azhar Mosque , the country's highest spiritual institution, warned that Egypt was in danger of sliding into civil war.

The Tamarod movement (Egyptian-Arabic for rebellion), newly founded in the wake of the protests , also called for mass protests on June 30, 2013 on the occasion of the first anniversary of Morsi's inauguration. Seven people were killed and several hundred injured in the demonstrations that followed. Army circles said that up to 14 million people across the country could have participated in the protests. More than half a million people had gathered on the central Tahrir Square in Cairo alone . Tamarod called on Morsi to "surrender power and allow the authorities to organize an early presidential election" by 5:00 p.m. on July 2nd.

After Army Chief Sisi had announced the military's intervention a week earlier, he threatened military intervention on July 1 if the political leadership did not find a political solution within 48 hours. Sisi invoked the will of the Egyptian people and a "national and historical responsibility" of the military. If the "demands of the people of Egypt", according to Sisi, are not met within the deadline, the military itself will "announce a plan for the future and initiate a series of measures that will be implemented with the participation of all political groups." The televised statement was greeted with cheers by protesters. The army had previously threatened to intervene if the power struggle got out of hand. A military spokesman rejected the term "coup" and said that the conflicting parties should only be led to a compromise. Shortly afterwards, the Muslim Brotherhood announced that they would "examine" the declaration. On the night of July 2-3, Morsi gave a televised speech in which he underlined his democratic legitimacy and refused to resign. He asked the military to return to normal duty.

After the ultimatum expired at 5 p.m. on July 3, the military removed Morsi that same evening and suspended the constitution that had previously been enforced in a controversial referendum. Defense Minister and Military Councilor Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi announced early presidential elections and ordered that the current President of the Constitutional Court, Adli Mansour , would take over the presidential duties by then. In Tahrir Square, the declaration read out on television was cheered and the overthrow of the president and the repeal of the constitution were celebrated. A spokesman for the Tamarod opposition alliance, which had called for large-scale demonstrations, also welcomed the military's intervention. The Salafist Nur party , which together with the Muslim Brotherhood formed the government, also expressed its support for the army's plan. Mursi's supporters, who had gathered in Nasr City in eastern Cairo, reacted in shock. Several television channels close to the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafists were shut down immediately after Morsi was ousted. According to the army, Morsi himself was arrested “as a precaution”. A member of the Muslim Brotherhood said the disempowered president was taken to the Ministry of Defense a few hours before Sisi's speech on Wednesday evening.

After the disempowerment

arrest

After his removal on July 3, 2013, Morsi and several other members of the Muslim Brotherhood were detained by the military in an undisclosed location. In the period that followed, supporters of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated almost every day for his release and reinstatement in office, and violent clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi occurred regularly. On the night of July 8, in particular, there were bloody clashes between supporters of Morsi and the military during demonstrations in front of barracks. One officer and at least 50 demonstrators were killed and several hundred people injured. On July 12 there was another large demonstration by tens of thousands of Muslim Brotherhood against the arrest of Morsi, while opponents celebrated his removal. In the ongoing clashes between Morsi's supporters on the one hand and Morsi's opponents, security forces and supporters of the transitional government on the other hand, seven people were killed and 261 injured on the night of July 16 alone.

On July 14, it became known that the Egyptian attorney general had started an investigation against Morsi and other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. According to information from the judiciary, Morsi was interrogated about a prison break in 2011, and various reports from citizens against him were examined, including espionage, calls to murder demonstrators and economic mismanagement. On July 26, 2013, the public prosecutor's office finally issued an arrest warrant for Morsi for murder and links with Hamas. She accused him of being involved in Hamas attacks on the police during the Mubarak regime. She also claimed that Hamas helped Morsi escape from prison shortly after he was arrested during the 2011 protests in Egypt .

On July 29, 2013, EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton held talks with Morsi and with representatives of the various political camps in Egypt. Ashton had already called for Morsi's release on July 17, 2013. The governments of the United States, Turkey and other countries also called for Morsi's release.

Criminal trials

The main hearing in the first of three criminal proceedings against Morsi began on November 4, 2013. It was also Morsi's first public appearance since his arrest and imprisonment. He was accused of not having asked the security forces to intervene when ten people died in rioting in December 2012 between supporters and opponents of Morsi. After Morsi declared that he would not recognize the court, there was tumult in the audience, whereupon the session was interrupted after only ten minutes and was adjourned to January 8, 2014 a little later. On that day, the court announced that the trial had been postponed again and set the next trial date to be February 1, 2014. On April 21, 2015, Mursi was sentenced in the first instance to 20 years in prison; He was to be under police surveillance for another five years. Morsi was acquitted of the allegation that he was responsible for the deaths of ten demonstrators in front of the presidential palace in December 2012, for which the death penalty could have been imposed. Lawyers for the victims at the time criticized the verdict as too lenient, while leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood described it as politically motivated. The conviction was upheld by another court on October 22, 2016.

On December 18, 2013, another criminal case against Morsi began, in which he and other Muslim Brotherhood were accused of high treason because they had maintained a secret alliance with Hamas, Iran and Hezbollah since 2005 and had disclosed military secrets in order to protect Egypt's security and stability to undermine. Morsi was also charged, along with 10 others, of having sold state secrets to the emirate of Qatar, including sites of the Egyptian military. On May 15, 2015, Mursi was sentenced to death along with more than 100 co-defendants for treason. The verdict against Mursi was upheld by a court in Cairo on June 16, 2015; His lawyers appealed this decision in August 2015. Six other co-defendants Mursi were sentenced to death on May 7, 2016, while the verdict for Mursi himself was announced for mid-June. On June 18, 2016, Mursi was sentenced to 40 years in prison.

The first hearing in the third trial against Mursi took place on January 28, 2014. It was about the fact that shortly after the protests against Mubarak began in January 2011, Morsi and other leading Muslim Brotherhood imprisoned at the time were released as a result of demonstrators storming their prison. Police officers are said to have died in the storm, which is why Mursi and the co-defendants were accused of murder. A first-instance death sentence in this matter was overturned by the Supreme Court of Appeal in November 2016, so that the proceedings had to be reopened.

In a fourth trial launched later in December 2017, Morsi was found guilty of insulting the judiciary in a public address and was sentenced to three years in prison for this.

Conditions of detention and death

According to human rights organizations, Mursi, who had suffered from diabetes and hepatopathy for years , had been in solitary confinement almost exclusively since his arrest and received no adequate medical care, which is why he went blind in one eye and suffered from fainting spells in 2018 . In April 2018, a delegation of British MPs warned in their report that Morsi would die prematurely if he did not receive medical help. On June 17, 2019, he collapsed during a court hearing and subsequently died in hospital. According to the Egyptian state television, the official cause of death was heart failure . The following day, Mursi was buried in Cairo according to the Islamic rite. An independent medical examination of his body requested by Human Rights Watch had not previously taken place.

literature

Web links

Commons : Mohamed Morsi  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  56. ↑ Mursi radically expands power. , Deutsche Welle , November 23, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  57. ↑ Mursi makes himself Egypt's "new pharaoh" Die Welt, November 22, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  58. ↑ Egypt: President Morsi reaches for absolute rule , Spiegel Online, November 22, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  59. ↑ Thousands again in the protest march against President Mursi , Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, December 7, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  60. ^ Egypt: Several dead in street battles , Berliner Zeitung , December 5, 2012 (accessed on January 22, 2013)
  61. ^ Judges in Egypt want to boycott constitutional referendum , Zeit Online, December 3, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  62. ↑ a b Mursi plans to vote on the new constitution - Egypt's judges boycott referendum ( Memento from December 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Tagesschau.de, December 2, 2012 (accessed on January 22, 2013)
  63. ↑ a b c Opposition rejects constitutional referendum , Frankfurter Allgemeine, December 9, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  64. ^ Egyptian opposition rejects constitutional referendum ( Memento of December 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Yahoo! News, December 9, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  65. ↑ New Egyptian constitution adopted with almost 64 percent , Der Tagesspiegel , December 25, 2012 (accessed on January 22, 2013)
  66. ↑ Mohamed Morsi signs Egypt's new constitution into law , The Guardian , December 26, 2012 (accessed January 22, 2013)
  67. ^ Elections in Egypt postponed to autumn - President Morsi met with a lot of resistance. , oe24.at, March 27, 2013 (accessed March 30, 2013)
  68. ↑ Dispute between the president and the judiciary in Egypt - Morsi has to exchange the prosecutor general , Süddeutsche.de, March 27, 2013 (accessed March 30, 2013)
  69. ↑ Hatred of Police - Egypt Collapses , Zeit Online, January 27, 2013 (accessed January 28, 2013)
  70. ↑ Over 20 dead in riots due to the verdict on the soccer massacre , Der Tagesspiegel, January 26, 2013 (accessed on January 28, 2013)
  71. ↑ Mursi declares a state of emergency over three cities , Zeit Online, January 28, 2013 (accessed on January 28, 2013)
  72. ↑ Opposition rejects dialogue with President Mursi Focus Online, January 28, 2013 (accessed January 28, 2013)
  73. ↑ Morsi should be allowed to use Egypt's army in the future ( Memento from January 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Yahoo! News, January 28, 2013 (accessed January 28, 2013)
  74. ↑ Cairo: Army receives police powers , Deutschlandradio , January 28, 2013 (accessed January 28, 2013)
  75. ^ Egypt: Death and Destruction During Protests , Amnesty International, January 28, 2013 (accessed February 23, 2013)
  76. ↑ a b Most important opposition group in Egypt calls for Morsi's resignation , Zeit Online, February 3, 2013 (accessed February 4, 2013)
  77. ↑ Mursi appoints Islamists as governors spiegel.de of June 17, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  78. ↑ Three dead in protests against Mursi FAZ.net on June 28, 2013 (accessed on July 5, 2013)
  79. ↑ Protests in Egypt: President Mursi admits mistakes spiegel.de of June 27, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  80. ↑ a b Violence in Egypt - Bloody street battles between opponents and supporters Mursis dradio.de from June 26, 2013 (accessed on July 5, 2013)
  81. ^ There are riots nationwide in Egypt Süddeutsche.de of June 29, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  82. ↑ Confrontation in Cairo: Egypt before the decisive battle spiegel.de of June 29, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  83. ↑ Demonstrations in Egypt: Morsi's preachers incite against liberals spiegel.de of June 28, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  84. ^ Wave of protests in Egypt: US citizens stabbed to death in street fighting in Alexandria spiegel.de, July 28, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  85. ↑ Several dead during protests against President Mursi spiegel.de on July 1, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  86. ^ Opponents of Mursi storm the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood spiegel.de from July 1, 2013 (accessed on July 27, 2013)
  87. ↑ Army demands political solution within 48 hours. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 1, 2013, accessed on July 1, 2013.
  88. ↑ Egyptian military sets Morsi ultimatum of 48 hours to respond to popular demands Yahoo! News from July 1, 2013 (accessed July 1, 2013)
  89. ↑ Mursi defies the military and the opposition. Spiegel Online, July 3, 2013, accessed July 3, 2013
  90. ↑ Mursi deposed, constitution suspended ( Memento from July 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de from July 3, 2013 (accessed on July 3, 2013)
  91. ^ Army overthrows President Mursi FAZ Nachrichten of July 3, 2013 (accessed on July 3, 2013)
  92. ^ Military coup in Cairo - Egypt's army overthrows Mursi Sueddeutsche.de of July 3, 2013 (accessed on July 5, 2013)
  93. ↑ a b Revolution in Egypt - Mansur sworn in as interim president FAZ.net from July 4, 2013 (accessed on July 5, 2013)
  94. ↑ a b USA demands Morsi's release - new mass protests remain largely non-violent Yahoo Nachrichten, July 13, 2013 (accessed July 14, 2013)
  95. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood Call for the March of the Millions" , Zeit online , July 12, 2013 (accessed December 20, 2014)
  96. ↑ Mursi supporters call for Intifada in Egypt Die Welt, July 8, 2013 (accessed July 27, 2013)
  97. ^ "Deaths and arrests after riots in Egypt" , Zeit online , July 16, 2013 (accessed December 20, 2014)
  98. ↑ a b Mohammed Mursi faces criminal prosecution The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2013 (accessed July 18, 2013)
  99. ↑ a b Power struggle in Egypt: Public prosecutor issues arrest warrant for Mursi Spiegel Online, July 26, 2013 (accessed on July 26, 2013)
  100. ↑ Ashton meets the deposed President Mursi Frankfurter Allgemeine (FAZ) on July 30, 2013 (accessed on July 30, 2013)
  101. ↑ Remarks by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the end of her visit to Egypt European Commission - Press Releases Database, July 17, 2013 (accessed October 28, 2013)
  102. ↑ US government calls for Morsi's release, Der Tagesspiegel, July 12, 2013 (accessed January 26, 2014)
  103. ↑ Ankara calls for immediate release of Morsi's Die Welt, July 4, 2013 (accessed January 26, 2014)
  104. ↑ a b Egypt: Trial of Morsi postponed to January after riots Spiegel Online, November 4, 2013 (accessed January 11, 2014)
  105. ↑ a b c Trial in Egypt: Morsi faces the death penalty three times Spiegel Online, January 8, 2014 (accessed January 11, 2014)
  106. ↑ Court proceedings in Cairo: judges adjourn the trial of ex-President Mursi Spiegel Online, January 8, 2014 (accessed January 11, 2014)
  107. ↑ Egyptian ex-president sentenced to imprisonment: Much criticism of Morsi's judgment. tagesschau.de, April 21, 2015, archived from the original on April 24, 2015 ; Retrieved April 21, 2015 .
  108. ↑ tz.de : Again in court: Trial against Egypt's ex-head of state Mursi , accessed on September 9, 2014
  109. ↑ For espionage and conspiracy court sentenced ex-President Mohammed Morsi to death. n-tv.de, accessed on May 16, 2015 .
  110. ↑ The death sentence of Egypt's ex-president Morsi confirmed. sz.de, accessed on June 16, 2015 .
  111. ↑ Mohamed Morsi lawyers appeal against death sentence in Egypt. The Guardian , August 15, 2015, accessed December 12, 2015 .
  112. ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Egypt: court sentenced Al Jazeera journalists to death. In: SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved May 7, 2016 .
  113. ↑ 40 years imprisonment for Mohammad Mursi. FAZ, June 18, 2016, accessed on June 19, 2016
  114. ↑ Morsi's death sentence overturned. SPIEGEL ONLINE, accessed on June 11, 2018 .
  115. ^ Ex-President Morsi convicted of insulting a judge. SPIEGEL ONLINE, accessed on June 11, 2018 .
  116. ^ Declan Walsh, David D. Kirkpatrick: Mohamed Morsi, Egypt's First Democratically Elected President, Dies . In: The New York Times . June 17, 2019, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed June 18, 2019]).
  117. ↑ Mursi's death raises questions , www.deutschlandfunk.de (accessed on June 18, 2019)
  118. ↑ a b c Egypt's ousted president Mohammed Morsi dies during trial , BBC News online, June 17, 2019 (accessed June 18, 2019)
  119. ↑ a b c Egyptian ex-president: Human rights activists demand clarification of Morsi's death circumstances . In: Spiegel Online . June 17, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed June 18, 2019]).
personal data
SURNAME Mursi, Mohammed
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mursi Issa Ayyat, Mohamed Mohamed
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Egyptian politician and materials scientist
DATE OF BIRTH 20th August 1951
PLACE OF BIRTH al-Adwa , Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate , Kingdom of Egypt
DATE OF DEATH 17th June 2019
Place of death Cairo , Egypt