Bathing and swimming in Vienna

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Danube Canal: Swimming prohibited!
Bathing allowed

Indoor and outdoor pools are also available for bathing and swimming in Vienna , as are natural bathing areas, health spas, public baths or religious baths. They are used for exercise and physical health as well as hygienic or mental cleaning.

Outdoor swimming

Before 1875

Free bathing has probably always been practiced in the numerous branches of the Danube near Vienna and in Vienna , although it is striking that the most diverse sources repeatedly indicate that the number of those who could swim was very small. The high number of drowned people is therefore not surprising.

In the book "Colymbetes", which appeared in Ingolstadt in 1538 , the author Nicolaus Wynmannus reports in dialogue form about bathing habits. Vienna and swimming in the Danube are also dealt with in two stories.

In 1633 the government of Lower Austria ordered the judges of the suburbs of Vienna - Vienna was still part of Lower Austria at that time - to stop free and public bathing in the Danube. The authorities saw something immoral, terrible, sinful, sick and so on and something had to be done about it. The effect of this prohibition was obviously small, because new edicts , decrees , orders , announcements, ordinances and so on were published by the mayor and magistrate of the city of Vienna, the Lower Austrian government, the respective manor and later also the police in quick, almost annual succession or old repeatedly brought to the notice.

In 1717, the Lower Austrian provincial government issued a “Rueff” - a decree published by a town crier - declaring that people who were found bathing naked in public in the Danube or Vienna should have their clothes taken away (confiscated). On the one hand, as evidence that the person caught was actually undressed and, above all, exposed in front of the population on the way to the superior office and thus exposed to ridicule as an (unofficial) part of the actual punishment.

On July 16, 1726, a decree was issued to the judges of the district courts " among those white fermenters ", " Laimgruben ", "an der Wienn" and " zu Erdberg ", which made them intransigent. On July 7th, 1728 this decree was renewed.

Eleven years later, on July 7, 1728, the Lower Austrian provincial government issued another ordinance. This time those who bathed forbidden were threatened with imprisonment .

According to a letter from the Lower Austrian government dated June 21, 1734, at the imperial wash house on what is now the Danube Canal in Leopoldstadt , (illegal) bathers showed high-spirited impudence towards the imperial washerwomen who did not put up with them. Their resolute action is said to have resulted in bodily harm and property damage (including imperial property!).

In 1752, in addition to the prison sentence, a flogging or flogging was threatened. These corporal punishments often resulted in crippling.

A circular written for the first time on November 1, 1769 in the Archduchy of Austria under the Enns (Wenzel von und zu Ankenstein: “How life could be preserved for a strangled person”, June 22, 1792), which was repeated and modified again and again until the Biedermeier period , wanted to give instructions and guidelines on how to give drowned, hanged, suffocated by fermentation gases and similar first aid to those in danger of death . The relief measures listed in this letter are, however - measured against today's knowledge and standards of resuscitation and first aid measures - extremely confused and abstruse.

Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society: Devices to rescue drowning people

From 1803 there was a “rescue facility for apparent deaths” in Vienna. Although this did not have a head office, it did have lifesaving devices stored in various places (surgeons' offices, in the houses of judges and police directors in the suburbs and in other different places along the Danube in Vienna and the suburbs). In addition, prospective doctors as well as everyone who worked on or near the water due to their profession (fishermen, boatmen, ferrymen and swimming instructors) had to take first aid and rescue practice lessons if they wanted to obtain the master’s license in their profession. In addition, successful revivals were to be celebrated as “moral excellence”, published in newspapers and rewarded with 25 guilders. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society, rescue equipment to rescue drowning people was installed at nine locations on the Danube and the Danube Canal in 1901. In addition, metal panels with instructions on how to resuscitate drowning people were attached to houses.

The behavior of the authorities towards those who used the outdoor pools built for this purpose was completely different . Some of these were even built and operated by the authorities themselves.

These open-air pools consisted mostly of floating bodies that had changing rooms and in the middle of which had a swimming pool that resembled a basket and was washed through by the Danube water. The advantage of these baths for the authorities was that they had the bathers under control. The sexes were separated, modestly dressed, and the construction of the swimming pools minimized the risk of drowning and thus no one could be lost to the state as a worker or as a soldier.

Examples of baths from this era:

  • Schüttelbad : The Schüttelbad was built in 1717 by the surgeon Zehmayer am Schüttel, a former rubble dump. The bath was supplied with fresh water by means of a pipeline from the Danube Canal . Mineral and sea salt baths were also offered in the outdoor pool, and this bath also included an inn with a guest garden.
  • Ferro-Bad : The Ferro-Bad was opened by Pascal Joseph de Ferro , who strongly propagated cold baths, on May 13, 1781 (or 1780, as some sources report) near the Augarten in an arm of the Danube. Because of its great success, an extension had to be built as early as 1783. Later, however, the interest in the bath waned, so that it was sold several times and finally the poor baths at Tabor were built in its place.
  • Poor baths on the Tabor : The Lower Austrian government, which Wildbader persecuted so severely, set up bathing rafts in the so-called flagpole water in 1799 for the poor who could not afford to visit the baths. The visit was just as free as the bath towels that you could borrow from the supervisor.
Military swimming school or men's swimming school - map
  • Frey-Bad : The Frey-Bad, also built by the Imperial and Royal Lower Austrian government in 1810, was, in contrast to most other baths, not situated on a floating body, but one of the first beach baths in Vienna and was located near the poor baths. In 1870 the bath, which was only accessible to men, had 300 changing rooms, making it the largest open-air bath in Vienna. After the Danube regulation was completed, it was rebuilt above the then Kronprinz-Rudolf-Brücke (today: Reichsbrücke ). Until the opening of the Gänsehäufels , it was the only real lido in the Vienna area.
  • kk military swimming school : The kk military swimming school was built with private share capital in the lower Kaiserwasser, as the main river of the Danube in the Vienna area was called, and opened on June 6, 1813 as the second military swimming school after the one in Prague . One of the reasons for the establishment of this swimming school was the fact that among the large number of dead in the fighting against Napoleon in 1809 in Lobau there was a high proportion of drowned Austrian soldiers. Army members who had to swim through the main arm of the Danube as a final exam were taught here. But it was also available to civilians and on Sundays women were allowed to watch the swimmers for a fee. This fact raised suspicions of immoral activities and even calls for a police body to be used to control the moral conduct. In 1815 Jakob Alt made a watercolor of the facility, which was canceled in 1874 due to the Danube regulation.
  • Ferdinand-Marienbad : The official name was "Ferdinand-Marien-Donau-Schwimm- und Badeanstalt am Tabor next to the Imperial and Royal Augarten" and it was named after the couple heir to the throne. It was built from public funds as a women's pool after women had also received permission to swim in 1831. A medical certificate was required from the swimming students and they had to be clothed from neck to half of their thighs. In 1832 a separate men's department was also set up. In 1848 the bath, which was supposedly also visited by members of the imperial family, burned down and was rebuilt as Marienbad and finally demolished during the Danube regulation.
  • Holzersches Strombad : The Holzersches Strombad, first mentioned in 1863, was located in Kaiserwasser until 1876 and was relocated to the left bank of the new Danube below the Kronprinz-Rudolf-Brücke due to the Danube regulation. In 1908 it was closed, the competition from the new Gänsehäufel was too strong.

1875 to 1918

Because of the Danube regulation from 1870–1875, the location of the waters and the range of baths changed significantly (see also Old Danube ). Some baths disappeared and were replaced by new buildings on other sections of the bank.

Examples of baths from this era:

Municipal Donaustrombad (municipal swimming pool)
  • Municipal swimming pool : The municipal swimming pool opened on May 15, 1876 and operated until the start of the war in 1914, was located a few meters upstream of the Kronprinz-Rudolf-Brücke (today: Reichsbrücke ) on the right bank of the Danube at Erzherzog-Karl-Platz 4 (today: Mexikoplatz ); it had its own stop on the Donauuferbahn , Kommunalbad-Reichsbrücke , and was designed for 1,200 visitors. In the swimming pool operated by a tenant,an international Kaiser Franz Joseph anniversary swimming competition was heldin August 1898(on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Franz Joseph I 's reign) by the First Vienna Amateur Swimming Club , in which C. Ruberl from the Vienna Swimming Club Austria in 100 m freestyle ( champion swimmer of Europe 1898 ) and O. Wahle from the same swimming club over 1609 m ( champion swimmer of Austria 1898 ) won. All competitions were international, but little demand from abroad.
  • Municipal outdoor pool : Originally the municipal outdoor pool - located opposite the municipal pool on the left bank of the Danube - was only intended for men, but in 1877 it was expanded to include a women's pool. This bath, operated by a tenant, was also closed in 1914.
  • Kk military swimming school (New): After the demolition of the old military swimming school was in the Krieau (Handelskai 337) a new run opened swimming school on 18 August 1875, this was not directly on the Danube and to the Second World War by the Viennese garrison was used. The water fed into the concrete basin was heated.
Cabanas in the goosefront
  • Gänsehäufel : Florian Berndl a "naturopathic Apostles", 1900 leased the Gänsehäufel, an island in the Old Danube , officially to precious pastures to breed, but in fact, to apply for his ideas from the natural life. Together with his followers, he founded a small colony - the "Berndl Colony" - of sun worshipers, to whom he praised outdoor, sand and sun baths and their healing properties. Since it was alleged that people bathed in the nude, the Danube Regulation Commission terminated the lease in 1905. In 1906 the municipality of Vienna took over the entire island first in lease and later in their ownership in order to build a lido with a 600-meter-long artificial bathing beach, which was opened on August 5, 1907 and still had gender segregation. As part of the island was in the 2nd district of Vienna , a district with a highproportion ofJewish population, many Jewish Viennese were among the visitors to the Gänsehäufel. Mockers therefore blasphemed with amusement that the anti-Semitic mayor Karl Lueger of all people had built a swimming pool for the Jews. Originally the pool only occupied part of the island and was designed for 600 visitors, later (1913) the capacity was increased to 2,700 and after the First World War it was increased to 20,000 people. In order to spare visitors the futile journey, the blue flag, which signaled that the pool was overcrowded, was alreadyhoistedat early waypoints such as the Praterstern .

The great success of the Gänsehäufels resulted in the construction of further baths on the Old Danube. In 1912, for example, the workers 'swimming club, with the support of the Nussdorfer brewery, created the workers' beach, and the Stadlau am Mühlwasser beach (see below) was also built before the First World War.

Since after the construction of the two main collecting canals along the Danube Canal, no more faeces got into the Danube Canal, the city administration was able to build four water baths here as well. These bathing ships, built in the interest of public health, were about 60 meters long and 10 meters wide, had uncovered bathing baskets with a depth of about 130 centimeters and were separated by sex.

Examples of baths from this era:

Angelibad today
Urban Danube Trombad at the Sophienbrücke
  • 1888: Today's Angelibad lido was founded in 1888 as Birner'sches Vier-Kreuzer-Bad . In 1920 the bath was taken over by the City of Vienna, expanded and renamed the Städtisches Strandbad Mühlschüttel . The name Angelibad was given at a later date.
  • 1896: The Birner'sche Zehn-Kreuzer-Bad was founded on the left bank of the Old Danube opposite the Vier-Kreuzer-Bad as a noble version of the first bath and existed until 1972.
  • 1905: Two more bathing ships were anchored above the Augarten Bridge and at the Kaiser-Josefs-Brücke (today: Stadionbrücke ). In addition, the First Vienna Danube Swimming Club founded its pool at the inlet of the Stürzlwassers (a remnant of the former main river of the Danube in the then flooded area , south of the Old Danube, which had a small connection to the new main river).
  • 1911: The Stadlau municipal lido, which still exists today, was founded on the Lower Mühlwasser; it has been privately run for a number of years.
  • 1912: The workers' beach is now a public sunbathing area.
  • 1913: The Aspern outdoor pool was located on the Lower Mühlwasser.

Another power bath was the bath in the Kuchelau harbor in the northernmost part of the city. This bathing ship was originally located below the Floridsdorfer bridge on the right bank of the Danube, but was towed into the Kuchelau harbor in 1913 to use the urban Danube raft bath , which had existed since 1898, in the 19th century. Replace districts ( Kahlenberger Floßbad ). Together with a long bathing beach, it formed the Kuchelau electricity, air and sun bathing area .

Apart from the Danube, the Danube Canal and the Old Danube, a few outdoor swimming pools were built:

  • The Baumgartner Bad was built in 1875, acquired by the municipality of Vienna in 1938 and modernized between 1950 and 1957. It was closed in 1997.
  • The Hütteldorfer Bad was built by the municipality of Hütteldorf and came to the City of Vienna in the course of the incorporation of the suburbs in 1890/1892. The summer pool was originally fed with water from the nearby Mühlbach. Originally, the municipality of Vienna did not manage the pool itself, but leased it. It closed in 1979.

1918 to 1938

The population of Vienna declined with the end of the Danube Monarchy , as many residents returned to their home countries, the former crown lands. Nevertheless, the number of visitors to the pool increased. The large number of new buildings made the baths faster and easier to reach, and the shortening of the working week to 48 hours made it easier for workers to find time to visit the baths.

After the First World War, the Viennese's interest in the river baths waned as the swimmers turned to the new summer and beach baths. Only the power pool at the Sophienbrücke remained in operation, which was relocated between the Aspern and Schwedenbrücke in 1922 . It remained open until December for members of the “Verkühle dich daily” association.

The new lido included the Alte Donau lido, which opened in 1918 near Wagramer Strasse, and the Mühlschüttel lido, which is now the Angelibad lido . In 1934 the police bath followed at the large steamship pile below the Gänsehäufels.

The social democratic city ​​government also built outdoor pools off the Danube.

Examples of baths from this era:

Alte Donau lido
Entrance to the Bundesbad Alte Donau
  • Urban lido Alte Donau : The lido Alte Donau is an urban summer pool on the right bank of the Alte Donau in the 22nd district of Vienna, Donaustadt. The bathing beach of the baths, which opened in 1918, was created when the area was filled up.
  • Bundesbad Alte Donau : The original "Alte Donau" military swimming school was opened on June 20, 1919. Initially it was a simple bathing area, which was used by the soldiers at the neighboring Kagran shooting range and which has now been expanded into a family pool. Between 1938 and 1945 the German Wehrmacht used the bath, which became the “Bundesbad Alte Donau” after the Second World War.
  • Bathing establishment on the Chalupna-Lacke : This bathing establishment was founded around 1920 above the Floridsdorfer bridge on Hubertusdamm. In the Chalupna-Lacke, an old bank of the Danube in the floodplain, people bathed for about 10 years.
  • Tram bath : The tram bath was also built in 1920. Today it is run by the culture and sports association of Wiener Linien .
  • Krapfenwaldl (Krapfenwaldlgasse 65 - 73): Originally a station of the Kahlenbergbahn and an innwas located at this location, which was reopened by the municipality of Vienna in 1911. In 1923 this was integrated into the newly built pool with a large family pool, sunbathing lawns and gymnastics area. In addition, two fenced-in sunbathing areas for women and men were created here for the first time to enable them to sunbathe without clothing. After repairing the damage suffered in the Second World War, the bath, which has a beautiful view over Vienna due to its altitude, was reopened in 1952.
  • Polizeisportbad : The Polizeisportbad (Polizeibad) was founded in 1924 and is now run by the Vienna Police Sports Association.
  • Lido of the naturopathic association : The lido of the naturopathic association was founded in 1924 on the Stürzlwasser and existed until the Second World War.
  • Naturfreunde-Bad : The Naturfreunde-Bad was founded in 1924 on the Stadlauer Ufer of the lower Old Danube and still exists today.
  • Lido of the German-Austrian Youth Association : The lido of the German-Austrian Youth Association was founded in 1926 on the Stürzlwasser and existed until the Second World War.
  • Ottakringer Bad (Johann-Staud-Straße 11): The "Ottakringer swimming, air and sun bathing" designed for around 1,000 visitors was opened in 1926. In this bath too - also known as the “Steinhofer Bad” - nudists were given sunbaths that were hidden from view and separated by sex. In 1966 the Ottakringer Bad was expanded, in 1971 an indoor swimming pool was added and further attractions were added later.
  • Hohe Warte-Bad (Hohe Warte 8): The Hohe Warte-Bad (“swimming, sun and air bath Hohe Warte ”) followed in 1927. The former film studio “ Dreamland ” was acquired for this bath by the municipality of Vienna . The studio hall - originally an aircraft hangar - was converted into the swimming pool, the former artists' changing rooms and magazines in the necessary ancillary rooms (changing rooms, buffet, etc.). The former hangar doors were opened or closed depending on the weather. The former decoration magazine was converted into a heated gymnasium and received a heated shower system so that gymnastics clubs could use it during the winter months. For financial reasons, the bathroom, although covered, could only be used during the warm season. There was also night operation with appropriate lighting. The Hohe Warte pool was closed in 1987 and replaced by the Döbling summer pool in 1988.
Congress bath in Vienna-Ottakring
  • Kongreßbad (Julius-Meinl-Gasse 7a): On May 12, 1928, the " Swimming, Sun and Air Baths on the Kongreßplatz " opened. The conference pool was built on a former sand pit and garbage pit as part of an “extraordinary work program to alleviate unemployment” as a supplement to the infrastructure in an area in which numerous community buildings such as the Sandleitenhof were built. In 1928, the opening year, the swimming pool for the Summer Olympics in Amsterdam was held here. Up until after the Second World War, numerous swimming competitions followed, as well as jumping championships from the 10-meter tower.
  • Siemens-Bad : The Siemens-Bad was founded in 1928 on the west bank of the Lower Steamship Heap. The pool that still exists today was operated by the Siemens culture and sports club.
  • Meinl-Bad : The Meinl-Bad was operated in the 1920s by Julius Meinl AG for company employees below the Alte Donau federal baths until 1993.
  • Railway Bath : The Railway Bath was founded in the 1920s above the Workers Swimmer Association and still exists today.
  • Fire brigade bath : The fire brigade bath was founded in the 1920s next to the E-Werke bath. The bath, accessible to members of the Vienna fire brigade , still exists today.

1938 to 1945

After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht and the subsequent annexation to the Third Reich, Vienna was expanded to include numerous Lower Austrian communities, which also increased the number of baths in Vienna. However, no baths were built under the rule of the National Socialists, and the Jewish population of Vienna was prohibited from visiting the baths.

The construction of the Danube-Oder Canal , which began during this time , was never completed, but created another opportunity for fishing and swimming in the great outdoors.

A large number of baths were damaged by the air raids and during the Battle of Vienna.

After the conclusion of the State Treaty in 1955, most of the municipalities incorporated in Vienna became independent again. Only a few remained with Vienna and thus also their baths, which remained in the administration of the municipality of Vienna.

Examples of baths from this era:

  • Liesinger Bad (Perchtoldsdorfer Straße 14 - 16): The Liesinger Bad was built in 1925 by the independent municipality of Liesing and expanded in 1930. In 1951, the municipality of Vienna added a public bath to it.
  • Hadersdorf-Weidlingau : The Hadersdorf bath remained the property of the municipality of Vienna and was renovated in 1979/1980.

Since 1945

Like many indoor swimming pools, many summer swimming pools were damaged by the fighting at the end of the Second World War (bombing of the city, battle for Vienna ) and had to be repaired. This was done in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During this time, the baths in the urban area were particularly important for the townspeople's leisure activities, as the population was not yet individually motorized.

The first newly built urban summer pool of the post-war period was the Laaerbergbad, built under Mayor Franz Jonas in 1957–1959 in Vienna's 10th district, a classic “workers' district”. It was built on the heights of the Laaer Berg , one of the highest places in the southern urban area, in a largely undeveloped area at the time. Its location made it easier for residents of the southern districts in particular to reach a bath, as baths were mainly located on the Old Danube and in the western districts. Individual larger companies such as the then Österreichische Länderbank , but also associations of public employees such as the Polizeisportvereinigung Wien (police pool on the Old Danube) built or operated outdoor pools for their employees.

Apparently, the Danube itself exerted a particularly great attraction on water sports enthusiasts - regardless of whether they were swimming or in boats. So the city administration saw itself compelled to warn of the shipping traffic on the Danube on July 8, 1952 via the "Rathauskorrespondenz".

Roof-top outdoor pool in the Alt-Erlaa residential complex

In 1968 the city administration under Mayor Bruno Marek decided on a pool concept, according to which various district indoor pools were created. (Summer swimming pools were later placed on the open-air site of these baths.) Furthermore, swimming pools were created in individual facilities of social housing; The rooftop swimming pools in the Alt-Erlaa residential park in the 23rd district, which were built under Mayor Leopold Gratz , became best known . In 1988, under Mayor Helmut Zilk, the New Danube , laid out for flood protection, was completed, which has numerous free wild bathing areas in standing water and developed to compete with the Old Danube with its swimming pools accessible for an entrance fee.

In 1979 the Hütteldorfer Bad and in 1997 the Baumgartner Bad , both in the 14th district, were closed. The Penzing forest pool , which was opened by a private operator in 1993, was considered to be a replacement, but was reopened as the Hütteldorf indoor pool in 2009 after problems with the management . A (private) bathing ship anchored in the Danube Canal right next to the Franz-Josefs-Kai in the center of Vienna in 2006 resumed the tradition of bathing in the Danube Canal that had been maintained until the interwar period; Now bathing was no longer carried out directly in the river, but in the swimming pool on the ship and no longer in Danube water.

There is no information available on the number of permanently installed or mobile paddling and swimming pools or swimming ponds in private gardens. There is also no information on the number of residential complexes that have been equipped with swimming pools on the roof.

Details on public pools (examples)

  • Länderbank -Bad : The pool was built in 1953 on Kaiserwasser in the 22nd district and renamed the Bank Austria AGsports facility in 1991. The bathroom still exists today.
  • Berndorf-Bad : It was built at the beginning of the 1950s and existed until 1984.
  • Bad of the Stadlauer Malzfabrik (STAMAG) : The bath in the 22nd district was built in the 1950s and is still in use today.
  • PSO natural bath : The bath of psoriasis -Vereins on the Lower Old Danube in the 22nd district was founded in the 1960s as a bath of Karl Seidl fittings. The takeover took place in 1984. It is only open to psoriasis , their relatives and friends.
  • Schafbergbad : The municipal bath in the 18th district was opened in 1973 instead of a previously private bath.
  • Höpflerbad : The urban Höpflerbad in the 23rd district was also opened in 1979 instead of a previous private bath.
bathing ship
  • The privately operated Badeschiff on the Danube Canal near the Aspern Bridge with a view of the Urania , opened in 2006, comprises two permanently connected, converted barges , one of which is an outdoor pool with a water area of ​​27 × 7 m, the other with a restaurant, a sun deck and one on the lower deck Music club is set up.

Details on bathrooms in residential complexes (examples)

  • Residential park Alt-Erlaa : The three residential towers in the residential park Alt-Erlaa planned by Harry Glück in the 23rd district have indoor pools and seven rooftop pools at a height of around 70 meters for 24 stairs.
  • Heinz-Nittel-Hof : The building in the 21st district , also planned by Harry Glück , has eight rooftop swimming pools.
  • A residential complex built by the municipal housing association GESIBA in Eichenstrasse in the 12th district was also equipped with a swimming pool on the roof.

Indoor swimming pools

Indoor pools offer the opportunity to practice swimming even during the cold season or in bad weather. The City of Vienna originally left their construction to private operators. The first municipal indoor swimming pool was built shortly before the First World War, the second followed in the interwar period. Only after the Second World War did the community develop this sector.

Before 1875

The construction of indoor pools in Vienna began with the construction of the Dianabad and the Sophienbad by private operators. In both pools, however, the early use as a year-round swimming pool declined, so that they later covered the need for event halls during the winter months. The prices, which corresponded to the luxurious facilities on offer, only allowed an upscale audience to visit.

Examples of baths from this era:

Inside view of the Diana bath
Jörgerbad
  • 1808: The Dianabad in Vienna's 2nd district Leopoldstadt was originally built between 1808 and 1810 as a bathhouse with a bathtub. An indoor swimming pool was created through renovations and new constructions, which due to its pricing could only be used by the upper class. The otherwise privately run pool was managed by the City of Vienna for around 20 years.
  • 1818: The Esterházy bath (Gumpendorfer Straße 59 / Luftbadgasse 12) was rebuilt in 1818 by Karl Ehmann and rebuilt in 1857 and 1868. The facilities included bathtubs and a swimming pool that can be heated in winter.
  • 1838: The Sophienbad was built as a Russian steam bath in 1838 and later converted into a swimming pool. During the first few years it was used as a swimming pool all year round, later only during the summer months. In winter the pool was covered and used as a ballroom. Use as a swimming pool faded into the background.
  • 1855: Leopoldstädter Bad : The Leopoldstädter Bad was built in 1855.
  • 1872: Margaretenbad : The Margaretenbad was built in 1872.
  • 1873: The Roman bath in Kleine Stadtgutgasse 9 near Praterstern (Leopoldstadt) was opened on the occasion of the 1873 World's Fair and was in operation until 1953.

1875 to 1918

  • Central-Bad or Kaiserbründl : The Central-Bad was built in 1889 and became public property in 1905. The bathroom, which was originally open to men and women, is now only run as a men's pool and is known as the most beautiful gay pool in Europe.
  • Jörgerbad : The bath, steam and indoor swimming pool, built between 1912 and 1914 as Kaiser Franz Joseph-Bad, was the first indoor swimming pool built by the City of Vienna. It is the oldest existing indoor swimming pool in Vienna.

1918 to 1938

The First World War initially prevented the construction of further indoor swimming pools. In addition to the construction of a single indoor swimming pool, the city administration primarily focused on the construction of summer pools.

1938 to 1945

The time of National Socialist rule in Austria did not bring Vienna any further indoor swimming pools. During the Second World War, numerous indoor swimming pools were damaged and temporarily unusable.

Since 1945

Theresienbad

In the years after the Second World War, the main work of the responsible authorities was to make the damaged baths usable again. When the roofing of the Theresienbad swimming pool was completed in 1965, there was no new location for a swimming pool, but it was Vienna's first indoor swimming pool of the post-war period.

With increasing prosperity and changing leisure behavior, the demands of the population on the pools and their equipment also changed.

  • Floridsdorfer Bad : The Floridsdorf indoor pool was built between 1963 and 1967 with a swimming pool, children's and toddler pools and six sports pools, tubs, steam baths and saunas.

The 1968 swimming pool concept primarily envisaged the construction of indoor pools, the so-called district pools. For these pools, Friedrich Florian Grünberger specified a uniform equipment concept with a swimming pool measuring 25 × 12.5 meters, a teaching pool and a children's pool as well as the additional installation of sauna facilities and restaurants.

City indoor swimming pool (2007)
  • Stadthallenbad : opened in 1974 with the European Swimming Championships is the only indoor swimming pool of the city with a 50-meter swimming pool. The Stadthallenbad - although it is owned by the City of Vienna - is not managed by MA 44 - Bäder, but by MA 51 and managed by the Wiener Stadthalle operating and event company. From May 2010 the indoor swimming pool was completely renovated, the originally planned opening in autumn 2011 was delayed until June 30, 2014 due to a building scandal.
  • Hietzinger Bad : opened in August 1978, an attached summer bath was opened in 1979
  • Simmeringer Bad : opened in September 1978, a summer pool was added in 1990.
  • Döblinger Bad : opened in December 1978, in 1988 a summer pool was added.

Based on experience gained so far with the pools that are already in operation, an additional swimming pool and other installations such as solariums were built for the district pools in the second expansion stage.

  • Donaustädter Bad : opened in October 1982, in 1983 it was expanded to include a summer pool.
  • Brigittenauer Bad : opened in April 1983. Due to lack of space, it was not possible to add a summer bath, only a lawn for sunbathing. In addition, a shower bath with 18 individual cubicles was built here as a replacement for the public bath in Treustraße, which was closed.
  • Hütteldorf indoor swimming pool : The Hütteldorf indoor swimming pool is owned by the City of Vienna and has been run for years by a private operator under the name of Waldbad Penzing . After the bankruptcy of Tropicana Bäderbetrieb und Freizeitanlagen GmbH in May 2008, it was taken over by the City of Vienna and renovated. The new opening took place on December 17, 2009 by MA 44.
  • Sargfabrik bathing house (Goldschlagstraße 169): The Sargfabrik bathing house is part of the community facilities of the Sargfabrik residential and cultural project, which opened in 1996, and is open to residents and a limited number of club members around the clock. In addition, there are publicly accessible bathing events.

No information is available on the number of swimming pools and indoor pools in private houses, residential complexes or accommodation establishments.

Baths for specific purposes

Children's outdoor pools (family pools)

Family pool in Währinger Park
Former children's outdoor pool in Ruckergasse in Meidling

As early as 1917, one of the retention basins of the Auhof retention basin was released for free use as a children's outdoor pool. After the First World War, the children's outdoor pools were created as a new type of pool. By keeping the children outdoors, rickets and lung diseases should be prevented.

The first real children's outdoor pool was built in 1919 in Auer-Welsbach-Park . After the setbacks caused by the devastation of World War II, the number of children's outdoor pools with 32 such facilities peaked in 1972.

Due to the increasing motorization, numerous children's outdoor pools were located on busy streets, where the original recreational value could no longer be achieved, structural defects and declining visitor numbers due to changed leisure behavior resulted in the closure of numerous pools. The remaining children's outdoor pools were renovated and - since adults were allowed to accompany the children - renamed the family pool.

Bathing for hygiene and personal hygiene

It is not known when the construction of bathrooms in private living areas began in Vienna. It can be assumed with certainty that this was only possible for the financially strong social classes. Most of the Viennese population only had to wash cats with the lavoir .

One of the forerunners of the later public baths was the Karolinenbad, built in 1843 and demolished in 1961 in the 6th district of Vienna.

Warm and cold water basins in the former Roman bath (in operation from 1873 to 1953)

In order to remedy this hygienic deficiency, the Viennese city administration decided to build public baths. The first of them was opened on December 22nd, 1887 in Mondscheingasse. Here, 42 men and 24 women were able to do personal hygiene in separate shower and changing rooms at the same time. Simon Baruch , the famous pioneer in the field of hydrotherapy and founder of the public bathing system in New York, took this bath as a model for the public bathing establishments there.

The Roman bath can also be attributed to the public baths . This was opened in the Kleine Stadtgutgasse in 1873 and, despite its closure in 1953, has largely been preserved to this day (2012). Despite the luxurious furnishings and prominent guests (Emperor Pedro III of Brazil, Shah Nassir ed-din, Emperor Franz Joseph I), the operator's pricing policy also allowed the general public to enter. After the Second World War it was closed.

Various large companies were also happy to point out that they also provide their employees with bathing and showering facilities - especially at new locations, for example when building the Leopoldau gasworks .

In the period up to the First World War, another 18 such bathing facilities were built, which were visited around 3.5 million times in 1914. Women made up around 30 percent of the visitors. The large numbers of visitors often overwhelmed the pipe system, so that the water flowed out of the showers only weakly. This disadvantage brought the public baths the nickname "Tröpferlbad". Pirron and Knapp made fun of the conditions there in one of their songs after the Second World War.

Sauna and shower bath at Einsiedlerplatz

After the First World War, the social democratic city administration started an internationally acclaimed residential building program with the municipal buildings. For cost reasons, however, it was not possible to equip the apartments with their own bathrooms. To compensate for this deficiency, communal bathing facilities similar to the public baths were built in the larger residential complexes, and the expansion of the municipal baths also resulted in an expansion of the range of shower and bath tubs. As part of the tax sovereignty that Vienna had acquired as an independent federal state, various luxury taxes - for example on maids or motor vehicles - were introduced. Another such tax was on bathrooms.

In addition, 300,000 free tickets for municipal public baths were issued annually at municipal elementary and community schools as well as through welfare associations.

The installation of bathrooms in the community apartments began after 1945. However, the pressure to quickly create many apartments did not allow the rooms to be furnished according to their purpose. From 1951, the installation of shower niches and gas machines for hot water preparation began. From 1952, the tenants were supported by the City of Vienna via Wiener Stadtwerke - Gaswerke to retrofit the bathrooms with tubs and so on. In 1953, this action was extended to private homes. From around 1958 the bathrooms in the community buildings were tiled and equipped with bathtubs.

The Weisselbad, closed in 2004

The last building and apartment census in 2001 recorded 910,745 apartments. Over 90 percent of these apartments had a bathroom and toilet. In 1991 it was around 83 percent.

The oldest public bath in Vienna still in operation is the Einsiedlerbad in Margareten , Einsiedlerplatz 18, which opened as Volksbad V on August 4, 1890. After renaming in 1979, the Tröpferlbad was expanded to include a sauna facility in the same year. In 2008 a renovation took place. The communication from Vienna City Hall Correspondence on October 1, 2004, that the Weisselbad in Floridsdorf ceased operations on September 30, 2004 due to the technical and structural condition, was short and sweet . The Ratschkybad in Vienna's 12th district had a similarly inglorious end . While it is officially listed as "currently closed" on the homepage of MA 44 - Pools, MA 69 - Property Management has already put it up for sale.

The fact that at least two public lavatories in Vienna also had bathing facilities is virtually unknown, namely the lavatory in the Albertinapassage completed in 1964 , a pedestrian passage under Vienna's Ringstrasse and in the pedestrian passage completed in 1966 at the Mariahilfer Strasse / Getreidemarkt intersection . Both lavatories each had two bathing cabins.

Probably the most famous private bathroom was that of the architect Otto Wagner at Köstlergasse 3 . This bathroom owes its fame to a bathtub made of glass, an unusual material for the time. In 1898 this bathroom furniture was shown at the imperial anniversary exhibition in Vienna.

Spas

The Nymphenstein in the Meidling District Museum

A Roman sacrificial stone exhibited in the district museum in Meidling indicates that the Romans were already familiar with healing springs in Vienna.

In the period of Vormärz in particular, various water cures, hydrotherapy and cold water applications developed into a kind of alternative medicine, which was initially rejected by the majority of medical professionals, but later became increasingly accepted with the increasing number of healing successes.

Curiously, one of the first institutions that made recreational and curative bathing in the Danube accessible to its relatives - albeit only the crew members of the numerically small Viennese civilian police station - by partially assuming the costs was the Viennese police who put wild bathing people out of circulation had to pull.

In addition to those baths that specialized in the healing use of water, medicinal baths were also offered in other baths such as the Dianabad, the Roman bath or the Esterházy bath.

  • Brünnlbad : The so-called Goldbrünnlbad was first mentioned in 1391. In 1795, a new building was built at its location at today's Lazarettgasse 16, which, because of the mineral-rich water, developed into a spa center in which Vienna's first cold-water healing facility was set up in 1860. As the source migrated, the Brünnlbad had to be rebuilt in 1898 at a new location at Borschkegasse 4. In 1957 the bath was closed.
  • Therapeutic baths in Döbling : The oldest of the therapeutic baths in Döbling developed out of a pond, the water of which was said to have medicinal properties. The spring was taken by a local resident and led into a bathhouse. After an expert report in 1784 had confirmed that this water actually had medicinal properties, the bathhouse was expanded into a public medicinal bath. After the spring dried up, the city of Vienna acquired the bath in 1900, demolished it and created the Heiligenstädter Park in its place. The Oberdöblinger Bad in the Döblinger Hauptstraße was created from a bathing hut built in 1814, which was converted into a public bath in 1821, which was supposed to be effective against rheumatism. The most prominent guest in the Döblinger baths was Ludwig van Beethoven . He hoped for a cure for his hearing impairment here.
  • Pfannsches Bad : In addition to today's Theresienbad, which is not far away, the Pfannsche Bad opposite the Meidlinger Markt in Niederhofstrasse was the second therapeutic and thermal bath in Vienna's 12th district of Meidling. In 1820, against the opposition of the operators of the Theresienbad, Josef Pfann received permission to economically use the sulfur-containing spring on his property. Falling visitor numbers forced the swimming pool to close in 1896. Only medical baths and physical therapies were continued. In the 1970s, the City of Vienna acquired the now run-down facility, had it demolished and in its place built the Hermann-Leopoldi-Park and the Anton-Benya-Haus as a social center.
  • Therme Wien : In 1934, a hot sulfur spring was tapped while searching for oil in Oberlaa in the 10th district of Favoriten, Vienna. Since there was no interest in this find, the borehole was closed again. In 1965 this borehole was first searched for again and on December 20, 1968 the Heilquelle Oberlaa Kurbetriebsges. mb H. founded. The provisional spa operation began on October 2, 1969. The Therme Wien reopened in autumn 2010 and has been one of the most modern city spas in Europe ever since. The thermal bath extends over a total area of ​​75,000 m². Of this, around 4,000 m² are water and around 3,000 m² are sauna areas.

Mikva

The purpose of the mikwaot is not to achieve hygienic, but ritual purity. According to Jewish tradition, blood or touching the dead are considered ritually unclean. Another reason to go underground in the mikveh is to convert to Judaism, which is a condition for a valid Gijur for both men and women .

One of the oldest known locations is the “Zum Großes Jordan” house on Judenplatz, which was built around 1520 on the site of the mikveh of the Vienna ghetto that used to be there. Another former location is on Kleeblattgasse.

There are currently mikvehs in Tempelgasse, at the meat market and in Czerningasse.

Natural bathing areas and nudism

Natural bathing areas

The mill water at Biberhaufenweg
Danube-Oder Canal

In addition to the various supervised bathing options in Vienna, there are also so-called natural bathing areas.

These are accessible at all times and are therefore not subject to opening times. In most cases, the waterfront properties are looked after by the MA 49 - Forestry Office and Agricultural Company of the City of Vienna , the water quality is controlled by the Institute for Environmental Medicine of MA 15 - Health Care from MA 44 - Vienna Baths and MA 45 - Hydraulic Engineering, in emergencies however, the bathers are left to their own devices as there is no supervisory staff present. In contrast to public baths, dogs are allowed in here.

Locations:

  • Heustadelwasser and rose water in the Prater ;
  • Kaiserwasser , bathing pond Hirschstetten , Schillerwasser , Mühlwasser , bathing pond Süßenbrunn , Panozzalacke , Stadlerfurt , the Danube-Oder canal basins II and III and Dechantlacke in the 22nd district of Vienna, Donaustadt.

Vienna's largest natural bathing area is formed by the 21-kilometer-long relief channel, which is also known as the New Danube , together with the Danube Island , which was built between 1972 and 1988 as a flood protection structure for Vienna. However, the flooding of the New Danube in the event of a flood usually results in a ban on bathing for several weeks until the water has reached bathing water quality again.

Nudism

Despite the growing range of pools - regardless of whether they are indoor or outdoor - an increasing number of people were looking for the opportunity to organize their bathing pleasure among like-minded people according to their own rules that were not determined by the authorities.

In addition to the so-called Lobau Indians and colonists, those who had no opportunity anywhere else in the city to bathe naked in the water or in the sun were particularly drawn to the Lobau .

In 1927, the “ Bund Freier Menschen ” ( Association of Free People ) was given a piece of land on the beaver heap by the municipality of Vienna, which they had to fence in and on which a hut was to be built. Only couples were allowed to enter the area.

While the social-democratic city administration, which was deposed after the Austrian civil war, was tolerant of supporters of nudism, the police of the corporate state under Engelbert Dollfuss increasingly monitored compliance with good morals after 1934. It could well happen that even properly dressed bathers had to lower their pants to be checked for a seamless tan. Difficulties threatened those who did not have a white stripe around the midsection.

Strange to these monitoring actions was the fact that among the policemen were also those who, even in their spare time to the nudist included vehicle trailers and had to worry about such controls especially.

This pressure eased under the National Socialists. For ideological reasons, the NSDAP wanted the hardened, the "hardened" people.

After the war, the Lobau was again a center for nudists who belonged to clubs or took wild baths. But the nudes also have their territory on the Danube Island, which was built later. The Gänsehäufel is the only one of the municipal baths to offer opportunities for nudism in separate areas. The offer for nude bathing in the urban Jörgerbad no longer exists since 2012.

Urban bath programs

Bath concept and existing bath concept

In 1968 the responsible urban planning commission decided on the bathing concept 1968 as a guideline for the planned expansion of the municipal baths. As a result, smaller to medium-sized indoor and summer pools should be built mainly distributed over the city area.

For the number and size of the pools, the international guideline of one square meter of bathing area per inhabitant of Vienna was used for the summer pools. One square meter of bathing space in indoor pools should be made available for every 333 Viennese.

On the basis of this bathroom concept,

  • the new construction of the Diana bath,
  • the general renovation of the Amalienbad,
  • the general renovation of the baths in Hadersdorf-Weidlingau,
  • the construction of the town hall pool (not operated by MA 44 - pools),
  • the expansion of the Ottakringer Bad and the construction of an associated indoor pool with sauna,
  • the general renovation of the conference pool,
  • the general renovation of the Jörgerbad,
  • the construction of the Schafbergbad,
Höpflerbad summer pool
  • the construction of the Höpflerbad,
  • the construction of new children's outdoor pools (now known as family pools) and
  • the construction of six so-called district indoor pools (Hietzinger Bad (opened 1978), Simmeringer Bad (opened 1978), Döblinger Bad (opened 1978), Donaustädter Bad (opened 1982), Brigittenauer Bad (opened 1983) and the pool in the Großfeldsiedlung (opened 1984 )).

In 1974, the so-called existing bathroom concept followed the pool concept. In this, the existing municipal pools were recorded according to various criteria (number of visitors, occupancy, technical and structural condition, ...) and suggestions were made about the respective future use and possible extensions, conversions and additions, but also about possible closings. As a result of this concept, seven public baths were closed and nine were upgraded by adding saunas while reducing the number of shower areas. Summer pools have been made more attractive with additional swimming pools, sunbathing areas, playgrounds and sports fields.

Bathing academy and Club Nixe

In 1992 the city of Vienna started the so-called bath academy with the aim of making visiting the city baths more attractive.

Language courses, water aerobics, light summer cuisine, make-up artist courses and children's afternoons were offered. This action was initiated by the responsible city councilor Johann Hatzl and was carried out in the Theresienbad, the Hietzinger Bad, the Schafbergbad, the Krapfenwaldlbad, the Döblinger Bad, the Strandbad Alte Donau, the Liesinger Bad, the Laaerbergbad, the Gänsehäufel, the Kongressbad, the Ottakringer Bath, in the Donaustadt summer pool, in the Angelibad, in the Höpflerbad, in the Simmering summer pool and in the Großfeldsiedlung summer pool.

It is not clear whether the Club Nixe , an animation program presented by City Councilor Fritz Svihalek in 1997, was supposed to replace or just supplement the bathing academy. In any case, from 1997 onwards there are no longer any references to the bathing academy on the website of Wiener Rathauskorrespondenz.

The Club Nixe started in 1997 in three pools (Laaerbergbad, Schafbergbad, Gänsehäufel, from 1998 also Hietzinger Bad and Ottakringer Bad) as a free animation program with sport and information. In the first year of this campaign, around 40,000 visitors took part in the activities of the Club Nixe animators. At the end of August 1998 the number of participants was given as around 100,000 people. Most of the baths in which the animation program was carried out also reported an increase in visitor numbers.

The Club Nixe also seems to have fallen asleep, because from 1998 there are no more entries on the Internet.

Various sports and animation programs are currently running in some municipal swimming pools under the name Bäder-Sommerzauber (Laaerbergbad, Strandbad Alte Donau, Höpflerbad, Strandbad Gänsehäufel), Sun & Fun swimming pool animation in the Kongressbad or Kid's Club (alternating in five family pools ).

Swimwear

Vienna did not detach itself from the general development of clothing for bathing and swimming. The general trend was to first develop more practical swimwear, especially for women, which became more and more fashionable over time, and finally to show more and more skin.

In the summer of 2009, two topics related to this chapter were taken up and discussed by the media.

The ban on swimming shorts, which was discussed and announced in some baths in Germany and Switzerland, which was justified with the high water consumption, was rejected by the responsible municipal department (MA) 44 - Vienna Baths.

A little later, the burkini caused a stir. While this is banned in numerous cities, the MA 44 announced that it would propagate it through Islamic women's associations and - if necessary - have a model tailored to the hygiene and safety regulations applicable in Vienna. The purpose of the planned measure is to enable even devout Muslim women to visit a swimming pool.

Swimming competitions in Vienna

  • Second Workers 'Olympics (1931): The second Workers' Olympics was the largest sporting event in Vienna to date and the reason for the construction of the stadium swimming pool, the former cycling track and today's Ernst Happel Stadium. In addition to the swimming competitions, diving competitions were also held in the stadium pool.
  • European Swimming Championships 1974 : Again the stadium pool was the venue for European Swimming Championships. 17 world records and 32 European records were achieved. 15 of the world records were set by women, 14 of them by swimmers from the GDR.
  • European Swimming Championships 1995 : In 1995, the stadium pool hosted the European Swimming Championships in Vienna for the third time.
  • Special Olympics 1998 : Swimming competitions were also held as part of the 2nd International Special Olympics. These were held between June 21 and 25, 1998 in the stadium pool.

Statistical

For the year 1924, 136,666 children are named who were given free access to municipal public baths. 10,000 free tickets for visiting power pools were given to citizens' schools in Vienna, 7,700 of which were redeemed. 5,540,149 people, including 623,385 children, who had been given free access, went to municipal bathing establishments.

In 2008, the city's summer pools were visited by 2,414,259 people and the family pools by 312,252 people. A total of 4,105,967 visitors took advantage of the municipal baths this year. The Gänsehäufel experienced the most visited day of the year with 31,533 visitors on June 22nd. A total of 125,905 people visited the municipal baths that day. The water aerobics courses offered were attended by 32,940 people.

According to the volume inventory of the City of Vienna in 2008, the municipal baths have 14 shower cubicles, 252 shower cells, 4 sauna cubicles and 3,361 changing rooms.

  • Children's outdoor pools (family pools) take up a total area of ​​20,532 square meters,
  • Summer pools a total area of ​​708,986 square meters,
  • Combined and indoor pools a total area of ​​214,432 square meters,
  • Warm baths a total area of ​​4,125 square meters,
  • Public baths a total area of ​​516 square meters and
  • other bathing facilities a total area of ​​166,943 square meters.

Of the total of 41,488.5 hectares in the city, 1,939 hectares or around 5 percent are water bodies.

Water quality

The directive on the quality of bathing water (76/160 / EEC) of December 8, 1975 regulates, among other things, microbiological, physical and chemical limit values ​​and guidelines for the quality of water at natural bathing areas and has been binding since January 1, 1997.

These quality controls are carried out by the City of Vienna at 17 bathing areas ("EU bathing areas"). The results of these tests, carried out every 14 days, are published on the Internet. Due to the generally high number of visitors and the dual function of the New Danube as a bathing water and flood relief channel, the City of Vienna does not take advantage of the possible extension of the periods between the individual investigations.

At the natural bathing areas Badeteich Süßenbrunn and Hirschstetten, the Schillerwasser, the Alte Naufahrt , the bathing areas at the Schilfweg as well as at the Biberhaufenweg am Mühlwasser, the Dechantlacke, the Panozzalacke and the basins 2 and 3 of the Danube-Oder Canal, only once before and twice during the Season controls carried out.

Council of Europe directive on bathing water quality Guide values Limit values
Total coliform bacteria MPN / 100 ml 500 10,000
Faecal coliform bacteria MPN / 100 ml 100 2,000
Enterococci CFU / 100 ml 100
Viewing depth (meters) > 2 > 1
Contamination (mineral oils, tensides, phenol, tar) no

The legal basis for checking hygiene in municipal swimming pools is formed by the Bath Hygiene Act (BHygG) from 1976 and the Bath Hygiene Ordinance (BHygV).

In addition to general definitions, the Swimming Pool Hygiene Act contains approval provisions for the construction and operation of pools, hot air and steam baths, small bathing ponds and bathing areas and basic hygiene regulations for the preventive protection of people from the transmission of diseases in such facilities. Among other things, it also stipulates how often the responsible district administrative authority has to check the bathing facilities.

The pool hygiene ordinance contains, among other things, those regulations that concern the water quality, the treatment systems for the pool water, the pools, saunas, steam and warm air baths as well as their internal and official control.

The bath hygiene ordinance permits the bathing water treatment process

  • Flocculation - filtration - disinfection (chlorination) or
  • Flocculation - Filtration - Ozone Oxidation Level - Disinfection (chlorination) or
  • Flocculation - filtration - disinfection (chlorine-chlorine dioxide process with aqueous chlorite solution)

The bath hygiene ordinance stipulates the basic requirement for disinfectants that the rate at which a disinfectant kills germs must be so high that the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (the puddle germ) can be killed by 3.5 powers of ten within 30 seconds.

Approved disinfectants are chlorine gas , chlorine-chlorine dioxide , calcium hypochlorite , potassium hypochlorite , lithium hypochlorite , sodium hypochlorite and, with a maximum pool size of 130 square meters, dichloroisocyanuric acid , its salts and trichloroisocyanuric acid and its salts.

See also

literature

  • Claudia Feichtenberger: Our baths - from the bathing room to the adventure world - Viennese bathing culture then and now , Compress Verlag, Vienna, 1994, ISBN 3-900607-25-7
  • Wilhelm Seledec, Helmut Kretschmer, Herbert Lauscha: Bathing and Baths in Vienna , Europa Verlag GesmbH, Vienna, 1987, ISBN 3-203-50995-4
  • Ernst Gerhard Eder: Bathing and swimming culture in Vienna - socio-historical and cultural anthropological studies , ISBN 3-205-98331-9
  • Herbert Lachmayer , Sylvia Mattl-Wurm, Christian Gargerle: Das Bad - A history of bathing culture in the 19th and 20th centuries , Residenz Verlag, Salzburg and Vienna, 1991, ISBN 3-7017-0723-5
  • Gernot Ladinig (Ed.): The Old Danube - People on the Water , Bohmann Druck und Verlags-Gesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Vienna, ISBN 3-7002-1138-4
  • Hans Hovorka: Republic "Konge" - a swimming pool tells its story; the municipal swimming, sun and air bath at the Kongreßplatz in Vienna-Ottakring 1928-1988 , ISBN 3-7046-0072-5
  • Friedrich Heller: The book of the Lobau - appearances, shapes and scenes of an Austrian fateful landscape , Norbertus-Verlag, Vienna, 1997, ISBN 3-900679-02-9

Web links

Commons : Baths in Vienna  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e main literature: Ernst Gerhard Eder: Bathing and swimming culture in Vienna
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Main literature: Wilhelm Seledec, Helmut Kretschmer, Herbert Lauscha: Bathing and baths in Vienna
  3. ↑ Allgemeine Sportzeitung , Vienna, July 24, 1898, p. 857, tenders
  4. ↑ Allgemeine Sportzeitung , Vienna, August 14, 1898, p. 955, swimming, results
  5. ↑ Strandgasthaus Birner
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gernot Ladinig (Hrsg.): Die Alte Donau
  7. ↑ Strandbad Stadlau
  8. ↑ 8. The urban Danube raft bath in the XIXth century. Districts. In:  Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien , year 1913, p. 527. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / sjw.
  9. ↑ community newspaper . (...) lifeguard station. In:  Das Vaterland , Morgenblatt, April 28, 1903, p. 10, center. (Online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / possibly
  10. ^ Felix Czeike: Historical Lexicon Vienna
  11. ↑ Police bath
  12. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Städtisches Bad - Kongreßbad
  13. ↑ Congress pool . In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  14. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Wiener Stadionbad - Historic Sports Facility of the City of Vienna ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  15. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: 8 July 1952: A warning to all water sports enthusiasts
  16. ↑ PSO bath
  17. ↑ a b c d e f Claudia Feichtenberger: Our baths
  18. ^ Wiener Zeitung.at: Reinhard Seiß: The residential park Alt-Erlaa - a city within the city (web archive) ( Memento from February 6, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), April 2, 2004
  19. ↑ Heinz Nittel. In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  20. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: 226 tenants will soon move to Grünoase Eichenstraße 6.
  21. ↑ Katja Sindemann: Wiener Nixen, Zillen, Blaue Donau , metro - verlagsbüro w. gmbh, 2007, ISBN 978-3-902517-12-8
  22. ↑ Stadthalle.com: details stadthallenbad
  23. ^ Wien.orf.at: Stadthallenbad is being renovated , October 5, 2009
  24. ^ David Krutzler: Wiener Stadthallenbad open, complaints are ongoing . In: The Standard . Vienna July 1, 2014, p. 9 ( derstandard.at ).
  25. ↑ sargfabrik.at: Sargfabrik: Internationale Badekultur , accessed on March 26, 2018
  26. ↑ Main source: children's outdoor pools. In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  27. ↑ a b Web service of the City of Vienna: History of the Tröpferlbäder ( Memento of the original from June 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  28. ↑ Patricia Spain Ward: Simon Baruch: rebel in the ranks of medicine, 1840-1921, University of Alabama Press, 1994, p. 168.
  29. ↑ Chwala: The municipal gas works Leopoldau
  30. ↑ Demokratiezentrum.org: Social housing in Vienna: 1922
  31. ↑ a b Home Committee of the Teachers' Working Groups of the XXI. District: The XXI. Wiener Gemeindebezirk - A home book for school and home , Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Vienna, 1926
  32. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: January 19, 1951: Shower niches installed in the new community apartments - running hot water also in the kitchen
  33. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: February 29, 1952: Bathroom furnishings for community buildings
  34. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: June 25, 1953: Bathroom campaign for all of Vienna
  35. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: November 6, 1958: New types of community apartments - the rent for better equipment
  36. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: LEBEN IN WIEN  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2011 (PDF 5MB), Chapter 2.3 Apartments@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.wien.gv.at  
  37. ^ L .:  The municipal public baths in Vienna. In:  Weekly of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects , year 1890, No. 38/1890 (XV. Year), p. 315 f. (Online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / ina
  38. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Margareten: Einsiedlerbad was renovated , September 22, 2008
  39. ^ Closure of Weisselbad , October 1, 2004
  40. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna ( version of May 17, 2009 ( Memento of May 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) via archive.org )
  41. ↑ List of the first, built and demolished public lavatories that were in the administration of MA 48 in the years 1945-1968 (cut-off date 31.12.); II. Urinals; III. Mobile toilet facilities; IV. Transportable toilet facilities Vienna library in the town hall
  42. ↑ Die Münze , 18th year, 5th issue, November / December 2007, page 8
  43. ^ Pfannsches Bad. In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  44. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Aviso: Media talk with Laska and Pittermann on Friday - Subtitles: Opening of the social center of MA 12 and the health center of MA 47 , March 13, 2002
  45. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Neue Therme Wien: Extension drilling secures water supply , April 2, 2009
  46. ^ Therme Wien
  47. ↑ Association of the Jewish Forum Working Group: Alexia Weiss: Strict rules in Vienna's Mikwen  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Nu (magazine) , No. 09 Tischrei 5763@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nunu.at  
  48. ↑ MIKWE Czerningasse 4
  49. ↑ a b Web service of the City of Vienna: "Parks for swimming" - water quality is checked regularly , August 26, 2004
  50. ↑ Badeteich Süßenbrunn ( Memento of the original from April 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wua-wien.at
  51. ↑ Süßenbrunn bathing pond: ideal for dog days - playground for dogs and their lovers at the gates of Vienna.
  52. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Natural bathing areas in the Upper Lobau ( Memento from July 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  53. ↑ Main literature: Friedrich Heller: Das Buch von der Lobau
  54. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Städtisches Bad - Gänsehäufel
  55. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Freizeitdorado in "Unseren Bad" , July 1st, 1994
  56. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Bäderakademie 1996 , July 1, 1996
  57. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Welcome to the "Club Nixe" , July 3, 1998
  58. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Vienna Baths: Plus Guest by Animation , August 31, 1998
  59. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Bäder-Sommerzauber (Archive from May 28, 2009) ( Memento from May 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  60. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Swimwear then and now ( memento of the original from June 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  61. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: No ban on long shorts in city pools , July 22, 2009
  62. ↑ DiePresse.com: Ulrike Weiser: Islamic dress code: With burkini in the bathroom ( Memento from March 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), August 8, 2008
  63. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: European Swimming Championships in the Wiener Stadionbad - Historic sporting events in Vienna ( Memento of the original from June 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  64. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Before the opening of the 2nd International Special Olympics in Vienna , June 18, 1998
  65. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: European Short Course Swimming Championships 2004 , September 22, 2004
  66. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Performance report 2008 of the Wiener Bäder (MA 44) ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  67. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Volume inventory of the City of Vienna (in EUR) as of December 31, 2008 (PDF81kB)
  68. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: LEBENSRAUM WIEN  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2008 (PDF 183kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.wien.gv.at  
  69. ↑ EUROPA.eu: Bathing waters , summary of EU legislation
  70. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Surface water analysis - Investigations by MA 39 ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  71. ^ Web service of the City of Vienna: Water & Sewage
  72. ↑ bmgfj.bv.at: Bathing water database , (PDF), page 22.
  73. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Details on examination intervals - water quality of natural bathing areas and EU bathing areas
  74. ↑ Web service of the City of Vienna: Water quality from EU bathing areas - Biology laboratory of MA 39 ( Memento of the original from November 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wien.gv.at
  75. ↑ Kontrollamt Wien.at: Magistratsabteilung 44, testing of municipal baths with regard to safety and hygiene , report of the Vienna control office (PDF; 514 kB)

Remarks

  1. ↑ Opened together with the Volksbad Erlachplatz, Favoriten , Simmeringer Straße 163a (today: Gudrunstraße 163a), built according to the same building plan . - From: The municipal administration of the Imperial and Royal Capital and Residence City of Vienna . Magistrate of the City of Vienna, Vienna 1895, p. 456, ZDB -ID 567006-8 .