Nudism
The nudism ( FKK ) is content partially identical to nudism , naturism and nudism in the sense of communal nudity of the people of leisure, sports and everyday life.
The beginnings of nudism lie in the late 19th century in Germany , especially in the region around Berlin . As an officially recognized way of life, nudism is now widespread internationally under the term “naturism”, with associations and official nudist beaches in numerous countries in Europe , North America and Australia . Naturism is most widespread in German-speaking countries and Scandinavia .
General
definition
The self-image of the followers of a naked way of life is defined as nudist or naturism as follows:
“ It [this way of life] is expressed in communal nudity, combined with self-respect, as well as respect for those who think differently and the environment. Communal nudity is an essential characteristic of naturism, which fully evaluates the natural elements of sun, air and water. Naturism restores physical and psychological equilibrium by bringing rest in a natural environment, through exercise and respect for the basic principles of health and nutrition. Naturism encourages many activities that develop creativity. Total nudity is the most appropriate 'suit' to achieve a return to nature and is certainly the most visible aspect of naturism, even if it is not the only one. It has a balancing effect on people by relieving them of tensions caused by taboos and provocations in today's society and showing the way to a simpler, healthier and more humane way of life. "
Content
Behind the nudism movement is an attitude towards life, according to which the naked body is no reason for feelings of shame . In this sense, the communally practiced nudity of nudism is often experienced as liberating and goes hand in hand with mutual acceptance and a positive body image. The focus is on enjoying nature, being naked or realizing freedom. The nudity of nudism has no sexual relation. Compared to swimwear, nudity on the beach and in the water is associated with a different surface sensitivity, which is usually experienced as pleasant. The nudity propagated in the sense of nudism does not address sexuality and is not directly related to it.
In the context of nudism , bathing, sunbathing on bathing lakes or beaches (the "nudist beach"), sports and other leisure activities are mostly practiced naked. The rules of naturism apply in numerous holiday resorts, campsites and sports club facilities . Nudists, naturists and nudists are organized in national and international nudist or naturism associations.
Nudity in intimate situations as well as purely practical nudity such as in the shower or in the sauna do not belong to nudity. This nudity does not require a special group consensus.
Nudism and naturism
Outside of the German-speaking area, the terms nudism are used for nude culture in general and naturism for the extended lifestyle. In many European countries, the abbreviation "FKK" has been adopted without being clear about the content. This abbreviation in connection with nudity or nudity did not become part of German usage until the late 1960s. The term "clothing optional" (often in English-speaking German "clothing optional") used to make it clear that nudity tolerated or is explicitly allowed. In Dutch, the term “naaktrecreatie” includes being naked for recreation.
Nudism
The term nudist culture today encompasses various forms in German-speaking countries. Many supporters limit their exercise to clubs, campsites or specially marked beaches. The followers of this culture are traditionally called naturists, nudists or nudists ( lat. Nudus "naked"). The Naturism is a lifestyle that includes many manifestations, such. B. hiking, cycling, sport, canoeing in the great outdoors, which requires mutual tolerance and consideration and is connected with ecological commitment . In this sense, naturism stands in the tradition of life reform , even if it mostly lacks its ascetic tendency (renouncing alcohol and nicotine, vegetarianism, free economy , etc.) today.
Since the taboo on public nudity was largely removed - in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1970s and 1980s - a special term for naked people has increasingly been dispensed with. While the practice of nudism was still strictly regulated at club level in the 1950s, free ("unorganized") nudity was established in the early 1970s: You were naked wherever it was not explicitly forbidden and in many public swimming pools there were nude bathing times introduced.
The term nudism is expanded from physical culture, which at the beginning of the 20th century was understood to mean the shift towards the physical through sport, hiking and other leisure activities in nature. This was seen as a counter-movement to a bourgeoisie that was perceived as “musty” and a cramped, urban living and housing situation with little air and light. This movement with comfortable and healthy clothing then partially took the step to nudity and chose the addition of free to the main term body culture . The term nudism then stepped increasingly taking the place of the first preferred term "naturism", which met with strong taboo barriers. The term nudist has been synonymous with naked otherwise place since the 1970s in many neologisms input, for example in nude bathing for nude bathing, nude make (or ... drive ) for being naked in general.
Even in the 21st century, public bathing places in Germany that are intended for nude bathing are usually referred to as “nudist beaches” or “nudist bathing places”, although many guests bathing there do not associate any particular cultural movement with bathing without clothing and for various reasons relax there naked. The City of Munich has avoided the abbreviation “FKK” when naming its nude bathing areas.
Relationship between nudism and sexuality
In contrast to one's own self-image, nudity and nudity in public are sometimes brought into the vicinity of exhibitionism and voyeurism in the perception of others . This is expressed, among other things, in the fact that the - unprotected - term for commercial erotic offers is used in names such as "FKK-Klub". Overall, it often seems difficult for non-nudists without experience and contact with nudism not to automatically associate nudity with sexuality outside of a narrow private sphere.
“ There are sauna clubs or brothels that call themselves nudist sauna clubs, but only hide behind the term nudist. Here an idea or ideology is being misused. "
This view is based on the culturally anchored assumption that nudity is inevitably sexual. American psychologists Paul Bindrim and Leonard Blank were among the first to study the relationship between social nudity and sexuality. Sexual arousal is thus a learned reaction that is associated with nudity in Western Christian culture. In contrast to mainstream culture, nudity in nudity is not sexual and therefore does not represent a sexual stimulus per se.
Natural nudity
According to one's own self-image, the nudity practiced in the context of nudism is in principle not sexual. This attitude can be found both implicitly and explicitly in the statutes of various naturist associations and clubs. Open sexual behavior is often prohibited on the grounds of nudist clubs, swimming pools or campsites, but this is generally frowned upon on freely accessible nudist beaches.
This self-image can be traced back historically to the beginnings of the nudist movement and its roots in the life reform of the 19th century. Nudity, as well as veganism , agricultural self-sufficiency and closeness to nature , should be understood here as a return to nature and as a departure from the degenerate, urban life of industrial society.
“ The naturalistic movement was not about the sexualization of the body, but about health and also the idea of freeing people from shame, as well as from social inequality and the unhealthy living conditions in overpopulated cities during the beginning of industrialization. "
At the same time, the movement at that time was in clear contradiction to social norms and conventions, which it had made its aim to overcome. Establishing nudity as clearly asexual, provided with attributes such as naturalness, purity and mutual respect, served on the one hand to define and differentiate oneself, but not least to avoid persecution and prohibitions by state authorities.
“ The advocates of nudism, known as nude culture before World War I, upgrade nudity to a moral and 'natural' way of life. In doing so, they turn the accusations of the followers of prudish Puritanism of sinning against morality on the offensive in a provocative way. Nudity is propagated as a means of liberation from a prudish deadlock and neurosis-producing coercive morality in a sick society. Nude culture sees itself as a sociopolitical and cultural reform concept that seeks to change society through life reform from the base of the subjects. "
Exhibitionism and voyeurism
Exhibitionism, at least in the clinicopathological sense, consists in the sexual pleasure in the shocked reactions of other people. However, neither such actions nor such reactions are to be expected in the realm of naturalistic life. However, nudism is also increasingly penetrating the general public, but here too the focus is on the desire to be naked, even if the "desire to show" is often assumed or cannot be generally ruled out.
Voyeurism, as a counterpart to exhibitionism, describes the gain in pleasure by viewing sexual acts. The voyeur, also commonly referred to as "tensioner", finds sexual arousal by watching other people have sex, for example . As with exhibitionism, the demarcation from normal action and feeling is not clearly given; For example, most healthy people experience the consumption of pornography as a voyeuristic act with relish. In the context of nudity, however, nudity as such does not serve as a sexual stimulus and therefore does not attract any particular attention. Many nudists report a "normalization" of nudity: this becomes natural and omnipresent, thus loses its attention function and "fades into the background".
“ In the understanding of the nudist advocates, nudity had a pleasure-lowering function, as the regular sight of naked bodies accustomed people to nudity, whereby the sex drive is reduced and the sexual desire assumes a healthy and natural extent, which ultimately leads to an enteroticization Nudity lead. Accusations of the nudist opponents that their activities are immoral and immoral, as they open the door to the voyeuristic gaze, were countered that it is not the nudity itself, but the person who experiences sexual arousal when looking at a naked body, is immoral and immoral. "
Scientific studies and personal testimonials agree that nudity loses its sexual meaning within nudism. Through the habitual confrontation with nudity in everyday situations that are clearly not sexual, a decontextualization of nudity takes place. The gaze gets used to naked bodies of both sexes, the connection “nudity → sex”, socialized in our culture, dissolves. Thus the motives for exhibitionism and voyeurism are omitted. The sight of opposite-sex nudity retains its aesthetic value and a certain curiosity about other people's bodies remains. However, the naked body per se is no longer sexually arousing as soon as the socially learned scheme is gone.
Influence on body feeling and psychological well-being
In addition to their protective function against temperature and weather, clothing serves as a psychological barrier against others and as an omnipresent symbol of status and social class. "Unclothing" outside the private protection zones (bathroom, bedroom) is therefore associated with defenselessness, being "exposed to strangers". In our culture, being naked in public in front of strangers is associated with shame and embarrassment. Accordingly, first experiences with nudism by people who have not been familiar with it since childhood are often reported as unpleasant and disconcerting. However, as you get used to it, you quickly get a positive feeling. This is usually described as "freedom", "delimitation", "connection" with the environment and fellow human beings. The communal nudity goes hand in hand with mutual trust, respect and an absence of staging.
“ FKK stands for self-confidence and breaking out of social constraints. That is important and worthy of funding. "
The feelings and effects of collective, social nudity are related to forms of religious-motivated nudity, such as the ancient gymnosophists or nowadays with Indian sadhus or digambara , whose nudity is understood as asceticism as a liberation from worldly constraints. This shows parallels to the spiritual background of naturism.
Scientific studies show that people who practice nudism regularly have a more positive body image and less self-doubt about their body. This is independent of the extent to which these correspond to the current body ideal. Socialization in the context of nudism leads to a more self-confident and relaxed relationship to the body in later life and less distortion through medially conveyed ideals of beauty.
“In this country , the times when people were indignant at the sight of naked sun worshipers are long gone. Perhaps nudism is people's longing for paradise. Maybe a little revolutionary. Maybe it's just beautiful and liberating. It's probably a mixture of all of these arguments. "
Naturism as an economic factor: "nature tourism"
While nudism existed in its beginnings as an alternative way of life to distinguish it from the bourgeoisie and the establishment, in the course of the 20th century an increasing commercialization of tourism began. This connection was already found at the beginning of the movement at Motzener See :
“ Around this time they even built a small train station of their own for the naked people from the Märchenwiese; now they owned Europe's only nudist area with a siding. The pursuit of profit triumphed over the concerns of the moral guards, after all the naturists brought a lot of money into the villages. "
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In the meantime, tourist offers for naturists such as nudist camping, nudist resorts and holiday complexes or also special offers such as nudist cruises have become an economically important segment of the tourism industry, for which the trunk word nature tourism has also become established.
In Germany, the market for nude relaxation is estimated at around ten million holidaymakers annually. The leading travel destinations in this segment are currently France and Croatia. In France alone there are over 100 naturist holiday villages and campsites. Their annual turnover reaches a three-digit million amount.
Many vacation spots and regions try to distinguish themselves through appropriate offers on nude beaches and resorts. In Germany, Sylt, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and the Baltic Sea coast are popular holiday regions for nude relaxation. In France, the valley of the Cèze , the Biscay coast with Montalivet-les-Bains , the Mediterranean coast with the Ile du Levant , Leucate and Cap d'Agde as well as numerous naturist facilities inland are well-known areas for nudists. The Netherlands also has a large number of facilities, campsites and beach sections for Naaktrecreatie . The island's first naturist hotel opened in 2013 in S'Arenal de Sa Canova on Mallorca .
In addition, tourism offers are specially marketed for nudists. The offer ranges from campsites , golf courses and fitness centers to sailing trips and safari tours. There are also separate nudist areas on some large cruise ships such as the AIDAdiva . The cruise operator Carnival Cruise Line provides the ship Carnival Freedom once a year for a week-long nudist cruise in the Caribbean . With around 3000 passengers, this is the world's largest nudist cruise. In Germany, the Kristalltherme Ludwigsfelde , south of Berlin , is the largest nudist spa in Europe.
Regional differences
International
In many cultures around the world, nudity in public is considered offensive and, except in certain contexts, prohibited. This prohibition can already cover the exposure of the upper body of women . For example, a dispute between the German Baltic Sea community of Ahlbeck and the neighboring Polish town of Swinoujscie caused a stir: while nude bathing was widespread in the GDR and textile and nude bathers have often mixed up on East German beaches, nudism is hardly pronounced in Poland . After the border barrier fell in the course of the EU's eastward expansion , Polish bathers often found themselves unprepared among naked people, to which the Poles reacted indignantly. This led to political resentments between the two communities.
In the USSR one could be arrested for nude bathing. Only glasnost and perestroika in the mid-1980s made it easier for naturists in Russia to live their style. From 1992 to 1995 there was a boom. In 1995 the first club in Moscow was officially recognized and thus legal. In 2006 it had around 200 members. The most famous nudist beach near Moscow is in the Silver Grove ( Серебряный Бор, 'Serebrjany Bor'). The total number of official and permitted beaches is manageable. Nudism has become widespread, especially in the Crimea .
The United States has numerous vacation homes in the southern states where nudity is allowed or required. There are some nudist beaches on the Pacific coast and in Florida , outside of these, being naked on public beaches is prohibited by law almost everywhere. Arnd Krüger compared the historical development of the nudist movements in Germany and the USA and showed that there was strong nationalism behind it in Germany, while in the USA marketing interests dominated from the beginning.
In France , the activist group Association pour la promotion du naturisme en liberté (APNEL) works to ensure that people can be naked everywhere in public spaces.
In the Mediterranean region, Croatia is the country with the most pronounced nudist tradition, with numerous beaches, campsites and hotels for nudism. Nudism has been allowed in what was then Yugoslavia since 1953 and is still widespread in the Adriatic region today .
Germany
According to historian Dagmar Herzog , the culture of public nudity is more pronounced in Germany than in other Western countries. Germany was a pioneer of the nudist movement, other countries such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and the USA followed later. According to Herzog, the relaxed German relationship to nudity can be traced back to "the uprising of the 68s against the hypocrisy of the 1950s, as well as the normality of nude bathing in the GDR and the fitness and wellness boom of the 1980s and 1990s."
After reunification , nude bathing was pushed back in the new federal states . In the 1990s there were conflicts over nude bathing, particularly on the beaches of the Baltic Sea, as a result of which some municipalities downsized the nudist beaches again. At some inland lakes in Mecklenburg and other regions in eastern Germany, the casual nudity has largely been preserved. On the Baltic Sea, too, customs have recently become somewhat more relaxed. In the meantime, in many places that used to be free of textiles, it is widely accepted to be both clothed and naked. Exceptions are explicitly textile beaches and beach sections and lakes operated by nudist clubs. In large cities like Munich, nudist areas are usually designated in nature and urban pools.
According to a study carried out in 2014, Germany is the country with the greatest acceptance of being naked: around a third of all respondents stated that they had already been naked in public.
Austria
For nudists there are numerous areas of nudist associations and several nudist campsites and nudist recreation centers.
The recreational landscape near the Danube in northeastern Vienna was already used for nude bathing in the 1920s. After the construction of Vienna's Danube Island , the Vienna state government explicitly approved eight kilometers of shore and beach zone in the area of the recreation area created there for nude bathing. Some municipal outdoor pools offer nude bathing areas. In Vienna's Lobau National Park there are public, albeit not officially defined, nudist bathing areas. a. at the Dechantlacke . In Graz there is a nude bathing area with its own pool, shielded by a wall, in the Straßgang outdoor pool . At Schwarzlsee , an almost 1 km long gravel pond with permanent camping and event halls, nude bathing is permitted in the northern half of the beach.
The Pleschinger See near Linz has had an officially nudist bathing area since 1982 . At the Weikerlsee you can swim informally naked, at some of the Feldkirchner bathing lakes upon entry.
A study in various European countries investigated the frequency of being naked on the beach. According to this, the willingness or interest in nudity is greatest in Austria (followed by Germany and France). The study does not reveal the extent to which Austrians are staunch supporters of nudism.
Legal Aspects of Public Nudity
International
Denmark is the only country in the world that in principle allows freedom of textiles on the coast and on the beach. In all other European countries it is allowed on officially marked beaches, but only more or less tolerated by the state on “wild” nudist beaches.
In some places public nudity is countered by bans. For example, the city of Brattleboro in the United States issued a ban on public nudity in 2007 after teenagers began to show up naked in the city.
In Switzerland , in the strongly Catholic canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, the rural community (the electorate as the highest political body) added Article 15 of the cantonal criminal offense on April 26, 2009 to the effect that from now on "publicly offensive behavior that violates custom or decency" is an official offense is punished. Although not explicitly mentioned, this provision was introduced primarily with a view to nude hiking. It is not a matter of introducing a new ban, but rather an uninterrupted and otherwise neglected practice in several cantons . The Federal Court in Lausanne has declared applicable on 17 November 2011, this provision as permissible and to the naked hiking (see. Also the section "walking" in the article "Naked Sport" ).
In Poland , public nudity is prosecuted ex officio , sometimes also on public beaches, if it is detected by officials on site or via video surveillance systems or fixed speed measuring systems, without there being any harmed persons (harassed persons). According to the Polish Code of Offenses (kodeks wykroczeń) , it can be punished as a misdemeanor with arrest , a fine of up to PLN 1500 (approx. € 340). With women, “ topless ” is already punished as impropriety .
A citizens' initiative based in Freiburg im Breisgau and similar initiatives in Great Britain advocated the recognition of public nudity as a civil right . This applied to the years 1999 to 2005, while from 2007 onwards no such activity can be found.
In Italy , public nudity is forbidden and punished with very heavy fines, although a few regions have implemented naturism laws to promote tourism, e.g. B. Emilia-Romagna, Abruzzo and Veneto. There are only a few approved nudist beaches on which nudity is allowed without penalty. On all other public beaches in Italy as well as on normally tolerated nudist beaches, law enforcement officers can impose severe penalties.
The previously generally applicable tolerance of nude bathing in Spain was restricted in a ruling by the highest court in 2009. The background was a nudist ban by the municipality of Castell-Platja d'Aro , which was challenged by nudist associations. They sued the restriction in court with the demand that “nude bathing is a basic right”. The ruling primarily had an impact in the Costa Brava region . The place Charco del Palo on the Canary Island of Lanzarote has been the only one to have an official naturist permit since 1980.
Germany
In many municipalities, beach, river or park areas are designated in which nude bathing and sunbathing is expressly permitted. Outside of these official nudist beaches, nude bathing is often possible without any particular restrictions in freely accessible bathing areas.
While nudity on the beach and bathing lake is largely tolerated and does not entail any legal consequences, nudity outside of these locations - but not in one's own apartment or on one's own property - has been sanctioned so far. In Germany, public nudity (without sexual reference) is not prohibited under criminal law, but is occasionally fined as an administrative offense for harassment of the general public in accordance with Section 118 of the OWiG . In practice, a dismissal is usually pronounced, but prosecution as an administrative offense rarely occurs. Nudist events are sometimes not approved. In 2005, for example, a “nude bike campaign” was prohibited by the Karlsruhe Administrative Court . The reason given by the court was that the plans contradict the generally recognized rule of the unwritten social order not to be naked on public streets (judgment of June 7, 2005; AZ: 6 K 1058/05).
In one's own apartment and on one's own property, any clothing and thus also nudity is protected by the inviolability of the apartment (Art. 13 GG), regardless of any possible visibility.
Rejection of nudism, persecution and resistance
Since the beginnings of nudism, this has been exposed to hostility and had to defend itself against official reprisals. This rejection was usually based on moral considerations and was accompanied by the assumption that public nudity was immoral. In addition, there were sometimes political motives, as the nudist movement was traditionally politically left-wing and close to the social workers' movement .
An example of this is the persecution of nudism from 1933 in the Austro-Fascist corporate state . From the 1920s onwards, nudism was firmly established in the Lobau and enjoyed great popularity among the young population of Vienna . With the fascist takeover of power under Engelbert Dollfuss , tolerance ended and the "naked" were exposed to increasing persecution. The police authorities were urged to pay more attention to the “correct covering” of the body and to take action against any “unnecessary nudity”.
" Some of the police officers themselves checked people in proper swimwear: they let the suspects pull their swimwear off and checked the underlying skin to see if it was lighter than the rest of the body tan or seamlessly tan. The punishment for a seamless tan was lashes with a stick. "
After the Second World War this situation relaxed again and nudism could be practiced again in Austria.
In the GDR , after the 1950s, conflicts between naked and clothed bathers took place in various regions of the Baltic Sea, the so-called "panty war". There were insults and assaults on both sides. The police intervened and nudist bans were imposed in some administrative districts. This led to opposition from the naturist movement. In some cases, people with clothes who came too close to the nudist area were “forcibly stripped” and tied to trees. The culture minister of the GDR , Johannes R. Becher , demanded that “certain people show their deformed bodies on display”. : From this period later became known anecdote, which Johannes R. Becher a nacktbadende woman with the words comes "Do not be ashamed, you old sow?" Yelled. It was about the writer Anna Seghers , whom he had not recognized. When, a few weeks later, Becher presented her with the national first class prize with the words “My dear Anna” , Seghers replied clearly audible for everyone: “You are still the old pig.” The nudist culture of the GDR emerged victorious from this conflict From the 1960s onwards, nudism became a mass movement in the GDR and more widespread than anywhere else in the world.
Although today nudist beaches and facilities exist in most western countries and they are mostly tolerated, attacks and hostility continue to occur in Europe as well. In 2016, for example, bathers were insulted and insulted in the nudist area of the Xanten lido , presumably against a political and religious background. Police and state security then started investigations. A local business owner used a firearm on a beach near Porto-Vecchio in Corsica in 2017. He was opposed to the local nude recreation and asked the naked people to dress. When they refused, an argument broke out, whereupon the businessman shot a woman who was fleeing in the leg. In 2018, near Hamburg , a farmer ran over a naked man with his off-road vehicle. According to his statement, he overlooked the bather; However, there were conflicts between the farmer and nudists beforehand. The farmer was convicted of negligent assault. In the Brandenburg town of Lychen , a nudist dispute escalated in 2020: although people had been swimming naked in the surrounding bathing lakes for many decades, the city administration issued a nudist ban at the communal bathing areas. This led to bitter conflicts between supporters and opponents of the decision, including blackmail letters and the threat of poisoning a lake with diesel fuel. The conflict ended with the resignation of a city councilor and the lifting of the ban.
Recently, groups of nudist activists, so-called nacktivists, have endeavored to be naked in every situation and to extend the permissibility of being naked to the entire public space. It is required that nudity should also be permitted outside of limited nudist areas, for example in urban areas. Public nudity is not seen as a problem, but public attitudes towards nudity:
“ Very few people are bothered by us - and those who do have to change their attitude. "
In the US there is a strong naturist / nudist tradition on the west coast in cities like Portland , Seattle and San Francisco , but this is repeatedly questioned by the police and administrative authorities. In San Francisco, a traditionally very liberal city, the city council spoke out in November 2012 for a ban on public nudity within the city. This decision sparked protests and demonstrations from citizens.
history
By far the most extensive collection on the historical and current situation of nudism, the "International Nudist Library" (formerly Damm - Baunatal Collection), is located in the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History in Hanover .
background
In bathhouses, even in the Middle Ages, people bathed in the nude, although moral or (with regard to disease transmission) medical concerns were occasionally expressed. In large parts of Central Europe, until the 18th century, people bathed naked in rivers and lakes, albeit often separated by sex. It was not until the late 18th century that public nudity was effectively tabooed here, and this was never enforced in the sparsely populated Scandinavia. At the same time, Lord Monboddo (1714–1779) propagated and practiced nude bathing in the 18th century as a revival of ancient Greek nude culture. It found literary mention in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's (1742–1799) book Das Luftbad .
From 1898 to 1920: Nude culture in the life reform and youth movement
The first nudist club was founded in Essen in 1898 . Around 1900, nude bathing emerged more and more in the Berlin area and on the North and Baltic Seas. A few years earlier, common bathing in public - even in contemporary, extensive swimwear - had been officially prohibited in many places or was considered immoral. The naturist movement also began in France around 1900.
“ The first official nudist association in Germany was founded in 1898 in the Ruhr area, although the center of nude bathing has always been on the coast and around the liberal, adventurous Berlin. "
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For a long time after the political liberalization , conservative circles tried to combat the increasingly popular nude bathing, especially among urban intellectuals, as a moral decline. As a countermovement, especially in Prussia , which was traditionally more tolerant than other countries of the German Reich, life reform and naturist nude culture (FKK) associations formed, of which there were already more than 50 in 1913. The high ideological demands of these associations can be seen in names such as “ Die neue Zeit ” or “ Bund frei Menschen ”. A large number of naturists at that time came from the Wandervogel - or youth movement .
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The early protagonists of nudism had different political orientations. One wanted - to put it pointedly - with nudity either to achieve the equality of all people or to return to the hardened, naked Teutons, of which the Roman writer Tacitus reports in his Germania . At that time there were hardly any really ideology-free nudist clubs that would have simply regarded being naked as the more pleasant and more intense way of experiencing nature.
Well-known personalities who at that time contributed to the development and spread of naturism as "nudist pioneers" include:
- Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913), painter and nudist pioneer
- August Engelhardt (1875-1919), dropout and nature preacher, founded a nudist "Sun Order" in New Guinea
- Fidus (1868–1948), painter of the “Light Prayer” (1905), which gave a sign of movement
- Adolf Koch (1896–1970), doctor and socialist
- Heinrich Pudor (1865–1943), formerly a propagandist of the nude culture, nationalist publicist
- Arnold Rikli (1823–1906), Swiss natural healer, the modern founder of naturism
- Herbert Rittlinger (1909–1978), world traveler and writer, who a. a. describes the connection between nudism and canoeing in his books
- Hans Surén (1885–1972), author of nudist writings, controversial because of his proximity to Nazi ideology
- Richard Ungewitter (1869–1958), anti-Semite, author and first organizer of the nudist movement
- Karl Vanselow (1877–1959), editor of magazines on the nudist movement
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The followers of nudism mostly had a Protestant background and included various nutritional teachings such as raw food or vegetarianism as well as different esoteric teachings such as the Mazdaznan doctrine and the new spirit movement . There are more left-wing as well as decidedly anti-Semitic or ethnic orientated variants known, such as the latter in runic gymnastics in close relation to ariosophy . The initial strong political pluralization also contributed to its widespread use and to today's recognition as an ideology-free nude recreation.
From 1920 to 1945: “Swedish bathing” in Motzener See
In the 1920s, nudism became increasingly popular. The period between the two world wars, associated in Germany with the Weimar Republic , was characterized by increasing liberalization. With the fall of the empire there was a loosening of bourgeois norms and morality. The so-called golden twenties were characterized by hedonism and social unconventionality. In Berlin and the surrounding area in particular , nude bathing - also known as "Swedish bathing" at the time - was becoming increasingly popular among young people.
The Motzener See south of Berlin became the "wet cradle of German nudist culture" . Young people from Berlin in particular drove to the area north of Motzen on the weekends , where the “fairy tale meadow” developed as the center of nudism. The Motzener See, which the railway touches about halfway from Mittenwalde to Töpchin , was developed at several excursion stops in the immediate vicinity of the bathing areas. This also earned it the nickname Motzenersee-Bahn at that time . The northernmost of these bathing spots was given the sonorous name “Märchenwiese”.
“ Every time her fairytale meadow came into view on the northern tip of the Motzener See, he stopped the hissing, tinkling train briefly. Then the young people jumped into the land of the summer resort. They took off their clothes, ran like Adam and Eve over the sand into the crystal clear water - and with their verve got the free body movement going in the early 20s. "
In the first few years the stop was not official and the train only stopped at the request of naturists. It was not until 1931 that the stop of the same name was created, so the Märchenwiese was later the first nudist bathing area with a siding. The nudist movement around the Motzener See was also strongly inspired by ideas of workers' education, sex education, nutrition, gymnastics and the new body aesthetics.
" They came from the Wandervogel movement and from sports associations" without gender segregation "; they agitated in Motzen with Berlin's sex educator Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld against § 218 and expanded their colonies mightily. "
Nudist clubs were also increasingly formed. After the first official nudist beach on Sylt was established in Germany in 1920 , most of the nudist associations joined together in 1923 to form the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bünde deutscher Lichtkampf” (from 1926 Reich Association for Nudism ). The socialist groups united separately under the name “Free People. Association for socialist lifestyle and nudism ”with (1932) approx. 70,000 members. In 1930, representatives from England, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Germany met in Frankfurt am Main and later founded a “European Union for Naturism”. In general, naturism made further progress in the 1930s: The " Lichtschulheim Lüneburger Land " (LLL) was created in Glüsingen ( Lüneburg Heath ). The first dissertation on the nudist movement was written and the first public nudist swimming festival was held in Leipzig on May 5, 1931 . However, nude bathing outside of closed club premises was again generally banned from 1931, and from 1933 the nudist clubs were either dissolved or integrated into National Socialist organizations such as the Bund für Leibeszucht as sports associations . At the end of the Weimar Republic, the naturist associations had around 100,000 members.
The initially purely German nudist culture spread to other countries. This is how the first nudist communities emerged in Great Britain and Australia , which later became associations.
On March 3, 1933, the Prussian Ministry of the Interior issued a circular to “combat the nudist movement”, the Reichsverband even supported it and finally renamed itself to the “fighting ring for völkisch nudism”. But in the Volkish officer Hans Surén in the Reich Labor Service , the Reichsbauernführer Walter Darré and, in the end, strong in the SS , the nudist found new supporters. At the beginning of August 1939, the 1st Naturist "Olympic Games" took place in Thielle (today's municipality of La Tène , Switzerland ). In the German Reich, the ban on nude bathing was relaxed by the Reich ordinance of July 10, 1942, if nobody had to see it (valid in the FRG until the 1960s, in the GDR until 1990). There was in the time of National Socialism , a "racist culture of nudity," whose most representative Hans tester Surén was glorifying the Nazi body ideals. In 1940 the first color picture books were published with depictions of martial nudity such as those by the sculptor Arno Breker .
Development after 1945 to the present
Naturism in the GDR
In the GDR , nude bathing in open bathing lakes and bodies of water (for example the Baltic Sea ) had been widespread since the 1970s, regardless of age. In waters where bathing was not officially allowed (gravel pits, etc.), people often bathed in the nude, while official bathing lakes often had nudist areas. Most of the seaside resorts on the Baltic Sea had stretches of beach that were designated for nudism. Often these were to the left and right of the textile section on the respective main promenade. In general, in the GDR, at least from the 1970s, there was a far greater tolerance of public nudity than in the Federal Republic.
The beginning of naturism in the GDR was in Ahrenshoop in the early 1950s . In the seaside resort on the Baltic Sea, areas were created in which artists and intellectuals first introduced nude bathing. The region was a seaside resort of the social avant-garde of the GDR, a vacation spot for numerous writers, actors and politicians. In the years that followed, there were conflicts between dressed and undressed bathers, until the Ahrenshoop municipal administration banned nude bathing in May 1954.
The ban on nude bathing soon aroused displeasure among the nudist community, who pressed for a renewed legalization of nude bathing. Among others, Rudolf Bernstein , head of Progress Film Distribution , and Werner Otto, dramaturge at the Komische Oper Berlin , campaigned for nude bathing. Nude bathing was then allowed again in Ahrenshoop, but was restricted to this region. In other parts of the country, government continued to crack down on nude bathers. Sometimes there were escalating conflicts, whereby (supposedly) hostile, clothed bathers were forcibly undressed or tied to trees and verbally abused. There were also wild and pioneering beach festivals, which became increasingly popular under the name of Cameroon festivals . Accordingly, the term Cameroon was a synonym for nudism in the GDR. When Der Spiegel reported on the East German nudist scene and the conflicts in September 1954, the government saw its international reputation endangered and imposed a complete ban on nude bathing on the entire Baltic coast. On this decision is now even greater resistance, many inspired entries , demand letter to political leadership of the GDR, which had to be answered within a month and similar to that functioned petition , protest letters and public appeals followed until the East German government, the ban took back in 1956 again. This was followed by the "Regulation on the regulation of the open-air swimming pool ", according to which "bathing without swimwear in places to which everyone has access is permitted if these places are expressly approved for this by the responsible local councils and marked accordingly."
Public nude bathing was now fully legal in designated zones and developed into a mass movement at the latest with the increasing liberalization of society from the 1970s.
The widespread use of nudism in the GDR is sometimes attributed to the fact that it was also a means of expression for political protest. With the reunification, this motivation for being naked no longer exists. Nevertheless, the number of nudist bathing opportunities and campsites for everyone has remained significantly high.
Naturism in the Federal Republic of Germany
A German Association for Naturism , which was limited to the western zones, was founded again in 1949. In the early Federal Republic there were problems with the Youth Protection Act because the magazines of the nudist movement were classified as harmful to young people in 1953 . Also in 1953, under the influence of the youth movement, the fkk-jugend was founded in Hanover . Its original, full name "fkk-jugend - Bund der Lichtscharen" shows the continuing ideological orientation of parts of the German nudist movement in the 1950s. After the first nudist holiday complexes were built around 1950 (1949/50 Center-Hélio-Marin in Montalivet-les-Bains , southern France), the general taboo on being naked decreased. At the same time, in 1955, the nude culture was still referred to as a "symptom ... of a sick civilization".
From the mid-1960s there was a strong boom in naturism, and the number of members of the clubs increased by leaps and bounds. The nudist beach near Kampen on Sylt achieved particular popularity through media coverage . Nude bathing beaches and holiday complexes in Yugoslavia (now Croatia ), France and on the Baltic Sea coast have become popular holiday destinations and can be booked through travel agencies. The upswing of "freedom to be naked" coincided with the social liberalization of the 1968 movement. At the end of the 1960s, nudity became a natural means of expression, for example in theater and performance art . This cultural development also reflects people's increasing awareness of their rights to freedom and the rejection of the norms set by the state or churches. The model of the bathing beaches of Yugoslavia and the GDR, whose freedom of movement was generally known through visits, also had a slight effect.
From 1979/80, the "Nackerten" from the English Garden in Munich caused a sensation. In the summer months, people of all ages in Munich increasingly used the centrally located location to sunbathe naked or swim in the Eisbach . After short and rather half-hearted attempts by the Munich city administration and police to prevent spontaneous naturism, being naked was officially allowed in two quite large areas of the English Garden. The English Garden thus became the world's first freely accessible (and also not delimited by privacy screens) inner-city nude recreation area. Similar areas followed on Berlin lakes ( bathing meadow Halensee ) and a sharp increase in unofficial but tolerated nude bathing opportunities on lakes, beaches and rivers. Spontaneous nudity at rock concerts and festivals ( Roskilde , Burning Man , Nambassa and others) also increased. Several travel providers started to no longer present their nude vacation offers separately, but to integrate them into their general catalogs; The publishers of camping guides acted similarly.
At the same time as this extensive removal of taboos , it was becoming increasingly difficult for nudist clubs to recruit members. The possibility of communal nudity as the only or even only primary purpose of the association was less and less sufficient. The number of nudist club members fell from around 150,000 in the early 1970s to around 60,000 in the late 1990s.
Forms and Distribution in the Present
Clothing is voluntary on nudist beaches, bathing areas and sunbathing lawns as well as at some festivals and events, undressed and clothed people are equally welcome. In nudist clubs and also on some nudist campsites and holiday complexes, complete nudity is sometimes expected if the weather permits.
This rule is applied with varying degrees of rigor and is sometimes a source of controversy among some naturists. As a rule, the staff of a nudist facility must be clothed in accordance with health and safety regulations.
Nudity on the beach
Probably the most common form of "nudism" called nudity is nude bathing or sunbathing on the beach. It takes place on the beaches and river banks referred to by the authorities as nude bathing areas, mostly “nudist beaches”, but also outside of these areas.
These “nudist beaches” are usually freely accessible; bathing in swimwear is generally tolerated. Swimwear is usually undesirable on beaches that are restricted or managed by associations. Nude bathing outside of official nudist beaches is largely tolerated in German-speaking countries, but is prohibited by law in many other countries.
Naturism in the club
Nudist clubs usually have club grounds, often located at swimming lakes. There are shared sports facilities, lawns and rooms for events. Sometimes members can lease holiday homes on the site or there are other overnight accommodations. Associations are run by members according to democratic principles or by one or more owners who set rules and statutes. In either case, they can set membership criteria and the duties of members. This usually includes the joint use of the work that is required for the maintenance or development of the club's premises.
Since nudity is tolerated on the beach in many places and nudism can also be practiced outside of the club's premises, the number of naturists organized in clubs in Germany is falling sharply. According to Kurt Fischer, President of the German Association for Naturism (DFK), the clubs have 45,000 members, but around seven million Germans are fans of naked bathing.
The extent of organized nudist life in clubs has also declined sharply in recent years, as there are no offspring here either. One reason may be that naked relaxation is now widespread on beaches, on campsites, in saunas in indoor pools and in thermal baths as well as in holiday resorts. The public acceptance of nudity is now quite high, so that there is no longer a clear need for delimitation.
Naturist campsites and holiday resorts
Holiday resorts are establishments that specialize in providing apartments , chalets and camping facilities for holidaymakers. The facilities are operated commercially, the guests are not members and generally have no say. Some resorts require visitors to have an INF card; H. To be a member of a national organization.
Large holiday complexes have swimming pools, sports fields, an entertainment program, children's clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some resorts offer regular visitors the option of buying their own chalets, and generations of the same families often come every year. Holiday resorts are often more tolerant of clothing than clubs; Total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be desirable on the beaches, while you B. on soccer fields or in restaurants in the evening is rare.
In Europe, naturist holiday resorts are predominantly found in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Croatia and France and on the French Atlantic coast .
Nude sports
Naturist clubs and holiday resorts traditionally offer members and guests the opportunity to swim naked, while facilities allow other sports such as volleyball, tennis, badminton, bowling, and the like. Typically these sports are practiced with a high recreational intensity and do not have to be particularly competitive.
Volleyball in particular was integrated into nudism at an early stage, with the invention of the sport in the late 19th century. In the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all clubs. Volleyball was perfect for nudism as most clubs were small and a volleyball court didn't take up much space, but at the same time involved a lot of people and didn't require a lot of equipment. In addition, it was ideal for the nude game as no team uniform or protective gear was required.
Increasingly, outside of nudist resorts, nudity is being organized via internet forums , such as nude hiking and nude cycling tours, nude rowing or nude riding. In 2009 the first "nude tobogganing competition" was held in Braunlage in the Harz Mountains and was repeated in 2010. Since the 1990s there have been regular naked bike tours organized with the World Naked Bike Ride in numerous countries .
In Wernigerode , the Harzer Verkehrsverband (HVV) approved the Harzer Naturistenstieg near Dankerode and opened it in 2010. Just like the naturist path at Undeloh in the Lüneburg Heath, it fulfills all of the core statements of the DFK's philosophy of life .
There are also unorganized nudist sports such as For example, what he called “gLauf ice jogging” by the “nude jogger from Limbach-Oberfrohna”, who wrote a book about this sport.
Festivals
At many music and art festivals like Melt , Fusion or the Roskilde Festival , nudity is a normal part. Participants bathe or dance naked, which is usually tolerated by the festival management. The Burning Man Festival is celebrated completely naked by several participants.
In addition to this spontaneous nudity, there are also festivals such as the Pashut Festival in Israel , which clearly see themselves as nudist events and expressly demand nudity.
Nude parades, bike and running events
Numerous parades, sporting events and events take place with public nudity, without always necessarily following the philosophy of naturism or nudism. Because mostly the fun and the joy of being naked are in the foreground, for example at the annual World Naked Gardening Day . In addition, some of these events carry a political message or have the character of a protest. The Tiger Streak aims to draw attention to endangered species. The World Naked Bike Ride protests against the disadvantage of cyclists in road traffic. The normalization and increased acceptance of nudity in public spaces goes hand in hand with these events.
Naked run
Naked Pumpkin Run
The Naked Pumpkin Run is an annual Halloween naked run in various cities across the United States. It has been held in several major US cities since 1998. Participants in the run wear the typical symbol for Halloween, the hollowed-out pumpkin, which also gives the event its name.
International naturist run
In 2008, the idea of an international naturist run was initiated by Peter Kaye for the first time as part of the nudist family meeting "Mee (h) r experience" on the Baltic Sea. After a two-year break, the run was revived by Franz Dirscherl. Under his direction, the International Naturist Run developed into the largest competitive running event of the naturist movement. This running event is a popular sport in which not only professional runners but also many amateur athletes take part. All participants run naked. Only running shoes, socks, hats and, for women, a sports bra are allowed. The following disciplines are held: 500-meter junior run, 5,000 and 10,000-meter running, as well as 5,000-meter walking and Nordic walking.
In 2008 69 participants started, in 2016 there were 208 participants. The runners come from Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and even from India, Indonesia, Australia, America, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic.
Other nudist clubs have taken up the idea. The Naturist Camp Sonnensee / BffL Hannover e. V. organized a naturist run as part of the 1st Sun Lake Games 2019.
Nakukymppi
The Nakukymppi is a playful running event in Päijät-Häme , Finland . It covers 10 km. It was operated by the Padasjoki municipality in the Päijät-Häme province. The event is annual and runs before the morning. The first nakukymppi was carried out in 2003. The motto of the event is "natural moving in nature".
According to the rules of nakukymppi, participants should only wear shoes, socks and headgear. The running takes place in the forest and afterwards the participants are offered a sauna. Participation is free. Each participant receives a diploma and the three fastest women and men receive prize money.
Tiger streak
The Tiger Streak is organized by the Zoological Society of London and held annually at the London Zoo . The nude run has the political claim to draw attention to the protection of species, especially for the Sumatra tiger . Many participants wear tiger masks or body paintings with tiger stripes. In addition to the benefit and competition aspects, the focus is on having fun for the participants.
Roskilde Naked Race
The annual Naked Race (Danish: nøgenløbet ), organized by the festival radio, has meanwhile established itself at the Roskilde music festival in Denmark . Around 30 of the 115,000 festival participants will take part in a nude run, in which the winners will receive a ticket for next year's festival. The race has now achieved cult status. The race is pure fun, the 2009 winner describes the experience with the words: The best thing about being naked is that you transcend boundaries (the best thing about being naked is to push your limits).
Nude bike tour
World Naked Bike Ride
The World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR) is, as defined on the website, an international protest event with a fun character against the space requirements of automobile traffic and its dangers. The WNBR has been held every year in June since 2001. The WNBR is held in numerous cities around the world, with the largest "ride" taking place in London , the founding city being Zaragoza in Spain .
Value is placed on freedom and optionality. Cycling is not compulsory, and other non-motorized participants such as inline skaters, skateboarders and pedestrians are welcome, and nudity is not compulsory for participation. The motto of the dress code is “bare as you dare” (as naked as you dare).
The message is to be able to move freely and unrestrictedly in the street without restricting the rights of others and thus contributing to a positive, urban lifestyle. The aim is to create a fun and haunting atmosphere while driving, which draws the attention and imagination of the audience and the media and makes the experience personal for the drivers. Each participant should express themselves as they please. Body art, like bodypainting , are common forms of expression, but also costumes, art bikes, portable sound systems (such as sound systems, bull horns, and boomboxes), and musical instruments or other types of instruments. Pre- and post-ride parties have become events in themselves, often with music groups, DJs, body painting, temporary structures / installation art, political actions and catering.
Fremont Summer Solstice Parade
Every year at the summer solstice, a large nude parade takes place in Seattle 's Fremont district , with the participants mainly moving on bicycles , the so-called "Painted Cyclists". The parade is organized by the Fremont Arts Council.
Similar to the WNBR, the nudity of the participants is an element, but is not mandatory. The parade is known for the high level of body painting ; most of the participants are more or less painted. The Fremont Summer Solstice Parade is declared a street carnival comparable to the Berlin Carnival of Cultures . The focus here is on fun and artistic, creative expression, while the political claim is less pronounced. Often larger than life dolls, floats and street performers are part of the event.
Other forms of public nudity
Nude parties were a current trend among US college students around 2007: according to the New York Times , "it has become very hip to go there".
From the statements of various celebrities, nudism was derived as a "new lifestyle trend"; Shakira, for example, pretended to be a nudist and Gwyneth Paltrow practiced nude yoga.
In 2008, a tour operator announced air travel where you could be naked on the plane. This offer was withdrawn despite the great response.
Being naked in public is also used as a protest posture at demonstrations (e.g. against tuition fees , against globalization or for more animal welfare ). However, a similar effect can be seen here as in the theater: the means of expression loses its power through everyday life. So again the argument or the acting has to convince. Nudity is no longer dominant, but only a casual or complementary means of expression.
See also
literature
Current overview works
- Michael Andritzky, Thomas Rautenberg (ed.): "We are naked and we call ourselves you". From friends of light and sun fighters. A history of nudism. Anabas-Verlag, Giessen 1989, ISBN 3-87038-142-6 (Captivating cultural history of the nudist movement from the emperor's time to the 1970s).
- Volkmar Ellmauthaler: Naked. The book. 24 experiments on the natural. (444 pages, 65 photos, 7 graphics, 83 references. Non-fiction book) - Vienna: edition L 2012. ISBN 978-3-902245-07-6 .
- Achim Freudenstein: Youth education through nudism. A documentation. 4th revised edition. Freudenstein, Edermünde 2005, ISBN 3-932435-17-6 , 126 pp.
- Eberhard Garbe: Naturally naked - nudism and nude in the GDR Mitteldeutscher Verlag GmbH, Halle (Saale), 2nd edition 2016, 94 pages, ISBN 978-3-89812-849-0
- Michael Grisko (Hrsg.): Nudism and life world. Studies on the prehistory and early history of nudism in Germany. Kassel University Press, Kassel 1999, ISBN 3-933146-06-2 .
- Arnd Krüger : Between sex and selection. Nudism and Naturism in Germany and America. In: Norbert Finzsch and Hermann Wellenreuther (eds.): Liberalitas: A Festschrift for Erich Angermann (⇐ Transatlantic Studies Vol. 1). Stuttgart: Steiner. 1992, 343-3365, ISBN 3-515-05656-4 .
- Thomas Kupfermann: Summer, sun, naked ice. Naturism in the GDR. Eulenspiegel-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-359-01667-0 .
- Maren Möhring : Marble body. Body education in German nude culture (1890–1930) (= Cologne Historical Treatises. Vol. 42). Böhlau, Cologne a. a. 2004, ISBN 3-412-14904-7 (At the same time: Munich, Univ., Diss., 2001: Naked marble bodies and organic machines ).
- Maren Möhring: Nudity and Corporal discipline. The nudist practice under National Socialism. In: Paula Diehl (Ed.): Body in National Socialism. Pictures and practices. Fink et al. a., Munich a. a. 2006, ISBN 3-7705-4256-8 , pp. 211-228.
- Lutz Thormann: “Save the eyes of the nation!” On the relationship between nudity and the public in the GDR. In: Ulrike Häußer, Marcus Merkel (Hrsg.): Pleasure in the GDR. Panama-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-938714-04-1 , pp. 385-404.
- Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe : "The new person". Physical culture in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2772-8 (also: Göttingen, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2002).
Former nudist periodicals
The Robert-Laurer-Verlag Egestorf printed and distributed various readings from 1926 to probably 1933, including:
- The joy - monthly booklet for free living
- Laughing life - magazine for a healthy worldview
- Licht-Land - sheets for body culture and way of life
- Tempo - magazine for progress and culture
- Ideal Body Beauty - A collection of selected artistic photographs of nature
Other former periodicals (the numbers indicate the years of documented publication):
- The new time
- Soma , 1929-1932
- Strength and Beauty, 1901 to 1928, ed. v. "Association for sensible body discipline"
- The light friend
- FKK - monthly magazine for natural life, the organ of the German nudist movement , official organ of the German Association for nudist culture (DFK), 1951 to?
- die woge - monthly magazine of the nudist youth, supplement to nudist - monthly magazine for ....
- ASA magazine for body, art and new life, 1927 to 1930.
- The beauty - monthly for art and life by Karl Vanselow , 1902/03 to 1931/32
- German nudism - magazine for race care, natural way of life and physical exercises - official organ of the fighting ring for völkisch nudism, Verlag Emil Wernitz, Berlin, 1933–1934, National Socialist propaganda sheet under the guise of nudism
- Sun ray - series for natural lifestyle, 50s
- Sonnenfreunde - series for natural lifestyle, 50s
- Olympus - booklets for nature and light lovers, 1951
- Sun fans, Munich, 70s or 80s (?)
- Der Sonnenmensch-Helios, Linz, 1949, still 1956
Web links
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- Interview with the historian Hans Bergemann about the history of naturism in the magazine Der Freitag on July 19, 2002
- Data and facts on the history of nudism
- The new pleasure in being naked - Spiegel TV
- Lecture by Karl-Heinz Ignatz Kerscher: Nudism and Nude Education , Lüneburg, online publication 2006
- Link catalog on nudism at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Nude culture, way of life, body culture - new research literature and methodological questions (collective review)
- Left and Naked - History of Proletarian Naturism . one day , October 18, 2007
- "We are naked and say you" - History of nudism , Süddeutsche Zeitung , May 17, 2010
- History of nude culture in Austria , Wiener Zeitung , June 29, 2001
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Bell, D., & Holliday, R. (2000). Naked as nature intended. Body & Society, 6 (3-4), 127-140. doi : 10.1177 / 1357034X00006003007
- ↑ a b c De Vries, B. (2018): The Right to be Publicly Naked: A Defense of Nudism. Res Publica, 1-18. doi : 10.1007 / s11158-018-09406-z , full text as PDF document
- ^ Dissolution of the association
- ↑ a b c West, K. (2018). Naked and unashamed: Investigations and applications of the effects of naturist activities on body image, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19 (3), 677-697 doi : 10.1007 / s10902-017-9846-1
- ^ Barcan, R. (2001). 'The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 15 (3), 303-317 doi : 10.1080 / 10304310120086795
- ↑ a b c d e f Smith, G., & King, M. (2009). Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing. Health & place, 15 (2), 439-446 doi: 10.1016 / j.healthplace.2008.08.002
- ↑ Nudity as the Realization of Freedom. Retrieved September 11, 2017 .
- ^ Obrador-Pons, P. (2007). A haptic geography of the beach: naked bodies, vision and touch. Social & Cultural Geography, 8 (1), 123-141. doi : 10.1080 / 14649360701251866
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Górnicka, B. (2016). Nakedness, Shame, and Embarrassment: A Long-Term Sociological Perspective (Vol. 12). Springer doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-658-15984-9 ISBN 978-3-658-15983-2
- ^ Naked culture in Karlsruhe
- ↑ Nude bathing areas in the city of Munich
- ↑ a b c Daley, C. (2005). From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia. Journal of historical geography, 31 (1), 149-167 doi: 10.1016 / j.jhg 2004.03.020
- ↑ a b c Nudity in Germany - Deutsche Welle
- ↑ Bindrim, P. (1969). Nudity as a quick grab for intimacy in group therapy. Psychology Today , 3 (1), 25.
- ^ Blank, L. (1969). Nudity as a Quest for Life Way it was Before Apple. Psychology Today, 3 (1), 18.
- ↑ a b Holmes, JS (2006). Bare bodies, beaches, and boundaries: Abjected outsiders and rearticulation at the nude beach. Sexuality and Culture, 10 (4), 29-53 doi : 10.1007 / s12119-006-1025-1
- ↑ a b Cooper, D. (2011). Theorising nudist equality: an encounter between political fantasy and public appearance. Antipode, 43 (2), 326-357. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-8330.2010.00833.x
- ↑ Kerscher, KHI (2008). Sex Morality and Sex Education Past and Present. Grin Publishing House. Noderstedt.
- ↑ a b c Barcan, R. (2004): Nudity: A cultural anatomy. Berg Publishers ISBN 1-85973-872-9
- ↑ a b c d Rade, Maja: Association of free people and sports and sociability association Lobau. Retrieved December 13, 2016 .
- ↑ 10 questions to ask a nudist you would never dare ask - Vice Magazine
- ↑ That's why you should walk around naked more often - Woman
- ↑ Cherrier, H. (2016). Material presence and the detox delusion: Insights from social nudism. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 50 (1), 100-123 doi: 10.1111 / joca.12085
- ↑ How naturism feels the first time - Travelbook
- ↑ Are nudists happier with their own bodies? - Travelbook
- ↑ Nudism - with the sun now also the covers fall - the world
- ↑ a b c d The Naked from the Märchenwiese - Tagesspiegel
- ^ Andriotis, K. (2016). From Nudism and Naturism Tourism to “Natourism”: Defining Natourism and Exploring Natourists? Motivational. Tourism Analysis, 21 (2-3), 237-249 doi : 10.3727 / 108354216X14559233984854
- ^ Département Hérault - Southern France network
- ↑ Naturist Travel Guide Europe, Drei Brunnen Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7956-0344-1
- ↑ First nudist hotel on Mallorca opens for the summer season - Mallorca Zeitung
- ↑ Nudist Camping - The nudist travel guide
- ↑ [1] 10 Coolest Golf Courses
- ↑ Spanish gym launches nudist workout sessions to win back business - The Australian
- ↑ hüllenlos sail: Naked ship off the coast of Croatia - Travel. In: hna.de. October 22, 2010, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Nudists and Naturism: Why Do People Like To Be Naked? In: bild.de. September 24, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Claudia Pientka: Aida Diva: A little Aida for everyone. In: stern.de . April 18, 2007, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Philipp Schwenke: Naked in the Wind - Society / Life. In: sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de. March 15, 2013, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Kristall Saunatherme Ludwigsfelde - mobile home atlas
- ↑ Sheer pleasure The Kristall-Saunatherme Ludwigsfelde is something special: Europe's largest nudist bath - Tagesspiegel
- ↑ Usedom: German-Polish beach receives nudist warning signs. In: Spiegel Online . May 25, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Moscow Nights: Millionaires, Militia and Melancholy, Spiegel.tv, June 3, 2006, 1:09:32; 1:23:40.
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : Between sex and selection. Nudism and Naturism in Germany and America. In: Norbert Finzsch, Hermann Wellenreuther (Ed.): Liberalitas: A Festschrift for Erich Angermann ( Transatlantic Studies, Vol. 1). Stuttgart: Steiner. 1992, 343-3365, ISBN 3-515-05656-4 . limited preview in Google Book search; Arnd Krüger : There goes this art of manliness. Journal of Sport History 18 (1991), 1, 135-159; http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH1991/JSH1801/jsh1801i.pdf on . 19th February 2017.
- ↑ Nudist beaches in Croatia - Croatian
- ↑ Bettina Seipp: Nudity - a typically German phenomenon. In: welt.de . September 15, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ^ Nudist areas in the city of Munich
- ↑ Rebecca Schuman: Germans Love Getting Naked at the Beach. So should we. In: slate.com. July 22, 2014, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Jennifer Köllen: Germany leads in the nudist ranking: “Why the wet clothes?” In: Spiegel Online . July 30, 2014, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ^ Germans most likely to go nude - Telegraph. In: telegraph.co.uk. July 17, 2014, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Naturist Travel Guide Europe 2020, p. 8 ff, Drei Brunnen Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7956-0352-6
- ↑ Nudist areas on the New Danube. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 13, 2016 ; accessed on December 12, 2016 .
- ↑ Pleschinger See (FKK Zone) - Linz tiscover.com, accessed July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Austrians are nudist world champions, Germans in second place Der Standard, derstandard.at, June 10, 2016, accessed July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Nudism: Most of the time the covers fall illegally - Time
- ↑ Examples of the legal situation
- ↑ Town well-known for nakedness outlaws public nudity. In: Herald Tribune ( Memento of October 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Tom Leonard: Nude visitors test Brattleboro's blind eye policy - Telegraph. In: telegraph.co.uk. July 16, 2007, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Monica Müller: Nude hikers have to pay dearly for excursions. In: tagesanzeiger.ch. January 20, 2011, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Decision 6B 345/2011.
- ↑ Biegali nago po Rynku. Dostali po 500 zł mandatu. In: onet.pl. February 22, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013 (Polish).
- ↑ Photo radar złapał golasa na rowerze. “Tłumaczył, że miał stringi”. In: tvn24.pl. October 5, 2012, accessed February 25, 2013 (Polish).
- ↑ Kodeks wykroczeń - wykroczenia przeciwko obyczajowosci publicznej (offenses against public morals)
- ↑ Naked in the countryside: Without emergency pants in the forest . ( Memento from March 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) ARD
- ↑ Article at Wikivoyage
- ^ Documento >> Demetra. Retrieved November 23, 2017 (it-IT).
- ↑ Federalismi: ABRUZZO, LR n. 26/2013, Valorizzazione del Turismo Naturista - regioni - documentazione - Valorizzazione del Turismo Naturista. Retrieved November 23, 2017 (Italian).
- ↑ Dettaglio Legge Regionale - Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto. Retrieved November 23, 2017 .
- ↑ n-tv news television: Bigot politicians spoil the fun . In: n-tv.de . ( n-tv.de [accessed on November 23, 2017]).
- ^ Nudist ban in Spain - Marco Polo
- ↑ Example: Swimwear Ordinance of the City of Munich
- ↑ a b Help, the naked are coming - city. In: tz.de. March 10, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Der Westen.de: Sunderner skates naked in the bird sanctuary. In: derwesten.de. January 30, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ a b nudism: when and where you can be naked - German lawyer information
- ^ Press release Süddeutsche Zeitung on LG Dortmund, AZ 1 S 13/16
- ↑ Left and Naked - History of Proletarian Naturism . someday
- ^ Rainer Moritz: Anna Seghers naked - and even more finds. In: welt.de . June 16, 2007, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ^ A b Solveig Grothe: FKK in the GDR: Uprising of the Naked. In: Spiegel Online . June 10, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Insults in the desert in the nudist area of the Xanten lido - NRZ
- ↑ State security determined after insulting nudist beach - Focus
- ↑ Corsica police link beach shooting with row over nudism - BBC
- ↑ With his off-road vehicle: Farmer in court because he ran over a naked person - Hamburger Morgenpost
- ↑ run over bather - Farmer convicted - topagrar
- ↑ Controversy over shellless bathing fun - Tagesschau
- ↑ Bizarre dispute in the Uckermark because of nudist yoga - nude bathing is prohibited in Lychen - Tagesspiegel
- ↑ Nudist ban: San Francisco no longer wants nudes. In: fr-online.de . Retrieved January 4, 2015 .
- ^ Gundolf Keil : Schmidmer (Smidmer), Michael. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 8, Col. 761 f. (for the author of a treatise against the plague from around 1450, which condemned nude bathing).
- ↑ Nudism and the bare facts on the Baltic Sea - Die Welt
- ↑ a b Morris, NJ (2009). Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain. Cultural Geographies, 16 (3), 283-308 doi : 10.1177 / 1474474009105049
- ↑ The new man: Physical culture in the Empire and in the Weimar Republic . Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2772-8 , e.g. BS 174.
- ↑ The new man: Physical culture in the Empire and in the Weimar Republic . Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 2004, p. 262 ff.
- ↑ Naked Facts - The World
- ↑ The Naked from Motzener See - Germany's first nudist - RBB
- ↑ Easy. Naturally. Life Reform in Brandenburg 1890–1939 - House of Brandenburg-Prussian History (HBPG)
- ^ Magnus Hirschfeld Society
- ↑ Barbara Schleicher: Healthy tan? Wiener Zeitung , August 17, 2001, archived from the original on January 22, 2011 ; Retrieved November 19, 2013 .
- ^ Rolf Koerber: nudism . In: Kerbs / Reulecke: Handbook of the German Reform Movements 1880–1933 , Wuppertal 1998, pp. 103–114
- ↑ Naked resistance . In: Der Spiegel . No. 27 , 1995, p. 69 ( online ).
- ↑ Xenia Balzereit: Naked is free. In: Zitty .de. May 10, 2019, accessed August 12, 2019 .
- ^ Cameroon on the Baltic Sea . In: Der Spiegel . No. 37 , 1954, pp. 13 ( online ).
-
↑ Der Grosse Herder, 5th revised edition of Herder's Konversationslexikon, Freiburg 1955, 6th volume, column 872
Naked culture , nudity, program. well-groomed stay (playing, bathing etc.) of completely unclothed people outdoors without separation of the sexes; a partial phenomenon of the life reform movement, in which their "nature" enthusiasm u. Culture weariness comes to radical expression. Where the N. is meant seriously, it is impossible after the Fall. Try the paradise. To restore a state of unconscious nudity. She fails to recognize that the dress (cf. Vol. X, Col. 403), albeit in historical and regionally different forms, belonging to the essence of man. The N. is not a symptom of a new naturalness, but of a diseased civilization. " - ↑ DIE ZEIT: Nudist holidays from the travel agency
- ↑ Karl Stankiewitz : Munich: Nacked paradise from tradition . In: Abendzeitung , June 26, 2019
- Jump up ↑ History of Nudism: A Lifetime Naked. In: Spiegel Online . January 2, 2001, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Example: City of Munich
- ↑ Hilmar Poganatz: What makes nudists so enthusiastic about being naked . In: welt.de . June 13, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Nudist President: Around seven million Germans forego clothing on vacation / 45,000 are organized in clubs - maerkischeallgemeine ( Memento from October 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Gerald Ganglbauer: Sauna culture in Austria. In: gangway.net . January 8, 2015; Archived from the original on January 8, 2015 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Naturists resent shameless nudists'. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010 ; Retrieved January 5, 2015 . In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten.
- ↑ 10 of the most beautiful naturist campsites in Europe - Travelbook
- ↑ Walking naked through Germany - what's behind the trend? - Star
- ↑ Harz: First nude toboggan master determined. In: Focus Online . March 8, 2009, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ DFK Association Journal Der Naturist, Volume 15, No. 6, December 2009, p. 20.
- ↑ Nudism in hiking boots: Harzer Verkehrsverband plans a nude hiking trail. In: Spiegel Online . September 22, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ "Harzer Naturistenstieg": In the Harz you can also hike naked. In: Osnabrück newspaper . May 12, 2017, accessed January 2, 2018 .
- ↑ Naturistenweg Undeloh ( Memento from August 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Bernd Rippert: "As soon as I'm in the forest, I take off my clothes": The nude jogger from Limbach-Oberfrohna . TAG24 NEWS Germany GmbH. December 3, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
- ↑ Alexander Zettrawski (pseudonym): World Rescue Goes differently: For people who leave the beaten path . Ed .: Thomas Kritz. Self-published, Book on demand at CreateSpace / Amazon, 2016, ISBN 978-1-5403-8919-0 .
- ↑ World Naked Gardening Day
- ↑ 9th International Naturist Run 2018. Accessed on January 2, 2018 .
- ↑ Naturist Run July 22, 2019
- ↑ Easy tiger: Brits bare all in full-frontal streak through London tonight - Daily Star
- ↑ Hundreds of streakers run through London Zoo in bid to raise money to save tigers - Mirror
- ↑ Nøgenløbet he slut på Roskilde Festival 2010. In: kpn.dk. November 20, 2012, archived from the original on August 19, 2010 ; accessed on January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Relaxing at Roskilde - Copenhagen Post. Official Festival Site ( Memento from January 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ SIGRID HVIDSTEN: Skulle bare delta i nakenløpet - Festival - Dagbladet.no. In: dagbladet.no. July 3, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Naked cyclists protest against the unreasonable demands of automobile traffic
- ↑ World Naked Bike Ride. Retrieved January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Malte Arnsperger: Nude parties: undressing instead of bumbling. In: stern.de . January 9, 2007, archived from the original on February 18, 2015 ; accessed on January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ RP ONLINE: Life like Eve in Paradise: Shakira would like to be naked all the time. In: rp-online.de. August 1, 2006, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Sylvie-Sophie Schindler: Nudist Lifestyle: The New Naked. In: stern.de . September 24, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Georgina Prodhan, Reuters: Nude flights: nudist adventures at lofty heights. In: stern.de . January 29, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Nudist flight: Travel agency cancels naked flight. In: Focus Online . May 23, 2008, accessed January 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Laurer's work in Egestorf
- ↑ Example Issue 9, 1931. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
- ^ History of naturism
- ^ Nudist magazine in the nudist museum
- ↑ Dr. Fränzel and LLL. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
- ↑ https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/fraktur-berlin-bilder-aus-der-kaiserzeit-nackt-und-streng-deutsch/10179626.html from the imperial era
- ↑ Example: Issue 4 - Easter Moon (April) 1934