Notre-Dame-du-Haut (Ronchamp)

Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp with the southern window facade as well as the free altar facing east and the outer pulpit

The Notre Dame du Haut chapel of Ronchamp ( French Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp , German  Our Lady of the Height ) is a Catholic pilgrimage church consecrated to the Virgin Mary in the French community of Ronchamp near Belfort .

The church, built from 1950 to 1955 according to plans by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier , is one of the most famous of its kind in modern times . Due to its numerous visual metaphors , the richness of its spatial structure and its role model character, it is an icon of architecture . Since 17 July 2016 he has also been officially recognized as UNESCO - World Heritage listed. Stylistically, the chapel belongs to the architectural style called brutalism after the French word for exposed concrete "béton brut" .

location

The hill northwest of Ronchamp

The town of Ronchamp is located at 353 meters above sea level at the foot of the Vosges in the east of the Haute-Saône department in Franche-Comté . The Notre Dame du Haut chapel, to which a steep road leads up, is located on the Bourlémont hill, 472 meters above sea level. The hill consists of a clearing , mostly covered with a carpet of grass and plants , which opens up in all four directions.

The chapel can be seen from afar and its location allows a wide panoramic view of the surrounding landscape. The long line of the Jura peaks extends to the south , to the north, with the Mont de Vanne, a first promontory of the Vosges can be seen. In the west lies the valley level of the Saône , in the east the three Belchen peaks of the Planche des Belles Filles and the Burgundian gate .

history

Place of worship and previous buildings

Notre Dame du Haut, before 1913

The hill of Ronchamp may have served as a place of worship as early as the time of the Celts . The existence of a church has been documented since the end of the 11th century, and Ronchamp has been a place of pilgrimage since the 15th century. The church, which existed until the French Revolution , belonged to an abbey in Besançon and was dedicated to the Birth of Mary.

According to a decree of King Louis XV. was built in the middle of the 18th century in the village center of Ronchamp, which was in the immediate vicinity of the Protestant Württemberg exclave Montbéliard , a church called Notre Dame du Bas , in contrast to the chapel on the hill, the Notre Dame du Haut , which from then on was only used as a pilgrimage chapel.

In the course of the French Revolution in 1789, the chapel was sold to a dealer from Luxeuil , who kept animals and food in it. A few years later, 40 families from Ronchamp got together to buy the chapel and restore it to its sacred purpose. The church has been private property ever since.

Notre Dame du Haut, built 1923–1926

In the 19th century, pilgrimages had a new boom. Funded by the Archbishop of Besançon, Cardinal Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu, the chapel was enlarged and after several years of construction an octagonal porch was built in 1857 , flanked by four crowned towers. A large statue of the Virgin Mary loomed in the middle of one of the towers. Further work had to be stopped in 1864 for lack of money.

On September 8, 1873, a pilgrimage to the chapel took place, in which an estimated 20,000-30,000 pilgrims took part. It was one of the greatest manifestations of the Legitimists who, after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 and the fall of the Second Empire, tried to reintroduce the monarchy in France and give the Bourbon heir to the throne Henri, Count of Chambord as Henri V. to raise.

After the pilgrimage church burned down in August 1913 as a result of a lightning strike, a new building was built in the neo-Gothic style from 1923 to 1926 .

During the Second World War , the Bourlémont hill was an important observation post and a barrier to the Burgundian Gate . In September 1944, the church was destroyed in an artillery attack on the hard-fought hill. German units had converted the 35 meter high bell tower of the chapel into a military observation post. On September 29, 1944, two trains of Senegalese infantry stormed the hill and surprised the Germans, who surrendered that same day. The battle left 250 dead and 700 injured. On October 2nd, the community of Ronchamp was also retaken by a French tank division. To commemorate the fighting and “as a symbol of sacrifice and as a memorial for peace”, a small step pyramid and a peace memorial were erected on the eastern square in front of the church.

Today's chapel

Around 2000 sacred buildings were destroyed in France during the Second World War. Well-known clergymen such as Marie-Alain Couturier campaigned to win over renowned artists and architects to rebuild these buildings. A real estate company was founded in September 1949 to rebuild the Ronchamp chapel.

The Commission d'Art Sacré of Besançon, which included Maurice Jardot, employee of the art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler , François Mathey, state inspector of historical monuments and the Canon Lucien Ledeur, contacted Le Corbusier. This initially refused to work for a "dead institution". Thanks to the mediation of Marie-Alain Couturier and the perseverance of some believers, however, the architect accepted the order.

Corbusier drew a first draft after a site visit in June 1950; he presented the first model in December 1951. Corbusier's research and thoughts on this project have been handed down and document that his initial rejection turned into enthusiasm. The exposed location of the church and the fact that “you could see it so beautifully from afar” was particularly important to him. However, the location was also a challenge for the construction of the new chapel, as no road led up to the hill until then. At that time, Corbusier decided to use concrete as a building material and to carry out all work with a single team.

Construction work began on September 9, 1953 with the demolition of the ruins of the previous building. After five years of planning and two years of construction, the chapel was opened on June 25, 1955.

On the occasion of the opening of the Second Vatican Council , a large pilgrimage mass took place on October 14, 1962 at Notre Dame du Haut. Around 250,000 pilgrims took part in this most important pilgrimage to the chapel. In 1974 the loan taken out for the construction was repaid.

Extension buildings

The increasing number of visitors prompted the building's owner, the Association Œuvre Notre Dame du Haut , to plan the extension of the building, and they decided to entrust the task to Renzo Piano . Piano's design for a visitor center and a Poor Clare monastery met with criticism from the Fondation Le Corbusier because the planned structures would come too close to the church. The fierce controversy led to two opposing petitions for and against the buildings planned by Piano to the French Ministry of Culture, which finally approved the extension in early 2009. A reception building was built for the approximately 80,000 annual visitors and a monastery with twelve cells in which seven nuns are to live. In September 2011 the buildings were inaugurated, which were dug into the hill in such a way that they cannot be seen from the church.

description

Plan du site et de ses evolution

Le Corbusier (1955)

(1) : Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel
(2) : Pyramid of Peace
(3) : Pilgrim accommodation
(4) : Chaplain's house

Jean Prouvé (1975)

(5) : campanile

Renzo Piano (2011)

(6) : Sainte-Claire chapel (oratory of the monastery)
(7) : Sainte-Claire monastery
(8) : gatehouse (reception room, exhibition room)

The Notre Dame du Haut chapel by Ronchamp has an asymmetrical floor plan of around 30 by 40 meters. The French-Swiss architect and painter Le Corbusier constructed a combined exterior and interior church. The pilgrimage chapel has space for 200 people inside. On the east side there is an open-air altar for services for up to 1200 people.

Outside

South side with main tower and main entrance

The walls are made of concrete with a surface of white, very coarse-grained plaster. The wall thickness varies between 90 centimeters and 2.72 meters. The wall runs from south to north in a concave or convex shape and in the north, between two smaller, 20-meter-high towers, appears to roll into the interior of the sacred building. The so-called weekday entrance is located in the niche between the two chapel towers. The sacristy can be reached via a small outside staircase.

On the concave east wall there is an open-air altar with its own choir room, a singing gallery and a pulpit . A simple concrete table serves as an altar. The wall forms an acute angle between the open air altar and the south side. At this point there is a dominant wall on which the shell-shaped roof rises up to about nine meters. The chapel thus has several fundamentally different facades.

The south side is broken up by 27 rectangular windows of different sizes, which are embedded in the wall like a shaft. The partially colored glasses have simple basic colors and usually only a few shapes or ornaments . On some window glasses Corbusier wrote with careful cursive few sentences from the Marie prayers of pilgrims, especially from the Ave Maria and the litany in honor of the Virgin Mary .

Atypically on this side and not in the west there is a monumental main door, artistically enamelled in its surface on both sides , which is only opened on pilgrimage days. The design of the enamel of the 3 x 3 meter square, cast iron door is based on clearly defined straight lines that organize the surface. Colorful trees, clouds, stars, paths and hands are aligned with this. Corbusier often used these motifs in his painting practice. He justified the use of enamel by saying that it "makes the beauty of the exposed concrete vibrate". The door is 33 centimeters thick and weighs 2.3 tons. The eight enamelled panels each have an area of ​​1.13 meters × 0.70 meters. Corbusier carried out the enamelling himself. Drawings by André Maisonier, which were made in May 1955, served as a template.

The sculpture -like gargoyle

To the left of the main portal rises the approximately 27-meter-high main tower, rounded on the south side, which serves as a sun trap for another chapel. The light entering through the upper opening is gently reflected on the inside of the white concave wall surface of the tower and falls subdued over the altar area of ​​the chapel. This principle also applies to the other two chapels. On the upper vault of the tower there is a simple, thin metal cross next to a lightning rod . The western front has no windows and curls up at both ends around the side chapels in the northwest and southeast. On the west side on the edge of the roof there is a simple gargoyle , abstractly modeled on the nostrils of a horse , which continues the three-dimensional formal language of the entire building in detail; the water from the roof surface is therefore not drained into the ground via a simple rainwater pipe, but directed into a fountain sculpture via the spout.

A little further south is the building designed by Le Corbusier for the pilgrims and the chaplain . For the proportions of the interiors, Corbusier used the Modulor proportion system he developed himself ; this system uses dimensions and proportions that are based on the size of the person. The interior also goes back to the design of Corbusier, who adorned the walls with photographs of medieval frescoes , of which he was a great admirer.

Bells

The bell of the chapel is a few meters west of the building in an open field.

Three bronze bells in the striking notes e ¹ , f sharp ¹ and a ¹ hang next to each other in a simple steel bell cage .

Le Corbusier didn't want bells for the chapel. Rather, he planned an electrical sound system, which was not implemented. On the 20th anniversary of the inauguration of Notre Dame du Haut, the architect Jean Prouvé built the belfry. Since two bells from the pre-war period had been preserved, it made sense to include them in the ringing. The new and smallest of the three bells has an open hand as a relief and is dedicated to Le Corbusier's mother and wife.

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  Enamelled main portal

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  Window facade (detailed view)

• 

  Open air chapel

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  Gargoyle and fountain sculpture

Roof and wall construction

The roof , which consists of two concrete shells and is modeled on a crab shell , protrudes partially over the outer wall like a huge, mushroom-shaped hat . It offers weather protection for the outside altar, a singing gallery and the pulpit. Inside the chapel, the roof has the shape of a loose, slightly sagging cloth. Stripes of light convey the apparent lightness of the construction. The roof rests neither on the south nor on the east wall, but rests on 16 centimeter thick reinforced concrete pillars that are embedded in the walls. The interior of the south wall therefore has no load-bearing function, but a pure protective function.

North side

For cost reasons and to avoid unnecessary material expenditure for the extremely thick wall, which tapers upwards, the basic construction consists of vertical, triangular reinforced concrete elements with a wide base , which were built in a bulkhead construction across the course of the wall. Due to a lack of material in the post-war period, the spaces between these bulkheads were partly filled with a mix of materials consisting of roughly quartered quarry stone , masonry and rubble from the old church and spanned inside and outside with a grid; Finally, a four-centimeter-thick layer of shotcrete was applied using a “concrete cannon”. This uniform surface suggests the wall along with the white top coat a uniform building material; At the same time, its outer shape acts like a sail of light directed towards the sun. Openings for the windows were made with deep cuts in the masonry in order to direct the sun's rays into the interior of the chapel. Corbusier called this wall a "hollowed high relief".

The roof, the rounded, plastered walls, the colored glass openings, which develop a play of colors inside, and the stone masonry towers are the main components of the building. At the same time, it conveys a feeling of earthiness and lightness. The earth-relatedness is caused by the solid construction and the use of concrete. The lightness is created by the shape of the roof, which is bent upwards in the middle and which also appears to float above the horizontal slit of light. The roof, which is drawn down low on the other side, emphasizes the protective concept of protection.

On the reasons for using concrete as the dominant building material for the chapel in Ronchamp, Le Corbusier said:

"Your Excellency, I am handing over this reliable concrete chapel to you ...
I am doing my study, there is no viable route that
would be suitable for conventional transport up the hill. So I'll be
content with sand and cement.

Indeed, it seems possible to view the concrete as a composite stone worthy of
being shown in its natural appearance.

I used exposed concrete. The result: Absolutely true to the original, complete
accuracy compared to the cast; Concrete is a material that does not dictate anything else
... exposed concrete says: "I am concrete."

In addition to the artistic aspect of the building material, the fire resistance also spoke. Corbusier took this into account, as a guide pointed out the various fires that had destroyed the earlier chapels.

Interior and equipment

Like the outside of the chapel, the interior is dominated by the rough white foundation wall. It is sparsely furnished and, in addition to the benches shifted to the window front, contains an altar room raised on a light pedestal, which is traditionally oriented . The arched wall of the chancel is pierced by a “sea of ​​stars around the statue of the Virgin”. The 13 × 25 m main nave offers space for around 200 people.

The center of the church is empty except for the rows of pews; the vaulted, not level floor is remarkable. The benches are arranged on a concrete platform. The seats and backrests of the eight rows of benches are made of iroko wood .

Regarding this minimalist arrangement, Corbusier commented “If I hadn't had to set it up, I would have been satisfied without it. It is human destiny to pray while standing. "

On the north side there are two side chapels, which are laid out in such a way that they receive the skylight of the two smaller, 20 meter high towers through so-called sun traps.

In addition to two holy water basins at the entrances to the side chapels, there is an inconspicuous pulpit on the north wall. The concrete cube is not roofed and has a lectern made of concrete. In the back of the church there are confessionals , some of which are embedded in the west wall. The entrance is externally visible through a vault at the site of the fountain sculpture. In the sacred places of the chapel stone slabs, paving stones for the floor, cast iron for the communion bench, the large door and railings were used.

The chapels are spatially separated from the main nave and enable worship services to be held independently of one another.

The simplicity of the interior also applies to the design of the altars in the chapels. The tabernacle of the main altar is a three-legged cube with colored enamel motifs on a white background. There is a cross on the cube. On the door of the tabernacle the Easter lamb is depicted, which is surrounded by flowers, butterflies, clouds and other motifs. Corbusier calculated the thin but monumental cross made of elm wood with the Modulor . It is 2.16 meters high and 1.75 meters wide. To the right of the altar is a sweeping metal candlestick that holds the pilgrims' candles.

Significance for architecture and religion

The Notre Dame du Haut Catholic pilgrimage chapel in Ronchamp has been a magnet for pilgrims and tourists since its inauguration on June 25, 1955. It has around 80,000 visitors a year.

The chapel has great spiritual significance for pilgrims and Christian visitors. The pilgrimage on September 8th, the name day of the Mother of God (→ Birth of Mary ), as well as a big feast on August 15th for the Assumption of Mary are among the biggest celebrations of the chapel. A large fire is lit on the forecourt on Easter vigil and the birth of the baby Jesus is celebrated by candlelight during midnight mats .

North side with double tower facade

Despite its modest purpose and dimensions, Notre Dame du Haut is considered the most famous and pioneering church architecture of the modern era and has become an architectural icon.

In a departure from the rational logic of functionalism, which Le Corbusier had largely supported up to now, Ronchamp offers an early example of the international "plastic style". The imaginative, stylistically completely new type of church building attracted a great deal of attention at the time it was built, on the one hand because of its structural and design originality, and on the other hand due to the commissioning of one of the most influential modern architects, who tended to pantheism and confessed to being atheist . After the completion of the building, both critics and companions of Corbusier reacted irritated and stated that he had betrayed his principles with this design. Nikolaus Pevsner described the band as a "manifesto of the new irrationalism"; Peter Meyer labeled it the “romantic, ultra-subjective project”. The Ronchamp Chapel is Le Corbusier's first and, apart from the Sainte-Marie de la Tourette monastery, the only religious building he built himself. In addition to Ronchamp and La Tourette, the Saint-Pierre von Firminy- Vert church, consisting of a hyperbolic shell, was to represent a third new type of church. Even during Le Corbusier's lifetime, construction was associated with great difficulties. In 1965 the parish council finally decided not to implement it. Le Corbusier did not have any implementation plans for the now reduced structure. José Oubrerie continued construction until 1978, when construction stopped. José Oubrerie worked in Le Corbusier's office from 1954 until Le Corbusier's death in 1965. It was not until 2003 that construction work, again under the direction of José Oubrerie, now a professor at the Ohio State University Knowlton School of Architecture , could begin to complete the work. The inauguration took place in autumn 2006.

Nowadays, in the retrospective of Corbusier's oeuvre, the Notre Dame du Haut chapel is certainly understood in terms of continuity and synthesis. Pevsner had even warned against repeating the "experiment" - without success. Ten years before the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), proponents of radically new solutions referred to Ronchamp as a prime example of modern church architecture. The chapel became the model for many churches in the following decades. An example of the role model function is the modern church of the Mother of God, Queen of Poland from Nowa Huta from 1977. This is why Notre Dame du Haut is often referred to as the turning point in modern church construction, the incunable of reconciliation between church and modern art .

A full-scale copy of the chapel existed for a short time (1994–2008) in Zhengzhou, China . For legal reasons, the local government had the building demolished shortly after it was erected.

Candidacy and nomination as a World Heritage Site

In January 2008, France had fourteen buildings and facilities of Le Corbusier in the tentative list of UNESCO register, including the chapel. Such a procedure is a prerequisite for applying for recognition as a World Heritage Site at a later date . In this case, however, this happened at the same time: under the leadership of France and with the participation of the Fondation Le Corbusier , these fourteen and initially nine works by Le Corbusier from six other countries were named "The urbanistic and architectural work of Le Corbusier" ( French Œuvre urbaine et architecturale de Le Corbusier ) nominated for inclusion as a World Heritage Site. Despite having been revised and reduced to 19 objects, the majority of the World Heritage Committee did not find this candidacy at its annual meeting in June 2011. On July 17, 2016, Notre-Dame-du-Haut was finally added to the list of World Heritage Sites along with 16 other Le Corbusier buildings .

literature

• Maria Antonietta Crippa, Françoise Caussé: Le Corbusier - Ronchamp: The Notre-Dame du Haut chapel . Schnell & Steiner 2014, ISBN 978-3-7954-2892-1 .
• Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7954-2048-2 .
• Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (Ed.): Ronchamp: Notre-Dame du Haut . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7954-2048-2 .
• Ralf van Bühren : Art and Church in the 20th Century. The reception of the Second Vatican Council ( of councils Series B: studies). Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-506-76388-4 .
• Yves Bouvier, Christophe cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light . CRDP de Franche-Comté, Besançon 2005, ISBN 978-2-84093-161-4 .
• Wolfgang Jean Stock: Architecture Guide. Christian religious buildings in Europe since 1950 / Architectural Guide. Christian Sacred Buildings in Europe since 1950 . Prestel, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7913-3183-3 .
• Daniele Pauly: Le Corbusier. The Ronchamp Chapel. Le Corbusier, La Cappella di Ronchamp . Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1997, ISBN 978-3-7643-5760-3 (German, Italian). ( partially available ).
• Barbara Kahle: German church architecture of the 20th century . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-03614-X .

Web links

Commons : Notre-Dame-du-Haut (Ronchamp)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Website for Notre Dame du Haut (German)
• Description and pictures of the Notre Dame du Haut (Engl.)
• greatbuildings.com: Notre Dame du Haut (Engl.)
• Le Corbusier: Churches ( Memento of September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
• Extensive picture gallery of Notre Dame du Haut

Individual evidence

1. ↑ See on this: Jean-Louis Cohen : Le Corbusier, 1887–1965 , Cologne 2004, pp. 65f.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Sabine Thiel-Siling: Architecture! The 20th Century, Prestel Verlag, ISBN 3-7913-2013-0 , page 82
3. ^ France24 : Le Corbusier buildings named UNESCO world heritage sites , July 17, 2016
4. ↑ architekturzeitung.com
5. ^ ^{A b} Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut (Ed.): Ronchamp: Notre-Dame du Haut . P. 13.
6. ^ Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: Notre-Dame du Haut . P. 14.
7. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy . P. 3, 4.
8. ^ ^{A b} Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut (Ed.): Ronchamp: Notre-Dame du Haut . P. 19.
9. ^ Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: Notre-Dame du Haut . Pp. 22-23.
10. ↑ Daniel de Roulet: The Bad Days of Vichy . In: Der Tagesspiegel, August 15, 2009.
11. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - Architecture - Liturgy , p. 4.
12. ^ Daniele Pauly: Le Corbusier, The chapel of Ronchamp. Le Corbusier, La Cappella di Ronchamp , p. 99.
13. ^ Daniele Pauly: Le Corbusier, The chapel of Ronchamp. Le Corbusier, La Cappella di Ronchamp . P. 103.
14. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light . P. 81.
15. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy . P. 9.
16. ^ Bulwark against tourism, Piano's plans for Ronchamp are under discussion . BauNetz , February 21, 2008; Retrieved June 26, 2009
17. ^ Online war for Ronchamp, opposing petitions to piano draft . BauNetz , June 4, 2008; Retrieved June 26, 2009
18. ↑ Architecture: Green light for new buildings on Le Corbusier's church . In: Die Welt , February 12, 2009; Retrieved June 28, 2009
19. ↑ Twelve cells for seven Poor Clares. Pianos buildings in Ronchamp inaugurated . BauNetz , September 12, 2011
20. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light. P. 72.
21. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light. P. 58.
22. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy. P. 18.
23. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light. P. 42.
24. ↑ YouTube video of Notre Dame du Haut bells ringing (as of October 18, 2008, 2:10 p.m.)
25. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy. P. 10.
26. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light. P. 49.
27. ↑ Bouvier, cousin: Ronchamp. A chapel of light. P. 50.
28. ↑ Association de l'uvre Notre-Dame du Haut (ed.): Ronchamp: The pilgrimage church Notre-Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier. History - architecture - liturgy. P. 15.
29. ↑ Willy Boesiger: LeCourbusier. Birkhäuser, Basel 1998, p. 118.
30. ↑ Notre-Dame du Haut: une histoire tourmentée ( Memento from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
31. ↑ Ralf van Bühren: Art and Church in the 20th Century , Paderborn 2008, pp. 156–160 (fig.)
32. ↑ Chinese Archi-Image Phenomena (CAIP)
33. ↑ Karina Moraes Zarzar: Le Corbusier, Notre Dame du Haut. Methods and Analisis BK8040 . ( Memento of July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) p. 3
34. ↑ Baunetzwoche , 34/2007. ( Memento of July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) p. 6/7
35. ^ L'œuvre architecturale et urbaine de Le Corbusier . Entry in the tentative list of UNESCO on their website, accessed on April 10, 2014 (French)
36. ↑ UNESCO dossier Le Corbusier signed in Paris . Press release of the Swiss Federal Office for Culture, January 30, 2008, accessed on April 7, 2014
37. ↑ Joseph Hanimann: All or not at all . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 29, 2011, accessed on April 7, 2014
38. ↑ Le Corbusier buildings named UNESCO world heritage sites . France24 , July 17, 2016

For copyright reasons, it is not possible to use images of the interior of the building.

Coordinates: 47 ° 42 ′ 16 "  N , 6 ° 37 ′ 14.5"  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 24, 2008 .