Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt ( Russian Пётр Петро́вич Шмидт ; * February 5, July / February 17, 1867 greg. In Odessa ; † March 6, July / March 19, 1906, greg. On the island of Beresan ) was a Russian naval officer .
Life
Schmidt was the son of the counter-admiral Pyotr Petrowitsch Schmidt Sr. and his wife Jekaterina Jakowlewna nee. von Wagner and descendant of the naval officer 8th class Anton Schmidt from Frankfurt am Main in the fleet of Peters I. Schmidt spent his youth in Berdyansk , where his father was mayor, and attended grammar school there.
Schmidt began his training in the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet School in 1880 and left it in 1886 as a Mitschman for service in the Baltic Fleet . In 1888 he was given a leave of absence due to illness and was subsequently transferred to the more climate-friendly Black Sea Fleet . In 1889 he asked again for leave of absence, underwent spa treatment with a doctor for nervous and mental ailments in Moscow and was finally dismissed from service as a lieutenant due to illness, whereby the violation of the officers' code by his marriage played a role. He married Dominika Gavrilovna Pavlova and had the son Yevgeny in 1889 . He lived with his family in Berdyansk, where he worked in the foundry of the John Greaves agricultural machinery factory, in Taganrog , where Alexander Nentzel offered him a job as an accountant in the Azov - Don commercial bank , and in Odessa. He traveled to Paris , where he was trained by the aeronautician Eugène Godard .
In 1892 Schmidt was accepted back into the fleet service after his application with his previous rank Mitschman. In 1894 he was transferred from the Baltic Fleet to the Siberian Fleet . In 1895 he was promoted back to lieutenant. In 1897 he was sent to the hospital in Nagasaki for the treatment of his neurasthenic disease and returned to Vladivostok after 10 days . After a conflict with the fleet command, he asked in 1898 to be transferred to the reserve. Thereupon he was dismissed from the fleet service with the right to the service in the merchant navy . He now served on the hospital ship Kostroma of the Russian Volunteer Fleet , which years later participated in the naval battle at Tsushima . In 1900 he moved to the Russian Society for Steam Shipping and Trade . He initially worked as a captain's assistant and from 1901 as a captain.
In 1904 Schmidt was recalled as an officer of the fleet reserve in active fleet service in the Black Sea Fleet and became an officer-elder on a coal transporter intended for the Siberian fleet. In 1904 he had to serve a guarded arrest on 10 Sundays in Libau for publicly insulting an officer . In January 1905 he had to leave the ship in Port Said due to kidney colic on the way to the Far East and went to Sevastopol to take over command of destroyer No. 253 in Ismajil .
At the beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1905 , Schmidt founded the Union of Officers, the People's Friends, and participated in the establishment of the Odessa Society for the Mutual Support of Seafarers in the Merchant Fleet . In August 1905 Schmidt returned to Sevastopol and now led anti-government propaganda among sailors and officers, calling himself a non-partisan socialist . At a rally he suffered colic, which made him turn into convulsions. On October 18th Jul. / October 31, 1905 greg. he led a crowd to the city jail and asked for the prisoners to be released. On October 20th, Jul. / November 2nd, 1905 greg. he was arrested for his anti-government activities and the battleship Tri Swatitelja brought. He was released and removed from service after public protests. On November 14th, Jul. / November 27, 1905 greg. At the invitation of a commission of sailors and soldiers, he went aboard the armored cruiser Ochakov and took over the leadership of the rebel sailors, who were joined by other ships and the ship of the line Knjas Potjomkin Tavritscheski . Immediately the red flag and the fleet command signal were raised and it was decided to occupy the court and arsenal and arrest the officers, but no immediate action was taken. Schmidt sent a telegram requesting a constituent assembly to Tsar Nicholas II. The following day, the uprising was suppressed by units loyal to the Tsar under the leadership of the Rostislaw ship of the line . Schmidt and his sixteen-year-old son Yevgeny were captured along with all of the survivors. In the closed trial in the small fortress on the island of Tendra, in which Schmidt was defended by Tadas Vrublevskis , Schmidt and the other leaders of the uprising were sentenced to death. Schmidt was executed on the island of Berezan by a firing squad of the gunboat Terez under the command of Michail Stawraki, Schmidt's classmate at the St. Petersburg cadet school.
In 1917, on the orders of Admiral Kolchak, the remains of Schmidt and the others who had been shot were transferred to Sevastopol and buried in the Pokrovsky Cathedral. Navy Minister Kerensky placed the George Cross on Schmidt's grave slab. Stawraki was accidentally discovered by Cheka agents in Batumi in 1922 and sentenced to death by shooting by the Supreme Military Court in 1923. Schmidt and his comrades were reburied in 1923 in the municipal cemetery of the Communards in Sevastopol. The monument on her grave originally stood on the grave of the commander JN Golikov of the ship of the line Knjas Potjomkin Tavrichesky.
The Blagoveschensky Bridge in St. Petersburg was called Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge from 1918–2007 . After the Russian Civil War the name contributed Lieutenant Schmidt the streets in Astrakhan , Bataisk , Vinnitsa , Vologda , Vyazma , Berdyansk , Tver , Vladivostok , Yeisk , Gatchina , Dnepropetrovsk , Donetsk , Egoryevsk , Kazan , Lysva , Murmansk , Bobruisk , Nizhny Tagil , Novorossiysk , Odessa , Pervomaisk , Ochakov , Samara , Sevastopol , Simferopol , Taganrog , Tyumen , Kerch , Zinovievsk , Kremenchuk , Kamianets-Podilskyi , Khabarovsk , Kharkov , Lyubotin , Melitopol and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky . The torpedo boat Swirepi , built in 1899, was named after Lieutenant Schmidt in 1922 and decommissioned in 1927.
In their satirical novel Das goldene Kalb , published in 1931, Ilf and Petrow described the impostor group children of Lieutenant Schmidt . NI Platonow composed the opera Leutnant Schmidt in 1938 . A second opera Leutnant Schmidt by BL Jarowinski (1970) was performed in 1970 by WM Skljarenko in the Kharkov Opera Theater. KG Paustowski wrote the story The Black Sea in 1935 and referred to Schmidt in the heroic chapter . BL Pasternak wrote the poem Leutnant Schmidt .
On the island of Berezan in 1968 a memorial for the shot leaders of the uprising was erected by the architects N. Kalkin and W. Otschakowski. A PP Schmidt Museum was opened in 1980 in the house in Berdjansk, where the mayor of Berdyansk, PP Schmidt Sr., lived. At the entrance to the former Berdjansk grammar school (now the Berdjansk Pedagogical University) there is a bust of Schmidt on the right and a bust of the bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine on the left . The P. Schmidt Museum in Otschakow, which opened in 1962, has since been closed. Schmidt is also the namesake for the Kupol Lejtenanta Smidta in the Antarctic.
Individual evidence
- ^ Brockhaus-Efron : Schmidt Pjotr Petrovich. St. Petersburg 1890–1907 (Russian).
- ↑ a b Article Schmidt Pjotr Petrovich in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ А. Избаш: Лейтенант Шмидт. Воспоминания сестры . Moscow 1923.
- ↑ И. Вороницын: Лейтенант Шмидт . Moscow, Leningrad 1925.
- ^ Eduard Stößel: Lieutenant Schmidt . Publishing house Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata 1984.
- ↑ Шигин: Неизвестный лейтенант Шмидт . In: Наш современник . No. 10 , 2001.
- ↑ Владимир Шигин: НЕИЗВЕСТНЫЙ ЛЕЙТЕНАНТ ШМИДТ (accessed November 23, 2016).
- ↑ György Dalos: History of the Russian Germans: From Catherine the Great to the Present . CH Beck, 2016. (in the Appendix, Note 1 of the chapter Germans in the Baptism of Fire )
- ↑ Музыкальная энциклопедия . Советская энциклопедия, Moscow 1982.
- ↑ monument photo
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Schmidt, Pyotr Petrovich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Шмидт, Пётр Петрович (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Russian naval officer and revolutionary |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 17, 1867 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Odessa |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 19, 1906 |
| Place of death | Berezan (island) |