Nude sports
Nude sport is the practice of sporting activities without clothes .
distribution
Around 50,000 people are organized in nudist clubs in Germany, compared to around 150,000 in the 1970s.
Acceptance of nude sports
A milestone for the acceptance of nude sports in Germany was the inclusion of the German Association for Nudist Culture (DFK) in the German Sports Association in 1963. Since then, many German nudist associations have gained non-profit status because they promote the sporting activities of their members.
Outside of private or semi-public areas, negative reactions to naked sports people predominate. When it comes to nude riding, the acceptance of nude sport is slightly higher. This may be related to the fact that the horse's body largely obscures the view of the external primary sexual organs of the rider.
Benefits of nude sports
The main advantage of nude sports should be the better temperature equilibrium of the body through unhindered sweating as well as the elimination of the expense of buying, maintaining and cleaning sportswear . Another advantage can be the feeling of nudity, which is perceived as pleasant, especially during physical activity, and the perception of the body as being better. Another advantage is mentioned that in nude athletes, the movement sequences of the various sports are easier to see than if they were covered by clothing.
Some sports require clothing, be it for protection ( fencing ), to keep the body warm ( winter sports ) or because clothing has another function in the relevant sport ( judo , sumo ).
history
Antiquity
Greece
The gymnical ( ancient Greek γυμνός gymnos , German 'naked, undressed' ) sports of antiquity, which - according to their name - were practiced naked, can be seen as forerunners of today's nude sport. Not only the Olympic Games of antiquity were played naked for several centuries. Sports and ceremonial dances were often carried out without clothes. A well-known example of this are the Gymnopedia , a large, multi-day summer festival in honor of the god Apollo, which was celebrated in July on the Agora of Sparta for around 800 years. The gymnopedics included choir, dance and sports competitions with partly religious and partly military character. The majority of the city's male youth took part.
Nude sports were particularly widespread in Sparta , where boys and girls were trained in gymnastics together. The Heraia , practiced only by women , which may have been an equivalent of the Olympic Games for women, were practiced in a short tunic with the right breast bare.
Rome
After the conquest of Greece in 146 BC. The Romans did not forbid nudity at the Olympic Games. However, Plutarch reported that it was contrary to ancient Roman customs to bare the body. The writer Quintus Ennius also wrote with a view to the Hellenes that it was a shame at the beginning to show oneself naked in public. The Romans competed in sportswear. Cicero saw in the nakedness of the Hellenes - especially in connection with the boyfriend cultivated there - a violation of the highest virtues. In his first book of De officiis , Cicero explains that the Roman way of life forbade father and son, as well as father-in-law and son-in-law, to swim naked together. However, as part of the pre-military upbringing of their sons initiated by their fathers, nude swimming in the Tiber and nude training in sports facilities was common.
From late antiquity to the 19th century
Under the influence of the Orient, public nudity became a taboo in the late Roman self-image. Representatives of Christianity also turned against the sport itself. The Olympic Games were banned by Emperor Theodosius I in 393 AD . The main criticism here was the pagan origin of the games.
In Europe , nude sports remained limited to the narrowest private areas. An exception was nude bathing - especially by children - on lakes, rivers and beaches.
19th and 20th centuries
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General development
Sport in its current form did not become popular until the 19th century. Until then, athletic training was a privilege of the upper classes. From the early 20th century, nude sports began in the Nordic countries and in Germany with the nudist movement. Since the 1920s, swimming competitions were sometimes held naked, as some swimmers hoped for better times by not wearing swimwear. However, this argument has turned into the opposite with modern sportswear, which is why only pure recreational athletes carry out nude competitions.
Nude sports and reform education
In the 1920s, based on positive experiences from Denmark , the Hamburg high school authorities not only allowed nude sports in elementary school age, but recommended it; Quotation from a letter dated September 4, 1924: "You have to get used to this form of nude gymnastics with the onset of the warmer season, whereby weak children must be taken into account."
In the private school sector , there were a few such initiatives even before the First World War . The Odenwaldschule Oberhambach near Heppenheim , founded in 1910 , was such a place: In physical education, boys and girls did gymnastics together and naked.
The Priory Gate School in England, founded in 1919, pursued this reform pedagogical concept with elements of naturist pedagogy with the aim of self-development. Theodore J. Faithfull , founder and director of the school, saw it as an alternative to established schools, which, in his opinion, were working towards too much adaptation of the students. The concept of this boarding school included nudity while doing sports, (sun) bathing and, for example, drawing lessons. The school was initially located in Sudbury ( Suffolk ), and later moved to Walsham Hall in Walsham-le-Willows , near Bury St. Edmunds . The Summerhill School, founded in 1927 by Alexander Sutherland Neill , followed a similar approach . Here, too, nude sports had a permanent place, but were just as voluntary as the lessons themselves.
In Germany, the Lüneburger Land light school home (LLL) was built in Glüsingen (Lüneburger Heide) in 1927 . The pedagogue Walter Fränzel realized his reform ideas by founding a secondary school in the country. Fränzel's concept included, among other things, the constant stay “in the health-promoting forest and meadows”, an organic connection between life and teaching, the friendly and comradely relationship between teachers and students, as well as “getting used to wind and weather, especially by being naked during gymnastics, morning run , Sport and play in the sense of nudity ”.
today
In the 1970s, numerous German nudist associations won the charitable status they had been striving for for a long time because they promoted the sporting activities of their members. Sport has been an integral part of the naturist movement since its inception. In the context of naturism , nude sports (hiking, horse riding, swimming, tennis, indiaca, boules, badminton, etc.) are now widely accepted and have become almost normal for many, for example on vacation. The sports on nudist beaches and campsites and in naturist holiday facilities do not differ from those in textile facilities. In sports with physical contact, however, beginners in naturism often wear clothing to avoid physical arousal. The fear of such a revelation of physical reactions is in many cases unfounded. For example, wrestling, based on the ancient Greek model, requires concentration on strength and technique. In naturist holiday resorts, different clothing rules sometimes apply.
Organized naturism and nude sports in Germany
Nowadays, nude sports are increasingly practiced by individuals and leisure groups who are not affiliated with clubs. After nude sports still took place in publicly accessible areas at the beginning of the 20th century, the nudist movement mainly withdrew to club premises. Outside, a movement united by the Internet has formed which propagates nude sports in the woods and fields.
The umbrella organization of around 160 German nudist clubs, the German Association for Naturism (DFK) e. V. sees itself as a sports association. It therefore bears the suffix “Association for Family, Mass Sports and Naturism e. V. (DFK) in the German Olympic Sports Confederation ”, its office is located in the House of Sports in Hanover .
Within the DFK there are currently (2007) the sports supervisors of the local clubs, ten sports supervisors with regional and eight with sport-specific responsibility. In addition to the "Vice President Sport" in the Presidium of the DFK (currently Erika Eickhoff) there are so-called specialist attendants for fistball , indiaka , canoe , pétanque , swimming , table tennis and volleyball . Regional and national competitions are also held in these disciplines.
The following statement can be found on the DFK website about the relationship between naturism and nude sports in Germany:
- “Since around 1970, organized nudism began to change its structure in the direction of a nudist sports club and association. This external change and the competition with the textile sports clubs mean that traditional nudism is making more and more frequent compromises. Here lies the danger of sacrificing the basic goals of free movement in light, air and sun on the premises to a commercial perspective. [...] The traditional sports offer must be expanded if the nudist club wants to exist in the group of sports clubs. "
Individual sports
Swimming and beach sports
The most common form of nude sport is swimming. Bathing suits are a relatively recent invention, before there was no bathing at all or bathing was always done in the nude (see article bathing culture ).
In Germany and many European countries, nude bathing and swimming in bathing facilities, on beaches, lakes and rivers is widespread and more or less socially accepted. “Nudity near the beach” is factually legalized in Germany through court rulings and is no longer an administrative offense. Regardless of this, some municipalities designate beach, river or park areas in which nude bathing and sunbathing is expressly permitted. As a result, many beach sports can be practiced naked.
However, many people who enjoy doing nude sports do not consider themselves nudists, naturists or even nudists.
hike
Germany
Nude hiking emerged in connection with nudism in the early 20th century. Based on a romantic understanding of nature, Richard Ungewitter (1868–1958), one of the pioneers of racist nudism , spoke out against "indoor air baths" in 1912 and called for public and thus also social control of nudism. As early as 1916, English tourists hiked unmolested naked in Maderanertal in central Switzerland. Naturists such as the reformist and life reformer Werner Zimmermann and INF co- founder Eduard Fankhauser hiked and climbed naked in the Swiss Alps and practiced naked skiing in St. Moritz. It should be noted that these pioneers are not only consistently pioneering (equal rights for women, pacifism, interest prohibition) for a better world, but also hardly had to reckon with third-party encounters in the mountains as in today's leisure society. In the history of naturism of the INF / FNI Karl Dreßen reports of "sometimes miles of naked hikes".
The first nude hiking trail was created in July 1984 by Franz Rutar near Klagenfurt (Austria). It led over a length of 3 km through publicly accessible, light deciduous and spruce forest. In the Harz Mountains , the Harzer Naturistenstieg (18 km circular route) near Wippra was opened as the first German nude hiking trail. The naturist path Undeloh in the Lüneburg Heath was set up as a second nude hiking trail in 2012 . Another was planned for 2015 at Trebbin in Brandenburg , but is on hold after considerable resistance.
Nude hikers do not see their nudity as a provocation. It is primarily about experiencing nature. Since there are no annoying clothes, you can feel everything, sun, wind and sweat immediately. The adventure factor, breaking out of society can also play a role. In order to avoid disruptions, they still prefer stretches that are rarely used in remote areas. Public streets and squares are generally avoided.
Some naked hikers even cover long distances barefoot ( barefoot hiking ).
For a number of years it has been found in Berlin's Grunewald and the sparsely populated state of Brandenburg , in Saxon Switzerland , in Thuringia , in the Rothaar Mountains , the Spessart , the Eifel , in the Isar region in and around Munich, in Carinthia, around Hamburg , in the Lüneburg region Heide , in the Swabian Forest , in the Bregenz Forest in Alpstein and in the rest of the Swiss Alps and in the Jura, naturist hikes take place more or less regularly.
Switzerland
Around 2008, nude hikers were seen more frequently in the Alpstein. At the latest when this area was advertised as a nude hiker's paradise in relevant internet forums and also reported on Swiss television, nude hiking became a topic for a broader public. After criminal proceedings against a naked hiker had to be discontinued in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden for "gross nonsense" due to the lack of a plaintiff, on April 26, 2009 the Landsgemeinde (Landsgemeinde), Art. added.
This was followed by a discussion as to whether a canton was even authorized to issue a corresponding ban. The argument was that on the occasion of the revision of the Swiss Criminal Code of 1991, the criminal offense of "violation of public morality" (Art. 203 aStGB), on the basis of which penalties had also been pronounced against nude bathers in the past, was deleted from the Criminal Code. Therefore, the legislature expressly wanted the absence of a corresponding criminal offense (ie a "qualified silence"), and thus a canton could not reintroduce this penalty through the cantonal infringement criminal law.
On Sunday, October 11, 2009, between 3:40 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. in the Nieschberg recreation area near Herisau ( Appenzell Ausserrhoden ), a naked hiker was sighted and reported for “indecent behavior” (Art. 19 cantonal criminal law AR, similar norm to the above-mentioned norm innerrhoder article). The case was brought to the Federal Supreme Court by all instances. This ruled against the hiker on November 17, 2011 and declared cantonal laws against naked hiking to be permissible.
The argument of the Federal Supreme Court was that, in fact, sexual criminal law was finally regulated in the Criminal Code. Nude hiking is not a sexual offense, but a violation of decency and morals. The general "morals" should not be confused with the sexual "morality". A norm that threatens to punish those who "grossly violate morality and decency in public" falls within the cantonal competence and is also sufficiently determined. The decision was not without controversy within the judges' panel (ratio of votes 3: 2), but it should nonetheless last for a long time.
To go biking
Since 2003 the ( World Naked Bike Ride , WNBR) has been taking place annually with growing participation , but it has nothing to do with nude sports; According to the definition on the homepage, it is rather a protest against the space requirements of automobile traffic and its dangers. In 2006, several thousand cyclists took part in the event in several dozen cities, mostly in the United States. In Germany there were groups of participants in about six cities, including Berlin , Frankfurt am Main , Bonn and Munich . The organizers demonstrate above all for more environmental and climate protection. The publicity of the World Naked Bike Ride has increased the number of private nude bike tours. Organized naked rides in the Munich area had up to 32 participants.
In Austria, naked bike rides are documented in 2009 both in Vienna (June 19) with 600 participants and for the first time in Graz (June 26). June 2014 was the 9th time in Vienna, probably since 2006, as well as in Graz (from Joanneum, with body painting) and Salzburg naked.
Naked running
As early as 1974, the book The Zen of Running recommended running with as little clothing as possible and barefoot to allow air and sun to touch the skin and to ground the body. Some nudist clubs have running tracks on their premises. Nude running is practiced by an increasing number of amateur athletes who are not affiliated with clubs and who join together in nude sports groups.
Nude walking enjoys an increasing tolerance when it is practiced away from settlements in the forest. Naked jogging in forests is not punished as an administrative offense because here and in remote areas there is no possible intention to provoke naked people. Running naked on public roads in Germany can be punished as a nuisance to the general public if it is reported to the public order office or the police. This is favored by an obvious or subjectively assumed intention to present or provoke an exhibitionist .
Nude yoga
Nude yoga (also pure yoga ) is as old as yoga itself. It is about accepting your own body with its imperfections, strengthening your body awareness and "opening your heart". It appeared in western countries in the 1960s, and the British documentary Naked Yoga , produced in 1974, was nominated for an Oscar the following year. American Aaron Star promoted nude yoga significantly. His courses, which he has been offering in New York since 2001, combine yoga with elements of Ashtanga , Kundalini and Tantra and have been celebrated as an “underground sensation” by papers such as Time Out New York . The trend triggered by Star reached Europe a little later.
Naked wrestling
Wrestling matches, carried out without clothing, have been thematized mainly in erotic special segments in recent years. Only recently has the idea of undressed wrestling, which is oriented towards mass sport, regained a certain amount of space. The reference is the wrestling match as a sporting contest in the pre-Christian culture of ancient Greece. Wrestling was part of the ancient pentathlon (running, five-jump, discus throw, javelin throw, wrestling).
horse riding
In the opinion of many nude riders complete nudism and equestrian each other ideally, some also ride without a saddle and blanket. Horses with high, bony withers and a protruding spine are less suitable for this. The same applies to horses with a particularly lively trot. The extent to which riding without a saddle is uncomfortable for the horse depends on the weight and seat of the rider and the duration of the ride.
Nude riding does not cause health or hygienic problems, it just increases the risk of injury if you fall. Likewise, during long and very fast rides, the friction can cause skin irritation , and occasionally animal hair allergies occur . Depending on the season and vegetation, thorns, tall nettles and insects can be a nuisance, which is why beaches are particularly suitable for naked riding.
Nude riding is possible in various naturist facilities, for example in “La Jenny” and “La petite Brenne” in France, “Lido Braco” in Jamaica, in “Pizzo Greco” in Calabria and in the naturist village “El Fonoll” in Catalonia . In Namibia , nude kicks are part of the naturist safaris program .
do gymnastics
In ancient Greece, the gymnasium was the center of life for athletes over the age of 18, where they performed naked gymnastics. Women were excluded from these activities.
International meetings and competitions
Almost all nudist clubs and naturist holiday resorts offer a more or less large range of sports, and competitions are often held there. In the following, only a few nationally known and recurring nude sports events are presented.
The International Naturist Sports Week near Szeged
The largest nude sports event in Europe is the International Naturist Sports Week in the Sziksósfürdő naturist complex near Segedin (Hungarian: Szeged ). At the meeting, which has been held in the last week of July since 1989, there are almost 40 disciplines on the program, including typical nudist sports such as volleyball , badminton , swimming , table tennis , tug of war and pétanque , but also disciplines such as high jump and long jump that are less common , 100-meter run , cross-country run and a variant of sumo that can do without the Mawashi belt . A Hungarian specialty is the Turul competition , a team sport with rules similar to Indiaka. There are also competitions in chess , table football , arm wrestling and pure fun competitions such as car tire throwing, Trabi pushing, ice cube wide spitting and body painting . The last number of participants was almost 400.
The Alpe-Adria-Meeting
The Alpe-Adria-Treffen is an international sports meeting with a variety of competitions. It took place for years on the Croatian campsite Monsena , which has been a textile facility since 2006 (new name: "Camping Amarin"). That is why the nudist campsite Kažela near Medulin hosted the Alpe-Adria meeting for the first time in 2005 .
After Camping Kažela was also converted into a pure textile facility, the Alpe-Adria-Treffen is now taking place in the "Camp Solaris Porec Istria". The following sports are organized: volleyball, table tennis (single / double), beach volleyball, petanque, tennis (single / double), tug of war, chess and various children's games.
INF swimming festival and pétanque tournament
The International Naturist Federation (INF-FNI) has been organizing swimming and pétanque competitions for many years. Around 130 participants met for the 35th INF Swimming Festival in November 2006 in Gijón / Spain. The petanque tournament will take place for the 26th time in 2007, on 25/26. August at the Hamaland facility in Almere-haven, the Netherlands .
Naturist swimming gala in Amersfoort
Since the 1970s the Dutch Naturist Association (NFN) has organized an annual swimming meeting in Amersfoort with competitions, games and entertainment (“Zwemgala”). The meeting took place for the 33rd time in 2007 (March 11th).
Races
Carrera Nudista de Sopelana
Since 1999, the “Carrera Nudista de Sopelana” 5000 meter race for men, women and children has been held on the beach in Sopelana near Bilbao ( Spain ). The event was founded by the runner Patxi Ros and has been called "Patxi Ros Trophy" since 2003.
Race at the Roskilde Festival
During the large annual music festival in Roskilde (Denmark) with a total of around 115,000 visitors, a naked race for festival passes has been held since 1999. Organized as a publicity stunt by the festival radio station, originally 25 short laps had to be covered. In recent years the run has been shortened several times to up to two laps, especially in bad weather. After only between 10 and 15 men took part in 2003 and 2004, the number of participants recently rose to almost 30, and half of the participants are now women. With several thousand spectators, the race has established itself as a happy part of the festival.
Former Naked Mile undergraduate exam in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Starting in 1986, some students at the University of Ann Arbor marked the end of their winter semester exams in April with a nude run through the streets of Ann Arbor , home of Michigan University's law school. The event gained some attention until in 2000 the university and city police began cracking down on the race, allegedly for security reasons. In 2002 the participants wore underwear, in 2003 a maximum of 7 participants were arrested. Due to the postponement of one day in 2004 and a new route, 14 participants were able to protest against the arrests in the previous year and avoid their own arrest. In 2005 the event was renamed “Painted Mile” with bodypaint. In 2007 the tradition of student fun had disappeared.
The Sydney Fringe Festival surfing competition
In the 1990s, a nude surfing competition was held every January on Sydney's Bondi Beach for several years . The Nude Surfing Contest was part of the Sydney Fringe Festival and attracted several dozen participants and thousands of spectators. The festival's themes were music, theater and film. The surfing competition was usually the only non-textile event at the meeting and thus had a similar position to the nude run of the Roskilde Music Festival. The surfer Rod Cox was a multiple winner. There is no evidence on the Internet that the competition will be repeated after 2003.
See also
swell
literature
- Tony Perrottet: The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games: The True Story of the Olympic Games. Random House 2004, ISBN 978-0-8129-6991-7 .
- Anita & Wolfgang Gramer: 1,2, free! The Naked Active Book. mym Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-937502-04-5 .
- Werner Sonntag: Combat lust: About the eroticism of body encounters in a duel / Description of a scene / When women fight and men watch: Emancipation, stimulation, obsession? Verlag Laufen und Leben, 1st edition 2002, ISBN 978-3-9802835-2-6 .
Web links
- Naked and Active in Europe and Beyond
- Claudia: 7 exciting facts about nude hiking - indenbergen.de, January 11, 2018, accessed August 15, 2020.
Individual evidence
- ↑ News.de editorial team: Nude hiking: Natural instead of annoying .
- ↑ News.de editorial team: Nude hiking: Natural instead of annoying .
- ↑ Fit For Fun 3/2008, p. 8
- ↑ Ennius: scen. 395
- ↑ Rigobert W. Fortuin: The sport in the Augustan Rome. Philological and sport-historical studies. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996. ISBN 978-3-515-06850-5 . P. 48.
- ↑ Bed story: Ten people in a quadruped .
- ↑ Nude sports lessons in the Odenwald School. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
- ^ Arnd Krüger : There goes this art of manliness. Journal of Sport History 18: 1, 135-159 (1991); http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH1991/JSH1801/jsh1801i.pdf on . 19th February 2017.
- ↑ Example: Swimwear Ordinance of the City of Munich
- ↑ Hiking: Hot tips from the cool British .
- ↑ Gudrun Oelze: Nude hiking trail: Hüllenlos through the Harz . In: Spiegel Online, December 19, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ↑ Germany's nude hiking trails . March 6, 2017.
- ↑ But no nude hiking - Trebbin puts nudist project on hold . 7th August 2015.
- ↑ Roshan Adhihetty: Interview and illustrated book on naked hiking. Retrieved June 28, 2017 .
- ↑ Canton Schaffhausen, Government Council, minutes of August 3, 2004, minor inquiry 30/2004 regarding statues .
- ↑ Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Law on Infringement Penalties (UeStG), revised on April 26, 2009 ( Memento from May 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 22 kB)
- ↑ Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Ordinance on Ordinance on Administrative Fines of June 15, 2009 ( Memento of May 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 25 kB)
- ↑ Decision 6B 345/2011, intended for publication
- ↑ World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR) - Naked Bicycle People Power! Stop indecent exposure to vehicle emissions! ( en ) Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ↑ Lisa Sonnabend: Naked to Lenggries . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) . May 17, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ↑ Vienna: June 19: 600 cyclists at the naked bikeride in Vienna !! Critical Mass , June 17, 2009, accessed April 20, 2019 .
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of September 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) critical mass - naked bike ride. Kulturserver Graz, archive, July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of August 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Tommi Tomson: Cycling naked through the city: The "Naked Bike Ride". Wiener Online, June 20, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ↑ http://graz.radln.net/cms/beitrag/11136707/48581145/ Horst Koschuta et al .: CM22 almost hüllenlos, ARGUS Steiermark, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ^ Fred Rohé: The Zen of Running, New York 1974, ISBN 0-394-73038-0
- ↑ bffl-bs.de .
- ↑ Naked Yoga. (No longer available online.) In: amica.de. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016 ; Retrieved April 7, 2016 .
- ↑ Silke Koppers: Naked Yoga: Accepting yourself - including wrinkles and pounds. In: monstersandcritics.de. May 18, 2007, archived from the original on June 25, 2013 ; Retrieved April 7, 2016 .
- ↑ De lo más natural. (No longer available online.) In: ene-naturismo.org. September 20, 2009, archived from the original on February 8, 2016 ; Retrieved April 7, 2016 (Spanish).
- ↑ http://www.nakedmile.com/countdown.html
- ^ CNN - Surf's up, suits off: Nude surfing events in Australia - Jan. 27, 1998 .