Durban harbor

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Durban harbor
Data
UN / LOCODE ZA DUR
owner Republic of South Africa
operator Transnet National Ports Authority
start of building first harbor master 1840
development from 1855
opening around 1721
Port type Freight and passenger port
Piers / quays 58
Goods handled Bulk , general cargo , liquid bulk , coal , container , motor vehicles , frozen fish , agricultural products
Throughput 78.1 million (2011/2012)
Average opening days (year) 365
website www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net (English)
Geographic information
place Durban
province KwaZulu-Natal
Country South Africa
View of Maydon Wharf in Durban Harbor
View of Maydon Wharf in Durban Harbor
Coordinates 29 ° 52 '24 "  S , 31 ° 1' 28"  E Coordinates: 29 ° 52 '24 "  S , 31 ° 1' 28"  E
Durban Harbor (KwaZulu-Natal)
Durban harbor
Location Durban port

The port of Durban ( English Port of Durban ) is located on the South African coast of KwaZulu-Natal on the Indian Ocean and is the leading cargo port of South Africa and the largest container port in Africa. It is located in the metropolitan area of eThekwini, not far from Durban city ​​center .

The state-owned Transnet National Ports Authority is the operator and administrator of the seaport . Smaller areas are used independently by private companies.

location

The port grew together with the surrounding settlement and later city. Today's center of Durban Central is directly adjacent to the northern part of the natural harbor . The bay in which the harbor basin is located is formed by the estuaries of the small Umbilo and Mhlatuzana rivers . On the south side is the wooded Bluff peninsula , which protects the harbor.

To protect the port entrance, breakwaters were built on both sides of the port entrance in the last third of the 19th century , running parallel to each other. They were renewed and strengthened in 2008 through extensive expansion measures.

Originally, the bay was overgrown with mangroves at its edges and had many shoals . Before the modern expansion, around 1900, the shipowners and port users struggled with these natural difficulties. Particularly when entering the lagoon , the shallows created by sand washes considerably impeded shipping traffic.

history

Before 1900

View of the Bay of D'Urban around 1850 (based on a template by HW Piers)

The earliest mention of a possible landing site near the present-day city of Durban comes from Vasco da Gama , who anchored near the bay in 1497 while looking for India . In the late 17th century, seafarers and colonists were temporarily stranded here . From 1721 the Dutch maintained a fortified trading post on the bay, which they gave up again after a short time. In 1824 the British established a permanent settlement on the Bay of Natal called the Port of Natal . On June 23, 1835, the settlement was in honor of Benjamin D'Urban , the 1834-1837 Governor of the Cape Colony was in D'Urban renamed. The post of harbor master has been occupied since 1840. 19th century illustrations show a jetty on the seaside of The Point headland .

Plan of the port of D'Urban in the Bay of Natal from 1860

A targeted development of the present port area began in 1855. On a site plan from 1860, the deep water area in front of Sandy Bay is shown as an anchorage. Larger ships had to anchor off the coast and were originally unable to enter the bay, or only with high risk, which is why they were served by barges .

In the 19th century the Natal Railway was built in Durban , the first railway line in what is now South Africa. It served as a link between the urban settlement and the port. The line from Market Square to The Point headland in the harbor area was opened on June 26, 1860 and operated by the Natal Railway Company . The Point and Bluff areas were the basis for the port's first functional areas.

In 1860, the first Indian plantation workers from Madras immigrated via the harbor and were employed on the sugar cane plantations in the vicinity of Durban. Their arrival marked the beginning of the Indian ethnic group in what is now South Africa .

The first lighthouse on the Natal coast was the lighthouse in Durban Harbor, which went into operation on November 22nd, 1867 with a solemn ceremony in the presence of Governor John Scott . Peter Paterson , from Oban , Scotland , was the architect of the lighthouse.

From the last decade of the 19th century onwards, the increasing silting up in the bay due to the floating cargo of the tributaries could be prevented and partially reversed by means of improved dredging technology.

Since 1 July 1896, the city of Durban headed the channeling of waste water through a drainage ditch on the headland The Point in the main channel of the ship entrance to the port. Only the first hours of low tide were considered for this, so that the sewage discharges could be washed away from the coastline. The facilities required for this were located in the immediate vicinity of the old port area.

In the second half of the 19th century the railway line from Durban inland and along the coast was built. The construction of the railway began in Durban in 1876 and reached Pietermaritzburg in 1880 , Ladysmith in 1886 and Charlestown in 1891 on the border of the Natal Colony with the Transvaal Republic . On January 2, 1896, continuous operations to Johannesburg could be opened. The main task of the routes along the coast north of Durban was to transport goods for the sugar cane plantations and their downstream processing plants . From the interior of the country, wool , hides and colonial goods were transported to Durban, and later coal for supplying the ships in transit. The railway connection to the region of the economically strong Transvaal contributed significantly to the early and sustained development of the port. In contrast to the port in what was then Lourenço Marques , now Maputo , it guaranteed a politically stable livelihood for the port of Durban, since it has not passed through foreign territory since the Union was founded in 1910.

20th century

In 1903, the Parliament of Natal decided to expand port facilities in a previously unused section of the bay. The coastal area between Albert Park and the mouth of the Umbilo River was earmarked for the construction of a quay wall. Areas in this flat swamp, the Congella Flats , have been drained and filled. This created the Congella Wharf ( Congella Wharf ), which was later renamed Maydon Wharf after John G. Maydon, a high British colonial official, and was equipped with a grain elevator in 1925 . The coal loading facilities in the Bluff area were enlarged in the 1920s and expanded again in 1940.

To improve the stability of the lighthouse, the steel structure was encased in concrete in 1932. It stood on the hill at the end of the Bluff Peninsula until 1941 , but has not been in operation since 1940.

On July 31, 1953, the new lighthouse began operating elsewhere on the Bluff Peninsula. This structure has become known as the Cooper Lighthouse and was named after Harry Claude Cooper , South Africa's first lighthouse engineer. The location was chosen near the Brighton Beach district.

In 1957, the Durban City Council revisited the problems of inadequate sanitation at The Point , which had been discussed since 1938. It began with the construction of further receiving waters ( Central Works Outfall ) on the northern tip of the Bluff Peninsula. For this purpose, a 350-meter-long supply tunnel was built between The Point and the Bluff Peninsula under the seabed . It had a cross section of 3.6 meters. Two large sewer pipes, a main water pipe and several electrical and telecommunications cables were laid in this. The chosen depth of the supply tunnel later proved to be an obstacle to the expansion of the port entrance.

Semi-container ship Sea Power in the port of Durban at Pier 1 in 2009.

The buildings of the former Navy base on Salisbury Island served the University College for Indians, which was built here, since 1961 . At the beginning of the 1970s, the university moved to the Westville district and was called the University of Durban-Westville from 1971 . Since 2004 it has been part of the University of KwaZulu-Natal .

In the mid-1960s, the main loading point for general cargo was still on The Point headland . About ten years later it began to move across the bay to Maydon Wharf ( Maydon Wharf , 8th berth). In this context, modern crane systems were built there.

In the 1970s, the railway facilities on the south side of the bay were expanded. This enabled further expansion of the port. Now, new functional areas were created on sandbars and in the mangrove swamps that existed at the time in the vicinity of the former Salisbury Island and the neighboring Fynnland area, Pier No. 1 and Pier No. 2 . In the Pier No. 2 the container terminal went into operation in July 1977.

21st century

With the increase in freight traffic and the draft of docking cargo ships, it became necessary to deepen the port entrance and some areas in the bay. The supply tunnel built under the entrance canal at the end of the 1950s stood in the way of this project. On the ocean side, the water depth had to be increased to 18 meters and in the bay from 13 to 16 meters. This made it necessary to build a deeper tunnel under the name Durban Harbor Tunnel Project , which was completed in 2007.

In July 2010 the Durban Harbor Widening Project , abbreviated DHEW , ended several years of expansion work in the port area. They served to secure facilities and a greater ability to absorb traffic.

According to information from the port administration from 2013, the port can be navigated by ships 350 meters long, 51 meters wide and 14.5 meters deep. The berths only allow a maximum draft of 12.5 meters.

Structure of the port area

Map of the port of Durban
Overview of the areas of the port of Durban

The port of Durban is divided into 8 sectors. These are the following areas:

  • Pier No. 1
  • Island View
  • City Terminal, T-Jetty
  • Crossberth
  • Pier No. 2
  • bluff
  • Bayhead
  • Maydon Wharf

Functional areas

Container terminal

Durban container port (24747434937) .jpg
Container ship Maersk Stockholm at Pier No. 2 of the container terminal

The Durban Container Terminal extends along Pier No. 1, Pier No. 2 and the Crossberth . In 2014, 2.7 million TEU were handled. It is connected to the railway network in South Africa via a rail connection . Further container loading facilities are located in the Point area, which actually belongs to the RoRo terminal. In particular, these serve to relieve the actual container terminal, while Pier 2 is being expanded for ships with greater drafts. This work should be completed by 2017. [outdated]

In the southern hemisphere , the port of Durban is one of the foremost places in terms of container handling volume, alongside Melbourne ( Australia ). The terminal not only handles container deliveries to and from South Africa, but also serves as a transshipment point for freight to and from the seaports along the African west coast to Liberia and along the east coast to Kenya as well as to the islands of Madagascar and Réunion . The destinations in Botswana , Zimbabwe , Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are served by land .

At the beginning of 2015, the state terminal operator Transnet announced that a new container terminal would be built on the site of the old airport from 2021 . Before that, however, the old port still needs to be expanded to increase its capacity until the new container port is available. This includes replenishing the docks between Salisbury Island and Pier No. 1 , as well as between Pier No. 1 and Pier No. 2, in order to increase the storage space for containers and to be able to provide more berths for large ships.

General cargo terminal

General cargo is handled at Maydon Wharf at four berths that can be accessed by ships with a draft of up to 10.3 meters. Up to 1.2 million tons can be handled annually. The largest part is project cargo, refrigerated cargo, wood and steel products, in particular coils .

RoRo terminal

RoRo terminal with the two Liebherr cranes. In the background the Bluff hill range with the Millennium Tower.
RoRo terminal with the two Liebherr cranes

This area of ​​the port is located at the City Terminal. It is used for handling refrigerated ships and handling project cargoes. By 2017, some of the containers will also be in the RoRo terminal, while the berths at Pier No.2 will be deepened. Two Liebherr LHM550C cranes were set up in the terminal for this purpose , so that up to 230,000 TEU can be handled in the RoRo terminal per year.

Automobile terminal

South Africa is one of the largest manufacturers of right-hand drive cars. The loading of motor vehicles from the production of South African automotive industry locations takes place at two berths in the City Terminal and one berth at the T-Jetty, which are connected to the Durban Car Terminal , which opened in 1998, with 14,000 parking spaces. It is managed by Transnet Port Terminals (TPT), a division of Transnet . In 2005, around two thirds of South African vehicle imports and exports were handled through Durban. Up to 480,000 vehicles can be handled annually. This also includes used cars that are not intended for the South African market. The terminal is connected to the Toyota plant in Isipingo as well as Pretoria and Johannesburg via regular car trains . The Grindrod logistics group is a co-operator of the terminal .

Coal terminal

The loading facilities for coal are located on the side of the Bluff peninsula facing the harbor bay. The Bluff Coaling Terminal operated by Bulk Connections has its own siding. 250,000 tons of coal can be stored and loaded onto the ships at three berths. Coal export has been one of the port's most important businesses since the second half of the 19th century. The first suppliers were the coal mines at Ladysmith in the northern part of the Natal colony .

Tank farm

The tank farms for liquid bulk cargoes are located in the southern part of Bayhead and mainly in the Island View area . They are called Island View oil and petroleum complex or Cutler Complex . The largest operator of these tank farms and loading facilities is SAPREF, a company with experience in the refinery , fuel and tank farm sector . They are connected to other facilities of this type in the adjacent industrial area of ​​the South Durban Basin in the districts of Isipingo and Prospection and are of national importance, since enormous quantities of crude oil are imported through the operator . Other companies handle vegetable oils and chemicals. There are chemical tankers dispatched. Since the advent of super tankers in the 1970s, however, the supply of crude oil in the port has decreased because there is insufficient draft in the bay for these ships .

Fresh produce

The Fresh Produce Terminal (FPT) is on the T-Jetty and another fruit terminal is on Maydon Wharf . In addition to Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, the port handles most of the refrigerated freight in the import and export trade of South Africa, especially meat, poultry, fish and fruit. More than 16,000 pallets can be cooled in the FPT , and 400,000 pallets of fruit are handled annually.

Citrus terminal

Outspan International ( Olam ) operates the Port of Durban's Citrus Terminal in the Point Sector , which handles citrus fruits. It has cooling facilities for 17,500 pallets and 72 rapid cooling locations for more than 3,000 pallets. Up to 2000 pallets can be handled daily.

fishing

The fishing industry's premises are in Maydon Wharf and Bayhead , where shrimp and other crustaceans are mainly packaged.

Sugar storage

The South African Sugar Terminal in Durban Harbor is one of the largest in the world. The three covered flat storage facilities at Maydon Wharf can store more than half a million tons of refined sugar and can handle up to 1,000 tons per hour. An attached warehouse has been set up for the storage of 57,000 t of sugar in sacks.

Wood products

On Woodchip Terminal at the Mayden Wharf and the Forest Products Terminal wood products are shipped mainly wood chips from eucalyptus and acacia for pulp production of the Japanese paper industry . The logs are delivered by road or rail and chopped on the port area. 360,000 tons of wood chips can be exported annually.

Other bulk goods

Durban Bulk Shipping , abbreviated as DBS , operates a bulk goods terminal at Berth 3 in the Island View sector for various products such as wheat , corn and corn products, vegetable oils , chrome ore and the industrial minerals andalusite and phosphate .

shipbuilding

In the sector Bayhead are the shipyards for ship building and repair services. Since the late 1960s, they have developed from a previously artisanal profile to a large-scale industrial service area. Since then, clients have included domestic and foreign civilian partners as well as the South African Navy . Here they built container ships for German customers and participated in projects of the South African Mossgas , a predecessor of the state-owned PetroSA SOC Ltd.

Passenger terminal

The berths for passenger ships are located in the area of ​​the N-Pier on the T-Jetty. Large cruise ships can anchor here. Trips from here mainly go to Mozambique or to islands in the Indian Ocean.

Salisbury Island Naval Base

The South African Navy has maintained its main base on Salisbury Island since World War II . This was dissolved as a result of the Simon's Town Agreement in 1957 and moved to Simon's Town . The shipyards in Durban harbor were still used for military purposes. In the 1980s, Sandock Austral Ltd. Warships equipped with Gabriel 2 ( Skerpioen ) surface-to-surface guided missiles . The collaboration with a shipyard in Haifa came about . As a result of the international embargo, South Africa looked for alternatives and in 1974, under Defense Minister Pieter Willem Botha, signed a cooperation agreement with Israel. The South African Navy received Israeli warships between 1978 and 1986.

From 1961, the University College for Indians was established in the premises of the former base . The site was later used again for military purposes. The Durban Naval Base existed here until 1994 . As a result of the dismantling of military capacities after the end of apartheid, the location was downgraded to a naval station .

In the course of military cooperation within the Southern African Development Community , South Africa considered reactivating the naval base on Salisbury Island in 2012 . It reopened in 2013 because of anti-pirate missions along the East African coast, according to Navy Chief Vice Admiral Refiloe Mudimu . This revealed a significant capacity problem with the shipyard services in the base area of Simon's Town , which have been under the management of ARMSCOR since 2007 . The operations on the coast of East Africa supported by ships from this base correspond to an agreement between Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania.

Following an announcement by the Navy Chief Vice Admiral Mosuwa Hlongwane was Naval Station Durban in July 2014 stationed there small patrol boats ( Offshore Patrol Vessel ) and a modernized warship type Warrior upgraded to a fully fledged naval base. In December 2015, Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula made an official visit to the reintegration of the Durban naval base into the operational naval structure. In addition, the maintenance capacities on Salisbury Island for warships are becoming increasingly important within the country's military industry.

During work on the base's sewage system in February 2017, six people were killed, four naval divers and two civilians. There was a huge explosion in a previously abandoned building. Gas poisoning is the most likely explanation for the cause of death. Another 26 people received medical care after this accident.

Further technical and constructive features

The fresh water supply for the ships is guaranteed by a pipeline system at all berths.

Shipping traffic in the port area can now be managed via an AIS of the South African Maritime Safety Authority ( SAMSA ) of the national transport ministry .

The new tunnel under the port entrance is mainly used to discharge wastewater from the Durban CBD area to the wastewater treatment plant on the Bluff Peninsula. The contractor for the 210 million Rand tunnel construction, which was completed in 2007, was the metropolitan municipality's water and wastewater authority, the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Department (EWS) . Its main purpose is fulfilled by two HDPE pipes, each with a diameter of 1000 millimeters and leading to the Central Sewage Treatment Works on the lake side of the peninsula. A “ mud ” tunnel boring machine was used for the first time in South Africa for the construction project . The 515 meter long tunnel tube is at its deepest point 30 meters below the water surface and 9 meters below the sea floor. Their inner diameter is 4.4 meters. The tunnel construction project was carried out by a joint venture (called Durban Harbor Tunnel Contractors / DHTC) between Hochtief AG and Concor Holdings under the South African project management (Goba Ltd.).

geology

View from the Bluff peninsula into the bay with the sandbanks and the Point headland (photo taken around 1885)

The bay of Durban is a deeply cut estuary, which is bordered on its south side by an elongated peninsula, consisting of a relatively even-grained but heavily layered dune sandstone as well as beach rock deposits . Their morphology of formed subsequently retreating of the sea during the Pleistocene out. On the northern side of the land, including The Point headland , there are younger sand deposits , a now overbuilt dune landscape. The sediment filling of the bay was created by marine and fluvial processes in the Pleistocene and Holocene . Aeolian deposits were added to the outskirts of the bay . The sediments in the harbor basin consist mainly of unconsolidated quartz sand with a 10 percent share of silt (silt) and clayey substances. About 420 meters of the tunnel tube in the area of ​​the port entrance lead through these loose sediments . For the geotechnical exploration of the construction project, 11 boreholes were drilled 50 meters apart. The fluvial inputs in the bay from the suspended and suspended cargo of the rivers are mainly a result of the weathering of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstone complexes and claystones in the inland.

Transport connections and border location

The port complex can be reached by land via several inner-city roads. The most efficient transport connection for the transport of goods by truck is the M4 freeway , which branches off the national road N2 in the southwest of the city . From Durban CBD , the city center and thus near the port, the N3 national road leads via Pietermaritzburg to Johannesburg .

Freight from many parts of South Africa arrives at the port of Durban by rail. In the south-western part of the port area there are extensive track systems for goods handling with Transnet . Other larger loading points are located on Maydon Wharf and in the port areas Point , Bluff , Island View and Bayhead .

The King Shaka International Airport in the northeast of Durban provides opportunities to link to the international air transport.

For the exit and entry via the port as well as for international freight traffic, the offices of the SAPS , the customs authority ( SARS Customs and Border Control Unit ), the immigration authority ( Department of Home Affairs - Immigration Services ), the SSA and offices of provincial authorities are located here .

tourism

Marina in Durban Bay, near Albert Park

The Durban Marina is located on Maritime Place on the northern edge of the harbor bay and thus close to the city center . It is privately operated and does not belong to the state-run Transnet National Ports Authority . Two yacht clubs are based here. Ship repairs as well as mechanical and electrical maintenance work are offered. There are also Wilson's Wharf Marina and the Bluff Yacht Club marina in the Silt Channel near Bayhead .

The Port Natal Maritime Museum is located on the northern edge of the port between the T-Jetty and Durban Marina . It provides information on the influence of the port and seafaring on the development of the Durban region, shows decommissioned ships and has an extensive collection of photos on the history of the port.

Web links

Commons : Port of Durban  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  42. ↑ SAPREF: Who we are. on www.sapref.co.za (English)
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  55. ↑ a b Kim Helfrich: Minister says it's Naval Base Durban, not Station . News from December 9, 2015 on www.defenceweb.co.za (English)
  56. ↑ defenseWeb: Naval Station Durban officially becomes a Base . News from December 7, 2015 on www.defenceweb.co.za (English)
  57. ^ Andrew Robertson: Durban station now a naval base . News from December 8, 2015 on www.iol.co.za (English)
  58. ↑ Mark Basson: Shock after Durban naval base blast deaths . News from February 17, 2017 on www.iol.co.za (English)
  59. ↑ Erin Hanekom: Six confirmed dead at Durban Naval Base. Details are still unclear . News from February 17, 2017 on www.southlandssun.co.za (English)
  60. ^ South African History Online: Soldiers die from gas leak at Naval base in Durban . on www.sahistory.org.za (English)
  61. ↑ SAMSA: AIS display - Port of Durban harbor . at www.samsa.org.za ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / samsa.org.za
  62. ^ Goba: Water Projects: Durban Harbor Tunnel . on www.goba.co.za (English)
  63. ^ KwaZulu-Natal Geological Map and Cross Sections . at www.stec.ukzn.ac.za (English)
  64. ^ TE Francis: The Influence of the Geology of Durban on the Supply of Water from Wells to Early Settlers . In: Natalia - Journal of the Natal Society, Vol. 21 (1991), pp. 40–53, PDF document p. 7. at www.natalia.org.za (English)
  65. ^ Nick Norman, Gavin Whitfield: Geological Journeys . Cape Town 2006. p. 82
  66. ^ Border Control Operational Coordinating Committee: Durban Harbor . on www.borders.sars.gov.za (English)
  67. ↑ Durban Marina website. on durbanmarina.co.za (English)
  68. ^ Port of Durban (Transnet National Ports Authority). Yachting marinas . on www.ports.co.za (English)
  69. ^ Port Natal Maritime Museum . on www.durban.gov.za ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) illustrated information material @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.durban.gov.za