Upper Rhine aquifer

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Oberrheingraben (blue) between Basel and Frankfurt in the midst of low mountain ranges (green to brown); Coloring according to the digital elevation model

The Upper Rhine Aquifer ( English [ˈækwɪfə]; from Latin aquifer , German water- carrying or water carrier ; French Fosse rhénan ) is one of the most important aquifers in Central Europe with an estimated volume of 45 billion cubic meters . Its water level can usually be found a few meters below the surface of the earth, in floodplains , upwelling sources and lakes also above ground. The so-called corridor distance is very different and larger in the south of the Upper Rhine Graben.

geography

Satellite image of the Upper Rhine Graben with its peripheral mountains (dark): the Black Forest in the east (right), the Vosges in the west (left), above (narrow, transverse, slightly rising to the right) the Rhenish Slate Mountains , below right Lake Constance

The Upper Rhine Aquifer extends from the south, from the German-Swiss border at the bend in the Rhine near Basel , below the German states of Baden-Württemberg (southwest), Rhineland-Palatinate (east) and Hesse (southwest) to the bend in the Rhine near Mainz, where the Rhenish Slate Mountains diverts the course of the Rhine to the west. The foothills of the aquifer are also located below France, east of the Vosges in Alsace . Its geographic location roughly corresponds to that of the Upper Rhine Rift .

geology

The Upper Rhine Graben forms an elongated hollow shape, delimited by faults, which was formed by the subsidence of part of the earth's crust in the course of tectonic processes. Along with the East African rift system and the Jordan rift, it is one of the world's most distinctive rift systems .

More than 50 million years ago, the Upper Rhine Rift began to sink very slowly, then faster and faster by up to 3500 m today. As a result of this lowering, the edges were raised up to 2500 m, they are now designed as Black Forest and Vosges . The elevation in connection with erosion exposed the old crystalline basement in the German low mountain ranges Taunus , Black Forest and Odenwald as well as in the Vosges . The sinking Upper Rhine Plain broke into several different sized clods . Visible remains of these clods today include the hills of the Markgräflerland between Freiburg and Basel, the Tuniberg and the eastern part of the Kaiserstuhl near Freiburg im Breisgau .

The lowering of the trench and the associated raising of the edges resulted in around 19,000 cubic kilometers of rock material in the form of sand and gravel being deposited in the Upper Rhine Trench over the past 45 million years . As a result, it was filled up by 3500 m.

Hydrogeology, groundwater protection

The Upper Rhine Aquifer is divided into different groundwater bodies within the various German federal states involved; these are in turn divided into various hydrogeological sub-bodies ; both are systematically numbered.

With the transnational organization for groundwater protection on the Rhine (LOGAR) there has been a project since 1993 to create a common cross-border database and common criteria for the assessment of the groundwater. In addition, knowledge about the movement and transport of the various pollutants in the groundwater streams is obtained here.

In the area close to the surface, extremely complex conditions can sometimes be observed. The ground interacts with surface water, for example from local rivers. The surface water infiltrates and exfiltrates the groundwater body and thus influences the pollutant content in the groundwater. The corresponding limit values ​​of the European Water Framework Directive ( WFD ) have been exceeded in some cases, so that the Upper Rhine aquifer is classified as a threatened groundwater body and must be protected .

Between the highly permeable, sandy-gravelly layers of the Upper Rhine Rift , which form the aquifer, there are less permeable layers of clay , silt or fine sand , some of which also cause vertical hydraulic separation of individual sections - here the deeper groundwater layers are better against contamination from the surface protected.

Use, risks

In terms of volume, the Upper Rhine aquifer is generally considered safe due to extensive inflow with a groundwater recharge rate of up to 6 m per year from the Rhine, Black Forest and Vosges, renewal by infiltration from precipitation and by exchange between the groundwater body and the Rhine and its tributaries is approx. 3 billion m³ / year. Between Basel and Rastatt, the water of the Upper Rhine aquifer covers three quarters of the drinking water needs of the population, that is over three million people in Alsace and Baden-Württemberg; more than half of the water required by local industry. The extraction of drinking and service water for industry and agriculture amounts to approx. 0.5 million m³ / year.

chloride

The use of fertilizer in agricultural maize monocultures as well as strawberry, asparagus and potato cultivation in the Rhine plain, as well as viticulture in the foothills of the peripheral mountains, have for decades caused excessive chloride contamination of the Upper Rhine groundwater .

Geothermal energy

According to the German mining law ( Bundesberggesetz , BBergG), geothermal energy is a mining-free raw material, so it belongs to the state and the right for exploration and use is granted to the respective applicant . For the exploration of geothermal energy a permit according to § 7 BBergG is required and for obtaining a permit according to § 8 BBergG. Most of the near-surface geothermal systems can be built without such a procedure according to § 4 BBergG if they are used on the own property . For exact definition must each German state law be used. In any case, systems that reach into the groundwater are subject to a permit under water law . In addition, an operating plan under mining law must be drawn up for boreholes that are sunk deeper than 100 meters .

With regard to the Upper Rhine Graben, the trinational (Germany, Switzerland and France) geological project GEORG ( geopotentials of the deeper subsoil in the Upper Rhine Rift ) with the financial contribution of the EU by creating a three-dimensional computer model is intended to make geothermal energy more secure.

In the area of ​​the Upper Rhine aquifer, several pilot projects in low-enthalpy deposits using the so-called hot-dry-rock process (HDR) are or were being tested. For example in Soultz-sous-Forêts in Alsace (France) and in Kleinhüningen near Basel (CH) ( Deep Heat Mining Basel ). In Soultz-sous-Forêts, the geothermal power plant went online in 2008; another is being built in Rittershofen north of Strasbourg ; also one in Landau (see: Geothermal pioneer town Landau , Rhineland-Palatinate ):

  • During the Swiss project in the Basel area in December 2006, there were five slight tremors with decreasing magnitudes (from 3.4 to 2.9). There was an assumed damage of between 3 and 5 million Swiss francs (approx. 1.8 to 3.1 million euros), nobody was injured. The public prosecutor in Basel then brought an action against the managing director of Geothermal Explorers Ltd. Charged. In the meantime, it has been decided to discontinue the project, since according to an existing risk analysis, further severe earthquakes and damage of around 40 million Swiss francs can be expected during the plant construction alone. In addition, damage of around six million Swiss francs per year can be expected during operation. The court acquitted the geologist and the criminal proceedings were ended.
  • In December 2009, the first geothermal power plant for electricity generation in Baden-Württemberg went into operation in Bruchsal near Karlsruhe .
  • In 2011, the first borehole for a geothermal energy project is to be drilled in the municipality of Neuried (Baden) . A possible use served to supplement the biomass power plant started in 2007 as a hybrid power plant .
  • Another pilot project for the use of deep geothermal energy is planned in the municipality of Oberrimsingen near Breisach . However, as a result of the events in Staufen, Basel and Landau, the exploration was initially postponed to 2013 [out of date] .
  • In Staufen im Breisgau , a corresponding exploratory borehole caused the surface of the earth to rise by up to more than 30 cm by damaging a previously dry anhydrite layer with swelling caused by the water that was now entering ; an end is not yet in sight.

Industrial waste, toxic waste

In the so-called border triangle at the knee of the Rhine near Basel (CH), Mulhouse (F) and Weil am Rhein (D), a lot of chemical waste is still stored in the soil in abandoned landfills. Of many of the substances disposed of here, nobody knows how they work (together); in the process, even after decades, traces of the deposited toxins appear again and again in bodies of water or elsewhere.

Quarry ponds as rubbish dumps

After 1945, some quarry ponds in the Basel area and also in other parts of the region became rubbish dumps , some of them for toxic waste . One of many examples is a rubble hole in Teningen , into which a capacitor factory and an aluminum rolling mill dumped their waste for decades, thereby removing the groundwater and the like. a. contaminated with dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Many of these contaminated sites are still stored in the groundwater. The polluter companies, on the other hand, often no longer exist, so the follow-up costs are borne by the general public.

Chemical accidents

In 2002 the chemical company Rhodia in Chalampé reported a minor incident to the authorities : the solvent cyclohexane had leaked in small quantities. However, an employee of the company reported to the media that at least 30 tons had seeped away . After strong reactions from the BUND and from French environmental groups, the real dimensions of the scandal gradually became clear. In the process, 400 tons of the substance were initially admitted, later the authorities assumed that approx. 1,200 tons of cyclohexane had leaked (this amount roughly corresponds to the contents of the tank wagons of a 300-meter-long train).

Hazardous or toxic waste

On the site of the disused former Joseph-Else potash mine near Mulhouse , France's only repository for hazardous waste , the Stocamine company , was established in 1974 with private participation after the underground mining of potash salt was stopped . Here are more than 44,000 tons of highly toxic industrial waste, including cyanide , asbestos , arsenic and chromium - and mercury-containing substances , among others, from hospitals and chemical plants. On September 10, 2002, 1,500 tons of this waste ignited in Block 15 of the landfill, it burned for two months and could only be extinguished with the help of hundreds of insufficiently protected firefighters. They are stored deeper than most of the garbage.

Stocamine is now 100% owned by the Alsatian state potash mines , which are in the process of being dissolved . Although the landfill is surrounded by potash salt, the overburden has already sunk in parts; in addition, water has penetrated. The recovery of hazardous waste is therefore difficult and dangerous. The French mining authority describes in an analysis that the tunnels will be flooded with groundwater for 100 to 150 years. In the long term (approx. 600 years from now) toxic substances could also come to the surface through the old struts and thus make the groundwater in the vicinity of the landfill inedible. The salvage of hazardous waste with costs in the two- to three-digit million range could possibly be carried out with the consequence of a relocation to the world's largest underground landfill for hazardous waste Herfa-Neurode (space for 200,000 tons per year). According to an expert opinion, however, the most dangerous substances should be sealed at a depth of around 500 meters .

In May 2013, following an order from the incumbent French Environment Minister Delphine Batho from the end of 2012 for the partial recovery of hazardous waste, the relevant clearance was announced across Europe; it should possibly be brought to the Hessian, the world's largest underground landfill Herfa-Neurode .

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Potash salt

Overburden dump near Buggingen , the so-called Monte Kalino or Kalimanjaro (looking from the west, July 2011), left over from the potash mine , which was closed in 1973 . In the background (with transmission mast) the blue one .

Since the beginning of the last century, potash salt has been mined from layers of rock containing potash for use as fertilizer and granulate in the southern Baden part of the Upper Rhine Graben . Sodium chloride (rock salt) was produced as a waste product . Overburden mounds ( potash heap , Kalimandscharo , Monte Kalino ) still bear witness to this historic mining in Baden . Partly also understood as a cultural landmark and monument.

In the potash heap near Heitersheim , which was operated from 1959 to 1963 and is now covered and secured , 30,000 tons of NaCl are suspected; the Monte Kalino near neighboring Buggingen was filled up from 1926 to 1973; For a long time, the Upper Rhine aquifer has been exposed to high loads from flooding, including from these remains (e.g. from Buggingen approx. 4,200 tons of salt per year). The salt plumes are subject to close observation; Various models are being tested by the former operator Kali und Salz AG to secure and cover as a precaution against leaching from the potash heaps , e.g. E.g. the meter-thick cover with the REKAL material .

An even greater risk, however, comes from mines in the Alsatian potash basin (Mines de Potasse d'Alsace) near Mulhouse. In 1974 salt mining stopped here. The spoil heaps of the former large mines in Wittelsheim and Pulversheim , which were removed, formed erosion landscapes that were peculiar to the landscape and consisted of up to 90% salt. The leaching of the potash heaps in southern Alsace caused by the rain salty large parts of the groundwater of the Alsatian Rhine plain as far as the Sélestat area .

A massive salinisation of the groundwater on the Baden side of the Rhine between Bremgarten and Breisach was also indirectly due to the caliber mountains near Mulhouse. For decades, highly concentrated brine was channeled into the Rhine in an open concrete channel . The broth flowed past the Fessenheim nuclear power plant into the Rhine canal (Canal d'Alsace) . In 1991, 115 kilograms of salt flowed into one of the main drinking water arteries in Europe every second - 3.6 million tons annually. Only after massive legal pressure from Dutch environmentalists and the waterworks on the Rhine was the amount discharged reduced.

In the period from 1957 to 1976 there were open, leaky interim storage basins on the Fessenheimer Rheininsel , opposite Bremgarten, for 520,000 m³ or 8.3 million tons of highly concentrated brine (270 g NaCl / liter). The self-sealing that was thought by experts and planned by the settling clay ( clay turbid ) , however, failed due to unforeseen tearing open. Around one million tons of salt could seep into the groundwater. On the German side, around 80,000 tons of brine were bunkered at the so-called Rheinwärterhaus near Grißheim from 1959 to 1973.

The brine sinks with its specific weight, which is higher than that of fresh water, to the bottom of the aquifer. In 2002 there was a concentration of up to 50 grams of salt in one liter of groundwater a few kilometers below the Fessenheimer Rheininsel ( sea ​​water : average 35 grams / liter); In 2008, concentrations of approx. 30 g / l were reached. Around 95% of the local sodium chloride contamination of the groundwater comes from the Fessenheim sedimentation basin, the diluted brine slowly flows north about 100 meters below the top of the site. It takes z. E.g. the river Möhlin flows into deep water; it increases the salt concentration in the groundwater near the town of Breisach , after all it flows into the Rhine water near Marckolsheim .

As a precautionary measure, a defensive well at a depth of 200 m with a withdrawal of 2.5 m 3 · s −1 over 20 years in the Breisach area was considered. Well strokes in the area of ​​high concentrations are problematic because of the unclear drainage and storage options. The life expectancy of the local water pipes is only about half of the usual, even if they are 15 times more often than z. B. be flushed in Freiburg ; the salt content continues to rise.

Nuclear energy

Location of the Fessenheim nuclear power plant in the Upper Rhine Graben on the Upper Rhine Aquifer ( Fosse rhénan )

The French nuclear power plant Fessenheim is centrally located on the aquifer between the greater Basel / Mulhouse and Freiburg im Breisgau areas on the Rhine side canal ( Grand Canal d'Alsace ) .

Gravel mining

The middle Upper Rhine area has the most important European gravel deposits. With a total thickness of up to 300 m, they are extremely productive and are currently shallowly exploited. As a result of gravel extraction in the past in the region, especially in the construction of the A5 many lakes emerged, fed normally through the groundwater. They are particularly important with regard to groundwater protection, as the gravel deposits should continue to be used due to their great economic importance and the natural gravel exploitation is in conflict with the area-wide groundwater protection (and also for landscape and biotope protection) due to the interference in the groundwater landscape .

Agriculture

The large-scale agriculture with mainly maize monocultures , but also strawberry and tobacco cultivation in the Rhine plain draws large amounts of water from the groundwater body .

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)

From 2003, MTBE were also found in this groundwater body. On the Upper Rhine , groundwater investigations showed MTBE at almost every sixth measuring point - but in currently harmless amounts close to the detection limit .

nitrate

In people with atypical intestinal flora and in infants in the intestine, nitrate can be converted to nitrite , which acts as a poison. In addition, nitrate can be reduced to carcinogenic nitrosamines in the gastrointestinal tract . Nitrate is also viewed as an indicator of the presence of undesirable nitrogenous organic pollution.

The nitrate pollution of the groundwater in the Upper Rhine aquifer is mainly due to the use of mineral and organic fertilizers , but partly also to the entry of nitrogen oxides via the air. The average nitrate concentration at over 1000 examined measuring points was 29 mg / l in 2003. The European guideline value of 25 mg / l was exceeded at 36% of the measuring points, the limit value for drinking water of 50 mg / l at 15% of the measuring points; this also at depths of over 40 m.

The way of agricultural cultivation is reflected in the groundwater: The cultivation of maize in the Rhine plain is reflected in a large-scale nitrate pollution flag in Alsace and in southern Baden. The intensely fertilized wine also causes heavy pollution in the foothills of the Black Forest and Vosges as well as in the groundwater runoff of the Kaiserstuhl. In 2010, the nitrate pollution of the groundwater on the Upper Rhine still exceeded the limit value of the corresponding EU standard for drinking water. Sometimes twice as high as permitted.

The widespread nitrogen fertilization in agriculture sometimes leads to high concentrations of nitrate in the groundwater, so that it is sometimes classified as no longer suitable for baby food and wells are also closed.

Pesticides

Plant toxins ( herbicides ) such as atrazine , desethylatrazine , simazine and diuron can be found almost everywhere in the groundwater on the Upper Rhine. In Alsace, the limit values ​​for drinking water were exceeded for atrazine at 13% and for desethylatrazine at 17% of the measuring points. Although atrazine has been banned in Germany since 1991, the poison can still be detected in 40% of the measuring points; the limit value was exceeded in 4% in 2003.

Rhine Lateral Canal (Grand Canal d'Alsace)

The approximately twenty kilometers long Rhine canal , which begins north of Basel and runs parallel to the Rhine in Alsace territory at a short distance, withdraws so much water from the river bed that the groundwater level on both sides of the Rhine is significantly impaired: in the south of the aquifer it is after the construction of the canal in the 1960 m at about 7, further north near Breisach by up to 2 m dropped . This has led to the emergence of a new cultural landscape with, among other things, the formation of dry meadows.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg , lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de: The Upper Rhine Rift: The Groundwater in the Upper Rhine Rift ( Memento of the original from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (July 29, 2011) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de
  2. ^ Conseil Régional d´Alsace, State Institute for Environmental Protection Baden-Württemberg: La nappe phréatique rhénane - The groundwater in the Upper Rhine Graben, edition 04.1998, A.1: Interesting facts about the groundwater in the Upper Rhine Graben (July 29, 2011)
  3. ↑ a b Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, January 29, 2003: Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Hesse, first description: Description of the groundwater bodies, hydrogeological sub-areas  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link became automatic marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 399 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www2.hmuelv.hessen.de  
  4. ↑ regardgraphiste.com, INTERREG program - European regional development fund , project report November 2007: Cross-border indicators for the protection of groundwater in the Upper Rhine Graben , p. 26, Fig. B1: Location of the measuring networks for calculating the status indicators for “nitrate” ( Memento of the original dated June 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.4 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / regardgraphiste.com
  5. ↑ a b Wulf Rüskamp: "Georg" explores the big ditch - The project "Geopotentials of the deeper subsoil in the Upper Rhine Rift" aims to make geothermal energy use safer on the Upper Rhine. In: badische-zeitung.de. December 31, 2008, accessed October 17, 2010 .
  6. ↑ kaiserstuhl.eu: When the earth sank: the Upper Rhine Graben ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kaiserstuhl.eu
  7. ↑ Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport, Baden-Württemberg: Water Framework Directive> Processing areas> Upper Rhine> Inventory> Processing report Baden-Wuerttemberg> Groundwater : Link to the eight groundwater bodies of Baden-Württemberg on the Upper Rhine with numbers  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.uvm.baden-wuerttemberg.de  
  8. ↑ Baden-Württemberg, Regional Council Karlsruhe, May 2008: Groundwater body, processing area Upper Rhine  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 325 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.uvm.baden-wuerttemberg.de  
  9. ↑ Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, January 29, 2003: Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Hesse, first description: Location and limits of the groundwater bodies  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective . Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 383 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www2.hmuelv.hessen.de  
  10. ↑ a b c Bärbel Nückles (bnü): Too much nitrate in the groundwater - Alsace. In: badische-zeitung.de. October 8, 2010, accessed October 9, 2010 .
  11. ↑ lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de: MoNit: Grundwasserströmung und Nitrattransport , p. 97: Figure 7.8.1: Distribution of the average new groundwater formation in the averaging period January 1, 1985 - December 31, 2002 (October 9, 2010; PDF; 10.3 MB)
  12. ↑ geothermie-nachrichten.de, 2008, Dr. Burkhard Sanner: Earth-coupled heat pumps in Germany and Europe: a growth market - legal situation of geothermal energy in European countries; Germany (October 3, 2010) ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geothermie-nachrichten.de
  13. ↑ a b badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Breisgau, September 15, 2009, Ulrike Ehrlacher: Geothermal project - Badenova plans test drilling at the Rimsinger Egg (October 17, 2010)
  14. ↑ Bärbel Nückles: Alsace builds on geothermal energy : badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Alsace , January 2, 2013 (January 4, 2013)
  15. ↑ Spiegel-online: Another earthquake at the Basel borehole (January 16, 2007)
  16. ↑ Damage of up to 5 million due to geothermal energy project in Basel NZZ Online on June 24, 2007, last accessed on March 28, 2019
  17. ↑ NZZ-online: nzz.ch, March 5, 2008: charges for causing earthquakes
  18. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Dreiland , December 15, 2009, Michael Baas: Trial start - Geothermal energy is on trial (October 17, 2010)
  19. ↑ nzz.ch, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 10, 2009: Definitive end for Basel geothermal project (December 11, 2009)
  20. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, December 10, 2009, sda: Geothermal Risk Analysis - Basel's geothermal dream is over (October 17, 2010)
  21. ↑ spiegel.de, Spiegel-online , December 22, 2009: acquittal for the chief geologist (December 22, 2009)
  22. ↑ nzz.ch, December 21, 2009: acquittal for earthquake makers - geologist did not act deliberately (December 22, 2009)
  23. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, Nachrichten, Südwest , December 18, 2009, dpa: Geothermal - Bruchsal: Electricity from thermal water (October 17, 2010)
  24. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Ortenau, Neuried , February 18, 2011 or Badische Zeitung analogue, February 26, 2011, BZ topic , Hagen Späth: Energy from the depth (February 27, 2011)
  25. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Breisgau, March 29, 2010, Bianka Pscheidl: Many questions remain - information evening on the geothermal project near Breisach (October 17, 2010)
  26. ↑ Damages add up to 41 million euros Badische Zeitung online, July 17, 2009
  27. ↑ Franz Schmider: There is still a lot of chemical waste in the border triangle around Basel . In: badische-zeitung.de, Nachrichten, Südwest , June 10, 2010 (January 8, 2011)
  28. ↑ ama: Notorious Stories . In: badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Baselland , January 3, 2012 (January 4, 2012)
  29. ↑ a b c d e f g h i vorort.bund.net, BUND, Regionalverband Südlicher Oberrhein: Water, groundwater and drinking water on the Upper Rhine (October 9, 2010)
  30. ^ Afp : Alsace: Experts warn of the dangers of toxic waste dumps (badische-zeitung.de, September 15, 2010).
  31. ↑ Bärbel Nückles: Disaster in the ailing tunnel (badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Alsace, October 7, 2010; October 9, 2010)
  32. ↑ Bärbel Nückles: Stocamine toxic waste dump endangers the groundwater (badische-zeitung.de, January 5, 2011; January 24, 2013)
  33. ↑ bnü: Waste is picked up (badische-zeitung.de, December 19, 2012; January 24, 2013)
  34. ↑ badische-zeitung.de, May 20, 2013, Bärbel Nückles: Administrator writes out the clearance of the Stocamine toxic waste dump (May 23, 2013)
  35. ↑ a b Sigrid Umiger: Monte Kalino - 5 meter thick protective layer - the salt dump in Buggingen is to be renovated : badische-zeitung.de, May 31, 2010
  36. ↑ Andreas Frey: Breisach and Buggingen: Fear of a salty legacy is growing : badische-zeitung.de, Südwest, December 31, 2012 (January 4, 2013)
  37. ↑ grundwasserdatenbank.de, Regional Evaluation, Region Middle Upper Rhine, 2, Geology and Hydrogeology, Paragraph Fig. 51: Schematic section through the aquifer
  38. ↑ aprona.net, (October 20, 1986): Profondeur du toit de la nappe par rapport au sol en moyennes eaux (German roughly: mean average groundwater peak (in Alsace)) (October 9, 2010; PDF; 360 kB)
  39. ↑ lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de: MoNit: Groundwater flow and nitrate transport , pp. 157, 158, 159: Figure 9.6.5, 9.6.6, 9.6.7: Calculated mean nitrate distribution in the depth level 0 - 10/10 - 40 / greater than 40 m for 1997 (October 9, 2010; PDF; 10.3 MB)
  40. ↑ How long will our water last? - Steppe on the Upper Rhine - Die Zeit 1954 issue 28
  41. ↑ Landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de, Silviculture Institute University of Freiburg, Prof. Dr. Dr. H. c. Albert Reif: History of the landscape on the southern Upper Rhine , p. 26 ff (October 2, 2010; PDF; 4.5 MB)