New Year Island (Northern Territory)

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New Year Island
New Year Island, Northern Territory, Australia (Landsat satellite image, 1999)
New Year Island, Northern Territory, Australia ( Landsat satellite image, 1999)
Waters Arafura lake
Archipelago Croker Island group
Geographical location 10 ° 54 '29 "  S , 133 ° 1' 52"  E Coordinates: 10 ° 54 '29 "  S , 133 ° 1' 52"  E
New Year Island (Northern Territory) (Australia)
New Year Island (Northern Territory)
length 2.3 km
width 600 m
area 78 ha
Residents uninhabited
Location of New Year Island (in the northeast as 4th) in the Croker Island Group (main island on the left), on the left and lower edge parts of the mainland (Cobourg Peninsula)
Location of New Year Island (in the northeast as 4th) in the Croker Island Group (main island on the left), on the left and lower edge parts of the mainland ( Cobourg Peninsula )

New Year Iceland (English for New Year's Island , in the language of the indigenous people : Gurrmul even Gurrmurl ) is an uninhabited island in the north of Australia . With regard to the states, territories and outskirts of Australia , it is part of the Northern Territory . It is part of the Croker Island Group in the Arafura Sea .

geography

The island is located in an area of ​​the Northern Territory that is often referred to as the top end . With its position at 10 degrees 54 minutes south latitude , New Year Island - more precisely a rock belonging to the island, about 300 meters away from it in the northeast - is the northernmost piece of land in the Northern Territory.

The island is about 2.3 kilometers long in the east-west direction and has a greatest width of about 600 meters in the western third. The coastline is 4.8 kilometers long. The land area is 78 or 77,310 hectares, depending on the source. The island is about six meters high at its highest point.

The closest significant landmarks are Cape Don (the north-western tip of the Cobourg Peninsula ) around 145 kilometers to the west and Cape Wessel (the northern tip of the Wessel Islands ) around 200 kilometers to the east. There are other uninhabited islands within a radius of about 25 kilometers around New Year Island: Oxley Island in a west-southwest direction, Lawson Island with a smaller island in the southwest and McCluer Island in a south-southwest direction. On the east coast of Croker Island is the Aboriginal community of Minjilang , with around 300 inhabitants the closest, permanently inhabited, larger settlement. This island of around 330 square kilometers belongs to the Cobourg Bioregion . Its core is the approximately 2,100 square kilometer Coburg Peninsula, which is populated by only around 20 to 30 people in five family outstations . Parent is depending on the point of the Bioregion Tiwi or bioregion Arnhem Coast .

New Year Island is partially surrounded by a coral reef , especially near the coast from the west to the south and east to the northeast. It is formed by Acropora , the most species-rich genus of stony corals (Scleractinia), and is easily recognizable at low tide by the changed waves and the foam heads formed there . The reef zone is home to many living beings, some of which have been little or no more researched. On the northern side there is a lagoon-like shallow water zone, the size of which is slightly larger than that of the land area. Beyond the shallow water zone or the reef, the seabed in the Arafura Sea drops to a depth of around 150 meters. However, there are several shoals around the island that can endanger large ships, such as the submarine foothills of the island in a south-westerly direction, the Bramble Rocks around 25 kilometers west in only 3.7 meters water depth and the extensive Hogmanay Shoal around ten kilometers southeast in parts only 8.2 meters deep.

The beach of the island is comparatively little covered with sand, but along and in many places above the coastline is covered by a thick layer of finer and coarser coral debris. The tidal range is about two meters. The island floor consists of continental rock.

The region has a monsoon climate with strong seasonal winds and annual rainfall between 1200 and 1400 millimeters.

The area around New Year Island including airspace lies in one of 14 ring segments around Darwin , which are designated as restricted and danger areas with associated airspace (translated as: "Zones and associated airspace with restrictions and hazards"). The Australian Army , Air Force and Navy may use it for military flight training, including low-level flights and target practice, upon notice . Skippers must therefore obtain information in advance from the responsible authorities and may have to bypass the region - in the now relatively rare cases. The arrangement in ring segments (instead of grid squares) could go back to the Second World War , when Darwin was exposed to Japanese bomber attacks .

Earlier and alternative names

One of the first mentions of the island can be found in the so-called Rock Catalog of the doctor and botanist Robert Brown of the Linnean Society , an expedition member in the retinue of the explorer Matthew Flinders . On the occasion of a landing there on March 12, 1803, he mentions it as New Years [ sic ] Island North Coast . (So ​​the author used the previously customary "-s" appended in Years instead of Year ; elsewhere Brown uses the parallel spelling New Year's Island , i.e. with apostrophe and genitive -s.) It is unclear whether the addition North Coast alone refers to this island and thus the exact place of landing or generally to the Australian north coast. In the latter case, it would be an indication that he was already familiar with other Australian islands called New Year (s) Island , such as New Year Island off Van Diemens Land, today's Tasmania , or New Year Island off Western Australia .

In the Margu language of the local indigenous population, the island is called Gurrmul, and in official documents it is mostly called Gurrmurl. It is unclear whether or to what extent there is a connection with the word Gurrmul from the language group of the Yolngu , which is spoken by the indigenous population in the north of the territory: Gurrmul is a boy there - in the sense of an initiation ritual  - circumcised and thus accepted into the tribal community.

In view of the small island size, the alternative name New Year Islet is known, albeit rarely. She is known for publications from the United Kingdom from the postwar period to more recent ones from the United States , including some web publications.

Legal status

New Year Island is part of the Croker Island region in the Northern Territory, which, according to the Register of Native Title Claims of the National Native Title Tribunal, is subject to Australian Aboriginal administrative law. Since the Australian government recognized the Aborigines as beneficiaries in 1976, the island has been owned by the Arnhem Land Aboriginal Land Trust ; This makes the land available to the Aboriginal clans in the region as an Aboriginal Freehold and Leasehold, either permanently or temporarily.

As early as the 1980s, efforts were made by the Northern Territory to protect New Year Island and the surrounding waters along with the other islands of the Croker Island group; The basis should be the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act . However, representatives of several indigenous clans, who saw their economic interests and their right to self-government disregarded, successfully contradicted them.

For this reason, representatives of the Northern Territory or on their behalf, as a matter of principle, do not regularly scientifically investigate the island or enter it for other reasons. The indigenous population, whose closest settlement area is on Croker Island, hardly ever enters New Year Island because of the distance and lack of demand. Scientists and other visitors must officially register up to a year in advance to enter the island - as is the case with other Aboriginal areas.

story

As with other Australian islands of similar size, the circumstances surrounding the discovery of New Year Island by Western seafarers are not fully understood. In particular, it is unclear whether her name - which seems obvious - is an indication of the day she was discovered.

After the first landings on the Cobourg Peninsula in 1636 and 1644, Dutch explorers explored the region more closely in 1705. The first British navigator to go ashore on New Year Island and to find strange human footprints on the island, which is essentially uninhabited, was Matthew Flinders 1803. On March 12, 1803, a Linnean Society sailing ship in the wake of Flinders reached the waters and anchored in front the island. Several expedition participants crossed over to her: The explorer and gardener Peter Good examined the coastal area and walked “almost around the island” in less than three hours. He also accompanied a group that was sent out to look for turtles . It was not until Phillip Parker King that the smaller islands east of Croker Island, including New Year Island, were mapped more precisely in 1818.

The Australian natives of the region, on the other hand, are known to support fishermen from the (now Indonesian ) Makassar region in the island world up to the 1840s not only in catching sea cucumbers , which is needed to produce trepang , but also in a lively bartering with them led them. On the other hand, there are reports of armed conflicts between the two groups in which the Makassar with guns inserting stocked sailing ships. In the 1890s, pearl divers found a three- foot long, cast brass and decorated cannon barrel on the seabed off New Year Island .

In 1968 the company Compagnie Generale de Geophysique (CGG) visited the island and carried out seismic surveys. In the same year, the Australian Aquitaine Petroleum Pty. Ltd. with seismic investigations, oil deposits in the area around the island.

As early as 1912 the Australian Parliament had discussed building a lighthouse on New Year Island . A lighthouse built at an unknown time led international shipping traffic past the island north of the island at least as early as 1977. In the 1982 budget year, the Australian state approved funds to build a new lighthouse and storage tank on the island to operate the carbide lamp ; the cost was initially forecast at 270,000, later at 310,000  Australian dollars . The new tower is made of steel in an open, uncovered skeleton construction with a square floor plan, is 30 meters high and is painted white. It still stands on the north side of the island, about equidistant from the western and eastern ends of the island.

A small international incident occurred in October 1987: The twelve-meter-long Indonesian fishing boat Bunga Rampi with a crew of 15 violated the Australian territorial waters of the Northern Territory and landed on New Year Island, among other places. An Australian surveillance aircraft followed the fishing boat from Lawson and McCluer to New Year Island. The crew of an incoming Australian Navy ship finally boarded the fishing boat and arrested its crew on the morning of October 3. The incident led to a request from Senator Collins to the Australian Minister of Justice in the Australian House of Representatives .

From May to November 1989 scientists circled the Australian mainland in a sailing ship on the initiative of the Australian Oceanic Research Foundation ; with the expedition they remembered the circumnavigation of the Australian mainland mass, then known as New Holland, by Matthew Flinders from 1801 to 1803. Among other things, the modern research group landed on July 4, 1989 on New Year Island. The investigations focused in particular on the numerous sea ​​turtles that lay their eggs in the sand of the islands north and east of Darwin. Under the direction of marine biologist Michael Guinea from the University of the Northern Territory in Darwin , the turtle tracks of the dams and the depth of the pits for the clutches in the sand, the total number of eggs per clutch and the proportion of unfertilized eggs were examined in more detail, as well as the temperature of the clutch in the sand after oviposition and its effect on the sex of the hatching young.

In the recent past, the island has rarely been visited for scientific research, for example in June 1989 and July 1992 specifically to observe sea turtles laying their eggs and in November 1993 specifically to study sea ​​birds . Observations from the air are much more common.

Flora and fauna

flora

New Year Island is located in an area of ​​the Northern Territory that is characterized by rainforest with a high proportion of vascular plants due to the climatic conditions and especially the high rainfall . The island's vegetation does not differ significantly from that of the entire Croker Island region and, in general, of the coastal regions of the Northern Territory. During his visit in 1803, the botanist Robert Brown found locally mentioned Rhynchosia , a genus in the subfamily of the Pea family (Faboideae) within the family of legumes (Fabaceae), but which is widespread in the region.

fauna

Birds

The remote, uninhabited island is an important breeding area for sea ​​birds . As on some of the neighboring islands, a relatively dense population of tall eucalyptus trees with corresponding undergrowth offers protection for breeding colonies . The shallow water zones are populated by numerous waders . Even ospreys breed here. Colin J. Limpus reported in the early 1990s about 500 black-necked terns ( Sterna sumatrana ) and just as many rose terns ( Sterna dougalli ) that built and brooded their nests on the island. Further ornithological investigations resulted in sightings of larger groups of the common noddi ( Anous stolidus ) and in between the much rarer white-capped noddi ( Anous minutus ). The common ariel frigate bird ( Fregata ariel ) can be observed off the coast, but it does not breed here, as well as the reef free heron ( Egretta sacra ), in which the pairs breed individually and hidden, which makes an exact estimate difficult.

Reptiles

An olive ridged turtle, as it appears to lay eggs on New Year Island in the Northern Territory

Female sea ​​turtles regularly visit New Year Island, especially the western part of the island, to lay eggs in self-dug nests at night on their own birth beach ( philopathy ); then they fill the pits again with sand and coral debris and return to the sea to allow the eggs to incubate using the heat of the soil and solar radiation. According to the observations, this happens all year round, largely regardless of the season. On beaches where the layer of coral debris is very thick, this makes it difficult for the animals to dig, so that more attempts to lay eggs fail compared to other beaches in the Northern Territory. This particularly affects the species of the olive ridged turtle , which can only dig shallow pits due to its comparatively small size. At the same time, this underground makes scientific observations of egg-laying from the air more difficult, as both the re-filled pits and the tracks that the mother animals make from the coast to the nest and back with their fins and trunk are less noticeable in the coral debris (although they are Preserve longer compared to sand).

What is certain is that all four species of sea turtles that lay their eggs in the Northern Territory of Australia are also represented on New Year Island: in addition to the olive ridged turtle, the similarly sized hawksbill sea turtle and the larger, heavier species of green sea turtle and reef turtle . The mother animals and the clutches of all four species benefit from the fact that no predators (nest robbers) such as monitor lizards , dingoes or foxes who dig up the sand live on the small, secluded island and today there are hardly any Aborigines who cross there to collect turtle eggs for food.

New Year Island is the namesake and home of Cryptoblepharus gurrmul ("Arafura snake-eyed skink"), a relatively long-legged type of skink (smooth lizard) with a length of 40 to 44 millimeters. Animals of this species were only discovered in 1982, initially in large numbers on New Year Island, then also on the neighboring island of Oxley Island and only in 2006 on the larger neighboring island of North Goulburn Island . According to studies from 2014, further distribution sites are considered unlikely. The population of the species, which was recognized as independent in 2007, is currently considered stable, but endangered by its small distribution area, storms, floods and the generally rising sea level. The animals live in the sand and in rocky shelters near the intertidal zone.

As introduced and become established on the island of true Asian House Gecko .

Fish in the reef zone and the surrounding waters

The waters and especially the reef zone around New Year Island are very rich in fish, both quantitatively and species-rich, and relatively little researched. Scientific studies of locally caught fish helped in the 1990s, new types of comb-tooth blennies to discover and the allocation of the previous types of genres Istiblennius , Blenniella and Paralticus to examine more closely. Animals caught off the neighboring island of McCluer Island, off Yirrkala and Groote Eylandt (both in the Northern Territory), off Queensland and in other parts of the Indian and West Pacific Oceans were also used for comparison .

In 1985, scientists discovered before New Year Iceland Exemplarer the type Campichthys tricarinatus from the family of pipefish that were previously within the Australian waters just off the coast in front of Western Australia ago known. Special cleaner and marble shrimp of the genus Hippolyte were also found .

In October 1982, scientists found a previously unknown species of the Enneapterygius genus in the western and eastern reef zones of New Year Island , small marine fish from the tripterygiidae family with characteristic black and white or striped markings. In September 1994, the German ichthyologist Ronald Fricke from the State Museum of Natural History in Rosenstein Castle in Stuttgart , who had already been the first to scientifically describe several previously unknown fish species from the Pacific region , published an initial description of the species as Enneapterygius bichrous ( Northern bicolored triplefin , "Northern bicoloured Three-fin slime "). As a holotype , he selected a male around 21 millimeters long from the reef zone of New Year Island, as paratype 93 other specimens from the island and other fish from other waters of the Northern Territory, the states of Western Australia and Queensland, the western Timor Sea and waters around Papua - New Guinea and New Caledonia . However, Fricke himself later came to the assessment that the species Enneapterygius bichrous is identical to Enneapterygius flavoccipitis , which Asian ichthyologists had first described independently of him in July 1994, i.e. less than six weeks before him; further scientists confirmed this in 2006. Accordingly, the species also occurs in waters off Taiwan , the Philippines and Indonesia.

Mackerel fishing is of economic importance : In the 1980s, the waters around New Year Island, along with those around Truant Island further east, were considered to be the most productive in the Northern Territory, which is why the state specifically promoted catching by local fishermen. The waters surrounding the island also are considered to be very suitable for ambitious sports fishermen , on Marlins are from: Opportunities exist on billfish (sailfish) and are occupied catches of black marlin that reaches a weight of around 180 kg in the region.

Invertebrates

Furthermore, researchers found before New Year Iceland - just before the neighboring island McCluer Iceland, Podocerus talegus Lawai - special amphipods of partial order corophiida . These were previously only known from the first description from 1970 due to a find off Hawaii and another from 1990 off Tonga . According to scientists from the Australian Museum in Sydney , the find was also noteworthy because the animals show little morphological variation regardless of the great distance .

Trial in the High Court of Australia in 2001

New Year Island played a major role in the Commonwealth of Australia v Yarmirr lawsuit in the High Court of Australia . In the appeal proceedings , the highest Australian court had to rule in October 2001 on mutually claimed rights: On the one hand, there were individual groups of Aborigines, the Australian natives, here in particular the Yarmirr tribe on Croker Island, who over and above the Native Title Act 1993 by virtue of common law for on the other hand, the common law claim of the general public to use the open waters. New Year Island as the northernmost and at the same time easternmost island of the group served decisively to determine the spatial and content-related protection area of ​​the Aborigines as well as the rights of use of the general public to pass through the surrounding waters and fish there. In the first instance there was an on-site meeting for the hearing and taking evidence on the island.

The ruling confirmed that the Native Title Act only grants Aboriginal people the right to restrict access to their land areas (such as New Year Island) while using the open seas (especially driving through and non-commercial fishing) in the Region is open to everyone by virtue of common law. The mining of raw materials on the seabed - according to the court findings - was not covered by the Native Title Act or customary law, so that the state could regulate this separately through separate laws and intergovernmental agreements.

The appeal process was based on a lawsuit that Mary Yarmirr and others filed as a representative of five Aboriginal clans in 1994.

Trivia

In the short story The Wisdom of the Lighthouse Keepers , author Peter Hill lists the New Year Island lighthouse along with those of Cape Fourcroy , Cape Don on the Cobourg Peninsula and Cape Croker as future destinations for the traveling first-person narrator staying in Darwin.

literature

  • Australian Hydrographic Office (Eds.): Australia - North Coast, New Year Island to Port Essington and Cuthbert Point to New Year Island . Chart No. Aus 714 and Aus 719, 1: 150,000, Australian Hydrographic Office, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia 2010 (English).
  • Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics (Ed.): Australia 1: 250,000 Geological Series: Cobourg Peninsula - Melville Island, Northern Territory . The Bureau, Australia 1976, ISBN 978-0-6420-1827-4 (English).
  • Ray Chatto, Bryan Baker: The Distribution and Status of the Marine Turtle Nesting in the Northern Territory ( pdf ). Northern Territory Government, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport, Technical Report 77/2008, Palmerston, Northern Territory, Australia 2008, ISBN 1-920772-72-3 , pp. 68, 87 f ., 96, 250, 302 (English).

Web links

  • New Year Island in the Northern Territory islands database on the official web portal environment.gov.au ( PDF ), accessed on December 30, 2020 (English).

References and comments

  1. ↑ a b DT Liddle, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory (ed.): Atlas of the Vascular Rainforest Plants of the Northern Territory . Volume 3 of the Flora of Australia supplementary series . Biological Resources Study 1994, ISBN 978-0-6421-9806-8 , p. VII (English).
  2. ^ A b Peter Hill: The Wisdom of the Lighthouse Keepers . In: Sarah Brown, Gil McNeil, Hugo Tagholm (Eds.): Journey to the Sea . Ebury Press, Random House, London, United Kingdom 2005, ISBN 978-1-4464-9064-8 (e-book) (English).
  3. ^ A b Peter C. Gill: The initial scientific reports of the “In the wake of Flinders” circumnavigation of Australia, May – November 1989 . Oceanic Research Foundation (Australia) (Ed.), Occassional publication Issue 2, Oceanic Research Foundation, Windsor, New South Wales, Australia 1992, ISBN 978-0-9591-1081-4 , pp. 22, 29, 96 (English) .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ray Chatto, Bryan Baker: The Distribution and Status of the Marine Turtle Nesting in the Northern Territory ( pdf ). Northern Territory Government, Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport, Technical Report 77/2008, Palmerston, Northern Territory, Australia 2008, ISBN 1-920772-72-3 , pp. 68, 87 f ., 96, 250, 302 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d e New Year Island in the Northern Territory islands database on the official web portal environment.gov.au ( pdf ), accessed on December 30, 2020 (English).
  6. ↑ New Year Island, Northern Territory on the geonames.org web portal , accessed December 31, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b Australian Parliament: The Records of the Proceedings and the Printed Papers . Part 3, Parlamentary paper 1912, pp. 2 ff. (English).
  8. ↑ a b c Ronald Fricke: Tripterygiid Fishes of the western and central Pacific, with descriptions of 15 new species, including an annotated checklist of world Tripterygiidae (Teleostei) . Theses Zoologicae Volume 29, Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany 1997, ISBN 3-87429-400-5 , pp. 199-209 (especially p. 204) (English).
  9. ↑ a b United States, Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center (Ed.): Sailing Directions (enroute) for the West Coasts of Australia . Publication 175, United States 1978, p. 37 (English).
  10. ^ National Imagery and Mapping Agency (eds.): South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean . Sailing Directions (Planning Guide), Publication 160, 2nd edition. Lighthouse Press, Annapolis, Maryland, United States 2002, ISBN 978-1-577-85361-9 , pp. 10 ff., In particular pp. 13 and 21 (Chartlet No. 7) (English).
  11. ^ A b Linnean Society of New South Wales (Ed.): Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales . Volumes 112-113, Linnean Society of New South Wales 1990, p. 77.
  12. ^ A b Alfred James Ewart, Olive B. Davies: The Flora of the Northern Territory . McCarron, Bird & Company Printers 1917 with reference to Robert Brown, p. 153.
  13. ↑ a b Cryptoblepharus gurrmul on the web portal The Reptile Database , accessed on November 19, 2020 (English).
  14. ↑ Cryptoblepharus gurrmul on the web portal AROD.com.au , accessed on November 20, 2020 (English).
  15. ^ High Court of Australia: Australian Law Journal and Law Reports . Law Book Company of Australasia 2001, p. 1605 (English).
  16. ^ University of New South Wales, Aboriginal Law Center, Indigenous Law Center (ed.): Australian Indigenous Law Reporter . Volume 4, Prospect Publication, Australia 1999, p. 63 (English).
  17. ↑ Federal Court of Australia (Ed.): The Federal Court Reports . Volume 101, Law Book Company, Australia 2000, pp. 200, 237 (English).
  18. ↑ Antarctic CRC (Ed.): Antarctic CRC Research Report - Cooperative Research Center for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment . Volume 26, Antarctic CRC, Australia 2001, p. 156 (English).
  19. ↑ Gurrmul in contrast to the uncircumcised boy Gadaku and male toddler Yothu as well as the adult man Wurrwiliny , see Fiona Magowan: Melodies of Mourning - Music & Emotion in Northern Australia . Long House Publishing Services, Cumbria, United Kingdom, ISBN 978-0-85255-992-5 , in particular p. 63 (English).
  20. ↑ New Year Island on the geonames.org web portal , accessed on December 31, 2020.
  21. ^ A b Australian Center for Maritime Studies (Ed.): Maritime Studies . Volumes 121–125, Australian Center for Maritime Studies, 2002, p. 33 (English).
  22. ^ University of New South Wales, Aboriginal Law Center, Indigenous Law Center (ed.): Australian Indigenous Law Reporter . Volume 4, Prospect Publication, Australia 1999, p. 79 (English).
  23. ↑ a b University of New South Wales, Aboriginal Law Center, Indigenous Law Center (Ed.): Australian Indigenous Law Reporter . Volume 4, Prospect Publication, Australien 1999, p. 71 (English).
  24. ↑ Charles Campbell MacKnight: The Voyage to Marege - Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia . Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia 1976, ISBN 978-0-5228-4088-9 , p. 32 (English).
  25. ^ Roger John Hughes: The Geology and Mineral Occurrences of Bathurst Island, Melville Island, and Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory . Issue 177 of the Australia series. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics , Australian Government Publishing Service, 1978, ISBN 978-0-6420-2731-3 , pp. 4, 55 (English).
  26. ^ Department of Mines, Queensland (ed.): Queensland Government Mining Journal . Volume 69, Department of Mines, Queensland, Australia 1968, p. 558 (English).
  27. ↑ Black-and-white picture of the original, not yet replaced lighthouse on New Year Island from 1986 : a slender steel tower guyed at the sides with steel cables with a cylindrical-round cross-section and a secured viewing platform, accessed on January 1, 2021 (English).
  28. ↑ Valmai Phillips: Romance of Australian Lighthouses . Rigby, 1977, ISBN 978-0-72700-498-7 , pp. 167, 216 (English).
  29. ^ Australian Parliament, House of Representatives (ed.): Parliamentary Debates - House of Representatives, Weekly Hansard . Australian Parliament, House of Representatives 1982, p. 2160 (English).
  30. ^ Australian Parliament, Senate: Parliamentary Debates - Senate Weekly Hansard . Australian Parliament, Senate 1982, p. 3204 (English).
  31. ^ Russ Rowlett: Lighthouses of Australia: Northern Territory . Ibiblio.org 2004/2020, accessed on January 1, 2021.
  32. ^ Australian Parliament, House of Representatives (ed.): Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) - House of Representatives . Vol. 122, Government Printer, Australia 1987, p. 792 (English).
  33. ↑ a b c Ray Chatto: The distribution and status of colonial breeding seabirds in the Northern Territory. Technical Report 70, Parks and Wildlife Commission, Darwin 2001, p. 161.
  34. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia (Ed.): Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles in Australia . Commonwealth of Australia 2017 ( available as a pdf on the legislation.gov.au web portal ), p. 41 (English).
  35. ↑ David G. Chapple, Reid Tingley, Nicola J. Mitchell, Stewart L. Macdonald, J. Scott Keogh, Glenn M. Shea, Philip Bowles, Neil A. Cox, John CZ Woinarski: The Action Plan for Australian Lizards and Snakes 2017 . Csiro Publishing (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), Clayton South, Victoria, Australia 2017, ISBN 978-1-486-30948-1 (e-book), p. 271 (English).
  36. ↑ Victor Gruschka Springer, Jeffrey T. Williams: The Indo-West Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Istiblennius Reappraised: A Revision of Istiblennius, Blenniella, and Paralticus, New Genus . Issue 565 of Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology , Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, United States 1994, ISBN 978-0-7837-8764-0 , pp. 127 f. (English).
  37. ^ John Russell Hanley: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbor, Northern Territory, Australia: Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biological Workshop . Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia 1997, ISBN 978-0-7245-2974-2 , p. 351 (English).
  38. ^ MJP van Oijen, Frans Witte: Taxonomical and Ecological Descriptions of a Species Complex of Zooplanktivorous and Insectivorous Cichlids from Lake Victoria . Volume 302 of Zoologische Verhandelingen , Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands 1996, ISBN 978-9-0732-3944-9 , p. 117 (English).
  39. ↑ Ronald Fricke, in: State Museum for Natural History Stuttgart (Hrsg.): Stuttgart contributions to natural history: Biologie , Stuttgart 2005, p. 64 (English).
  40. ↑ Colin James Grant, David Gilroy Walter, Northern Pelagic Fish Seminar, Darwin, Northern Territory, January 20-21, 1981 . Australia, Fisheries Division (Ed.), Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, ISBN 978-0-6420-6681-7 , pp. 154, 157 (English).
  41. ^ CD Mellon: Game Fishing Prospects in Northern Territory Waters - A Discussion Paper . Issue 9 of the Fishery report, Deptartment of Primary Production 1992, p. 5 (English).
  42. ^ Australian Museum (ed.): Records of the Australian Museum . Volume 65, Australian Museum, Order of the Trustees, Sydney, Australia 2013, pp. 26, 28 (English).
  43. ↑ Elihu Lauterpacht , Christopher Greenwood (Ed.): International Law Reports . Volume 125, Lauterpacht Research Center for International Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Grotius Publications, Cambridge, United Kingdom 2004, ISBN 0-521-82989-5 , pp. 320–467, especially pp. 357 and 445 ( English).
  44. ↑ The Commonwealth v Yarmirr. In: High Court of Australia. October 11, 2001, accessed January 1, 2021 .