Protests in Romania 2017

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Demonstration in Bucharest on January 29, 2017.

The protests in Romania 2017 are the week-long demonstrations in Romania against the Sorin Grindeanu government that was formed after the parliamentary elections in 2016 . At the center of the protests are intended changes to the criminal code and a legislative initiative to pardon hundreds of public officials accused of abuse of office.

prehistory

  • Liviu Dragnea (l.) And Victor Ponta (r.), 2014.

  • Sorin Grindeanu, 2015.

In the fire disaster in Bucharest on October 30, 2015 in the Colectiv music club , 64 people died and 147 were injured, some of them seriously. From the funeral marches on the day after the fire disaster, demonstrations against the then government developed across the country. In Bucharest alone, around 25,000 demonstrators accused the politicians of having contributed to the tragedy through the corruption in Romania and its tolerance. Prime Minister Victor Ponta announced his resignation on November 4th; with him, the Ponta IV cabinet resigned. On November 17, parliament elected a transitional government made up of technocrats, the Cioloș cabinet , with former EU Commissioner Dacian Cioloș as prime minister. The government remained in office until January 2017.

On July 12, 2015, Ponta had resigned from his position as chairman of the Partidul Social Democrat (PSD) in connection with the anti-corruption investigations against him . Liviu Dragnea , who initially succeeded Ponta on a provisional basis, was elected the new party chairman in October.

In the parliamentary elections in December 2016 , the PSD received 45.4 percent of the votes cast with a turnout of 39 percent and was commissioned by President Klaus Johannis to form a government. Even before the election, Johannis made it clear that he would not accept a politician with a criminal record in the government. This statement was explicitly aimed at Dragnea, who claimed the office of Prime Minister as PSD chairman but was sentenced to two years probation in April 2016 for election fraud . On December 21, the Romanian Chamber of Deputies elected Dragnea as its new president.

Together with the Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților (ALDE) , the coalition partner of the PSD, Dragnea proposed Sevil Shhaideh (PSD) as Prime Minister on December 21 . This proposal was rejected by Johannis without giving any precise reasons. In public she was perceived as "Liviu Dragnea's puppet". The second proposal, the former Telecommunications Minister and Deputy Mayor of Timișoara Sorin Grindeanu (PSD), was accepted by Johannis. Nevertheless, Dragnea, who does not hold a government office, is considered to be the real puller behind the Grindeanu cabinet .

Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu, Liviu Dragnea and Justice Minister Florin Iordache are considered to be the key figures in the current political crisis.

Despite the progress made in combating it, corruption pervades all areas of public life in Romania . Corruption and abuse of office are considered to be structural mass phenomena in the country. In an interview before the election, Dragnea described the concerns about corruption in Romania as bullshit .

Triggering events

Shortly after the inauguration of the newly elected government, rumors grew that the government wanted to amend the penal code, pass an amnesty law, or curtail the powers of the National Anti-Corruption Agency . Justice Minister Florin Iordache had already brought a change to the criminal law into the discussion at the beginning of January. He justified this with the overcrowded prisons in the country. Surprisingly, President Klaus Johannis chaired the weekly government meeting on January 18 for the first time, as he suspected profound changes in criminal law by urgent ordinance. At a subsequent press conference, Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu denied that an urgent order was on the agenda. In the evening, spontaneous demonstrations against the possible changes in criminal law took place in Bucharest and other cities.

  • Klaus Johannis, 2015.

For his part, Klaus Johannis confirmed that the regulation in question was being prepared, but the government had assured him that amnesty regulations for cases of political corruption would not be passed without public discussion.

Shortly thereafter, the Romanian Ministry of Justice published details of the planned amnesty ordinance, justifying its need with the overcrowding of Romanian prisons and possible fines that the European Court of Human Rights could order in such cases. Five corruption-related NGOs replied that the planned amnesty would be numerically less than 10 percent of current prison occupancy, suggesting that such a reduction alone would not solve the problem of overcrowding.

Protest meeting on January 22, 2017 at the Piața Victoriei in Bucharest.

On January 22, 2017, more than 10,000 people gathered in Bucharest for a protest, in which the president also took part. In a short speech, Johannis said: "A gang of politicians who have problems with the law want to change the legislation and weaken the rule of law ... The Romanians are rightly outraged."

A week later, on January 29, the protests broadened. At least 90,000 people took to the streets in the capital, Bucharest, and several thousand in Sibiu and Cluj-Napoca.

Despite ongoing public protests, the government passed its controversial amendments to the penal code by urgent ordinance on January 31, 2017 at around 10 p.m. and bundled its pardon plans in a legislative initiative that would have granted hundreds of officials accused of abuse of office impunity, since abuse of office below a damage limit of 200,000 lei (converted around 45,000 euros) should be declared exempt from punishment.

In addition, the government passed a bill on pardons that should have been passed by parliament. Around 2,500 prisoners would have benefited from such an amnesty, including several politicians arrested for corruption. The emergency ordinance should come into force on February 10th. The plans were not on the agenda of the government meeting.

According to critics, the emergency ordinance was intended to protect Liviu Dragnea, who since January 30, 2017 has had to answer to court for abuse of office as district council president of Teleorman and forgery of documents with damage of 100,000 lei. If convicted, he faces jail time.

development

Hashtag Rezist ( German to  resist, to persevere ), a leitmotif of the protest movement.
Implementation of the initiative

After the ordinances were published on January 31, there were daily demonstrations against the government for 27 consecutive days, in a total of around 50 cities across the country. The high points were the protests on February 1, with around 450,000 participants nationwide, and the protests on February 5, with around 500,000 participants in Bucharest alone. The "National Executive Committee of the Partidul Social Democrat " confirmed the emergency ordinances on February 2nd.

President Johannis spoke out against new elections, but suggested that the government resign. Prime Minister Grindeanu called on the population to calm down and rejected calls for resignation.

Complaint to the Constitutional Court

The “Supreme Council of the Judiciary Magistrature” decided unanimously on February 1st in a crisis meeting chaired by President Johannis to bring the case to the Romanian Constitutional Court . On February 2, Johannis complained to the Constitutional Court about a "constitutional conflict between executive and legislative branches". The former Prime Minister and ombudsman for civil rights Victor Ciorbea and the judicial supervisory authority CSM filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court. On February 9, the court refused to assess the content of the corruption ordinance on the grounds that the government had overruled the regulation.

Withdrawal

The government withdrew its controversial edicts on February 5 with another urgent ordinance before they could even have come into force on February 11. Prime Minister Grindeanu said: "We understood the voice of the street and do not want the country to split." With his "secure majority in parliament" (76 of 136 seats), however, he did not want to resign.

The Senate voted unanimously against the regulation on February 14. The Romanian parliament also rejected the decree on February 21, voting against the emergency decree and for the decree abolishing the first.

Vote of no confidence

A vote of no confidence in the Grindeanu government on February 6 by the opposition from the bourgeois party PNL and the green USR failed on February 8; 161 MPs voted to withdraw their confidence in the government, but 232 votes would have been required for the motion to be successful.

referendum
Protesters are calling for a referendum outside the Bucharest government building on January 29.

On February 7, President Johannis announced a referendum on the controversial decree. Romania's parliament unanimously approved the referendum on February 13th to ask Romanians about the “future of the fight against corruption”. In the next step, President Johannis has to announce the referendum question and set the date for the referendum. Johannis announced in March that he had not given up the idea of ​​the referendum, but that he intended to use it as an "insurance policy" should the government continue its attacks on the judiciary. No date for the referendum was given until September 2017.

Removal of the Prime Minister

In the months that followed, the PSD-controlled parliament further watered down anti-corruption legislation by submitting legislative changes. In June 2017, the governing parties overthrew Prime Minister Grindeanu, who had been appointed from among their ranks, and who had adhered to harsh sentences against corruption. Only ten MPs voted no. Mihai Tudose succeeded Grindeanu.

Chronology of the demonstrations

31 January

After the ordinances were published, up to 15,000 people gathered in front of government institutions in Bucharest in the evening to express their protest. Demonstrations also took place in other Romanian cities that night, such as in Cluj-Napoca (with 10,000 participants), Timișoara (2500), Iași (2000), Sibiu (2000), Brașov (1500), Arad (200), Craiova ( 200), Ploieşti (100).

February 1st
People gathering in front of the Bucharest government building, February 1, 2017.

Up to 150,000 people gathered at Piața Victoriei in Bucharest . About 300,000 other demonstrators gathered in other cities in the country. Over 40,000 people (around 10 percent of the city's population) took part in a protest rally in Cluj. The television channel Digi24 reported subscribers of 20,000 in Sibiu , 20,000 in Timișoara , 15,000 in Iași , 8,000 in Brașov , 6,000 in Bacău , 6,000 in Târgu Mureș , 5,000 in Baia Mare , 5,000 in Constanța , 4,000 in Alba Iulia , 4,000 in Craiova , 4,000 in Oradea , 4000 in Arad , 3000 in Galați , 3000 in Piteşti , 2000 in Suceava , 1000 in Piatra Neamț .

In Bucharest, dozens of alleged football hooligans mingled with the demonstrators and attacked police officers with fireworks and blocks of ice. In these violent clashes on the sidelines of the protest, the police used tear gas. Three demonstrators and two police officers were injured and the police broke up the rally.

Members of parliament of the National Liberal Party ( PNL , Romanian Partidul Național Liberal ) and the Union “Save Romania” USR protested in the plenary hall of parliament with posters and shouts like “Shame on yourselves!” And “Resign!”.

February 2nd
Scene of the protests of February 2, 2017 on the Piața Victoriei in Bucharest.

Up to 80,000 people protested in Bucharest in front of the seat of government alone, with occasional clashes with the police. In other cities too, numerous people took to the streets.

3 February

Over 300,000 people also protested on February 3, about half of them in Bucharest.

February 4th

The nationwide protests continued on February 4th. In the evening 40,000 people formed a human chain around the parliament building. From here a protest march started towards Piața Victoriei , where numerous people had already arrived in front of the government building; a total of around 180,000 demonstrators were counted in front of the government building. Large protest marches also took place in other major cities in Romania, for example in Cluj, Timișoara, Hermanstadt, Iași, Brașov, Craiova, Constanța and elsewhere over 170,000 people took to the streets.

February 5th
At 9:00 p.m. on February 5, around 250,000 demonstrators illuminated the Piața Victoriei with their smartphones held up.

By 6 p.m., over 100,000 people had already gathered in front of the government building in Bucharest, and by 11 p.m. their number had grown to around 500,000 demonstrators, of which around 200,000 to 300,000 were on the Piața Victoriei in central Bucharest alone . There were rallies in at least 20 other cities, each with thousands or tens of thousands of demonstrators.

Around 1200 supporters of the government gathered in front of the Bucharest presidential seat, calling President Johannis a “traitor” on banners and demanding his resignation.

February 6th

The protests continued across the country, with between 20,000 and 25,000 demonstrators gathering in front of the government building in Bucharest. Across the country, a total of around 50,000 people gathered to protest. About 4,000 people came to a counter-demonstration in front of the presidential seat of Castle Cotroceni and demanded the resignation of President Johannis.

February 7th
Counter-protest in front of the presidential seat of Cotroceni Castle on February 7th.

Around 8,000 people demonstrated on the evening of February 7th in cold, wet weather in front of the government seat in Bucharest, and several thousand in three other university cities. There was also a small counter-demonstration by supporters of the government in Bucharest. According to reports, the ruling party is said to have bussed workers from a state-owned company from the south-west of the country to Bucharest to demonstrate for the government there.

February 8

Thousands of demonstrators gathered again in Bucharest that evening despite the snowy weather to protest against the government.

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Protesters in front of the government building, February 8, 2017.

Around 100 people demonstrated against the president in front of Cotroceni Castle. Johannis showed up shortly before the presidential seat to pour tea and speak to the protesters. The demonstrators showed no interest in a dialogue and continued to protest loudly, whereupon Johannis soon left the scene.

February 9

That evening, despite the freezing temperatures in Bucharest, Sibiu and Cluj, thousands took to the streets to protest again.

February 10th

In Bucharest 6,000 to 7,000 demonstrators were on the way to street protests, in Timișoara around 3,500. Smaller rallies took place in Sibiu, Brașov and Cluj-Napoca, among others. In addition to the usual hundreds of government supporters in front of the Bucharest presidential palace, dozens of people protested in Alba Iulia, Transylvania, against President Johannis, who had come to ski nearby.

February 11th

Again on February 11, up to 5,000 people demanded the resignation of the social-liberal government at a demonstration in Bucharest. In Timișoara between 2000 and 3000 opponents of the government took to the streets, in Cluj-Napoca and Sibiu between 2000 and 2500 and in Brașov around 2000.

At the same time there was a counter-demonstration by government supporters in front of the Bucharest presidential palace with a few hundred participants.

February 12th

Opponents of the government were on the streets in at least eight Romanian cities on February 12. According to media estimates, 50,000 demonstrators gathered in Bucharest and 10,000 in Cluj-Napoca alone. In other places like Sibiu, Iași and Timișoara, smaller demonstrations took place with thousands of participants, a total of 70,000 people were reported. Tens of thousands of participants protested in the capital with a sea of ​​lights in the colors of the Romanian flag by holding up sheets of paper in the national colors of blue, yellow and red and using their cell phones to illuminate them.

Around 1,000 counter-demonstrators marched in front of the presidential palace.

13th February

Around 2,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the government building in Bucharest in the evening when temperatures were below freezing. Small protests broke out in a dozen other cities in the country.

14th of February

Thousands of demonstrators again protested against the government in several cities.

19th of February

Around 3,000 demonstrators protested against the government on the Piața Victoriei in Bucharest.

February 25

In Târgovişte , the PSD organized a rally in support of the government, which was attended by around 8,000 people.

February 26th

Thousands of Romanians again called for the government to resign that evening. In Bucharest, between 3,000 and 5,000 demonstrators formed the flag of the European Union in front of the government seat with illuminated sheets of paper and strips of fabric . Several hundred people demonstrated in Brașov, Sibiu and Timișoara.

5. March

In Bucharest, around 10,000 people marched from the seat of government to the Constitutional Court and the seat of the Anti-Corruption Unit of the Prosecutor's Office (DNA). Small protests took place in at least four other cities.

March 12th

About 2000 people moved to the Parliament Palace in Bucharest that evening.

May 3rd

More than 2000 people gathered in front of the government buildings in Bucharest. Hundreds protested in the cities of Constanța, Cluj, Sibiu and Brașov.

Reactions

  • Florin Jianu, 2015.

  • Florin Iordache, 2016.

  • Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, 2014.

On January 31, the Romanian President Klaus Johannis described the day of the emergency ordinances as “a day of mourning for the rule of law”. The head of the ruling PSD party, Liviu Dragnea, spoke of the opposition's plans to overthrow.

The Public Prosecutor General Augustin Lazăr feared that the controversial regulation might now come into force, since the regulation (No. 13) is before Parliament for a vote, as is a second regulation (No. 14) which orders the repeal of the first. That gives Parliament the opportunity to approve Regulation 13 and reject 14.

The non-party Trade Minister Florin Jianu announced his resignation on February 2 and commented that he had already considered resigning after the decree was passed; now he follows “his conscience” and hopes that the government “has the decency to correct its mistake”. On the same day, State Secretaries Oana Schmidt-Haineala and Constantin Sima also resigned. Ovidiu Ganț , member of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania in the Romanian parliament , resigned from his position as deputy chairman of the minority group in protest of the regulation.

Under pressure from Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu, Justice Minister Florin Iordache resigned on February 9 after Grindeanu had accused him of failing to deal publicly with an urgent order. Because of poor communication from the government, the citizens did not understand the content of the regulation. Justice Minister Florin Iordache is responsible for this, Grindeanu continues.

With its judgment of February 10th, the Romanian Supreme Court ruled that Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu , the chairman of the Romanian Senate , would have to answer in court for alleged false testimony and favoritism of a criminal. The former Prime Minister of ALDE, the current coalition partner of the government, is the second man in the state as Senate Chairman after the President. Thus, the chairmen of both Romanian parliamentary chambers are now on trial in criminal proceedings (in addition to Popescu-Tăriceanu, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Liviu Dragnea).

The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and the Vice-President of the European Commission declared that the fight against corruption must go ahead and not be reversed.

The embassies of Germany, the United States, France, Canada, Belgium and the Netherlands expressed "deep concern" about the regulation and criticized it as "undermining the rule of law progress made in the past decade in the fight against corruption".

Web links

Commons : Protests in Romania 2017  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Three days of anger at the government. In: Zeit Online from February 3, 2017.
  2. ↑ 25,000 protested after the club fire in Bucharest. In: derStandard.at of November 4, 2015.
  3. ↑ Dragnea at the PSD party congress: "Are neither barons, nor corrupt, nor communists". In: Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Romania from February 8, 2017.
  4. ↑ a b Frank Stier: Liviu Dragnea. The puller in Romania. In: Cicero of February 10, 2017.
  5. ↑ Head of State confirms: No previously convicted prime minister. General German newspaper for Romania from February 8, 2017.
  6. ^ Test of strength between the election winner and the president. In: Euronews of December 12, 2016.
  7. ↑ Romania's socialist leader convicted of attempted election fraud. derStandard.at of April 16, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b c Florian Hassel : Party boss Liviu Dragnea, the actual ruler of Romania. In: Süddeutsche.de of February 3, 2017.
  9. ↑ President of the two chambers of parliament elected. In: General German newspaper for Romania from December 23, 2016.
  10. ^ President rejects new head of government. In: Spiegel Online from December 27, 2016.
  11. ^ Romania's head of government prevented. In: derStandard.at of December 28, 2016.
  12. ^ A b Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Mass protests in Romania: With whistles against thieves. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from February 5, 2017.
  13. ↑ Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Change of power in Bucharest. Dragnea's second choice. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from December 30, 2016.
  14. ↑ a b Opposition moves censure motion against government. In: Zeit Online from February 6, 2017.
  15. ↑ Controversial corruption decree repealed. In: Deutschlandfunk from February 5, 2017.
  16. ↑ Silviu Mihai: A public prosecutor is cleaning up Romania. In: Zeit Online from February 8, 2017.
  17. ↑ Urs Bruderer: Corruption is no longer punishable. Will Romania become the banana republic of Europe? In: Swiss Radio and Television from February 1, 2017.
  18. ↑ The mess is in full swing or like the coalition is calming down the people. In: General German newspaper for Romania from January 12, 2017.
  19. ↑ The President demonstrates against the government. In: Spiegel Online from January 22, 2017.
  20. ↑ Head of state leads government meeting for the first time. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Romania from January 19, 2017.
  21. ^ Press statements by Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu and the Justice Minister Florin Iordache, following the Cabinet meeting. In: gov.ro from January 18, 2017.
  22. ↑ Protests against the relaxation of the anti-corruption law. In: Deutsche Welle from January 19, 2017.
  23. ↑ moment inedit la sedinta de guvern. Klaus Iohannis nu a lasat presa sa iasa din sala pana nu a vorbit despre "cei doi elefanti de care nu vrea sa vorbeasca nimeni" In: hotnews.ro from January 18, 2017.
  24. ↑ Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Back exit for lubricated politicians. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from January 5, 2017.
  25. ↑ Thousands march against prison pardons in Romania. In: The Guardian of January 22, 2017.
  26. ↑ Innocent because powerful. In: Süddeutsche.de of January 30, 2017.
  27. ^ Mass protests in Romania. In: Deutsche Welle of January 29, 2017.
  28. ↑ Night and Fog Action. Government adopts criminal law amendments. In: General German newspaper for Romania from February 1, 2017.
  29. ↑ Iordache: On adoptat OUG privind modificarea codurilor penale. In: digi24.ro from January 31, 2017.
  30. ↑ Penalties for abuse of office will be reduced. In: Die Zeit Online from February 1, 2017.
  31. ↑ Nicolae Dumitrache, Vadim Ghirda: Romania's government decriminalizes official misconduct. In: The Washington Post, January 31, 2017.
  32. ^ A b New mass protests in Romania against relaxation of the corruption law. ( Memento of the original from February 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Donaukurier from February 4, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.donaukurier.de
  33. ↑ New law in the express procedure. Romania eases penalties for corrupt politicians. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from February 1, 2017.
  34. ↑ Tens of thousands of Romanians protest against the government. In: Spiegel Online from February 2, 2017.
  35. ↑ a b Hands off their DNA. Huge protests force Romania's government to reverse itself on corruption. In: The Economist, February 7, 2017.
  36. ↑ a b Romania: Protestors form EU flag at anti-government rally . In: Deutsche Welle of February 26, 2017.
  37. ↑ Vadim Ghirda: Romanians form EU flag during 27th night of protests. In: Missoulian, February 26, 2017.
  38. ↑ Romanians take to the streets again. In: Spiegel Online from February 3, 2017.
  39. ^ Dragnea și Grindeanu. Only renunțăm la ordonanțe. In: digi24.ro from February 2, 2017.
  40. ^ Protests in Romania. Johannis suggests government resignation. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from February 7, 2017.
  41. ^ A b Ralf Borchard: President announces referendum . In: Deutschlandfunk from February 7, 2017.
  42. ↑ Will the Minister of Justice be the pawn sacrifice? In: Euronews of 7 February 2017.
  43. ↑ decizie CSM. Se sesizează CCR pentru un conflict între puteri în cazul OUG privind Codurile penale. ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Agerpres of February 1, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agerpres.ro
  44. ↑ St. John: On decis să sesizez CCR cu privire la la OUG referitoare modificarea Codurilor penale . In: Agerpres of February 2, 2017.
  45. ↑ Mass demonstrations in Romania continue. In: Tagesschau.de from February 4, 2017.
  46. ↑ a b Tens of thousands of Romanians protest in front of the government seat. In: Zeit Online from February 3, 2017.
  47. ↑ a b Romania's Minister of Justice resigns after street protests. ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Schleswig-Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag from February 9, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shz.de
  48. ↑ Guvernul a adoptat o ordonanță de urgență pentru abrogarea OUG privind modificarea Codurilor penale. ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Agerpres of February 5, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agerpres.ro
  49. ^ Romania's government to withdraw corruption decree. In: Al Jazeera of February 5, 2017.
  50. ↑ Silviu Mihai: No mercy for corrupt politicians. In: Zeit Online from February 5, 2017.
  51. ↑ Marco Kauffmann Bossart: The mass protests continue. Mistrust is fermenting in Romania. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from February 7, 2017.
  52. ^ Government under pressure. Largest mass protest in Romania's history. In: T-online.de from February 6, 2017.
  53. ^ Radu Marinas: Romania's upper house of parliament backs withdrawal of graft decree. In: Reuters of February 14, 2017.
  54. ↑ Parliament repeals corruption decree. In: Spiegel Online from February 21, 2017.
  55. ^ Protests in Romania. No confidence vote against the Romanian government. In: Zeit Online from February 8, 2017.
  56. ^ Romania: Clear the way for a referendum on corruption. In: Courier of February 13, 2017.
  57. ↑ Romania's parliament approves referendum on corruption. In: Der Spiegel from February 13, 2017.
  58. ↑ Cristina Bucur: [ Romania - President postpones anti-corruption referendum. ] In: presidential-power.com of March 15, 2017.
  59. ↑ a b Thousands In Romania Protest New Move To Pardon Acts Of Corruption . In: Radio Free Europe of May 4, 2017.
  60. ↑ Government parties overthrow their own prime minister. In: Der Spiegel from June 21, 2017.
  61. ↑ Parliament confirmed the new Romanian government. In: Der Standard from June 29, 2017.
  62. ↑ Peste 15.000 de persoane protestează în Piata Victoriei. Angajații SPP au securizat intrările in Guvern. In: Pro TV from February 1, 2017.
  63. ^ Radu-Sorin Marinas, Luiza Ilie: Romanians rally in biggest anti-corruption protest in decades . In: Reuters of February 2, 2017.
  64. ↑ Cristian Andrei: Live Protests la Guvern. Pests 5,000 de oameni cer demisia Guvernului și scandează “Noaptea ca hoții”, “Nu scăpați!”. In: Gândul of January 31, 2017.
  65. ↑ protest de la amploare noaptea trecută Iasi. In: Ziarul de Iași of February 1, 2017.
  66. ↑ Adriana with Vasile Măgrădean, Ilinca Nazarie: protests la Timişoara, Sibiu, Iasi, Arad, Ploiesti şi Cluj-Napoca faţă de deciziile Guvernului. In: Mediafax from January 31, 2017.
  67. ↑ Laura Balomiri, Gerald Schubert: Romanians resist corruption. In: derStandard.at of February 3, 2017.
  68. ↑ a b Violențe în Piața Victoriei. Jandarmii au intervenit în forță contra celor care au aruncat cu torțe și pietre. In: digi24.ro from February 1, 2017.
  69. ↑ Cătălina Barbu: Deputații și senatorii USR protestează la parliament. In: Agerpres of February 1, 2017.
  70. ↑ A patra zi de protests. Pests 300,000 de oameni au ieșit în stradă. In: digi24.ro from February 3, 2017.
  71. ↑ Anca Olteanu, Andreea Traicu: Mii de părinți și copii, protest în fața Guvernului: "Ei au venit cu huliganii, noi venim cu copiii". In: Mediafax of February 4, 2017.
  72. ↑ 25,000 de oameni, majoritatea veniți în marş din Piața Victoriei, au format un lanț uman în jurul Palatului Parlamentului. In: Pro TV from February 4, 2017.
  73. ↑ Protests de amploare in tara: Peste 170 de mii de oameni in strada in Cluj, Timisoara, Sibiu, Brasov, Craiova, Iasi, Constanta si old orase. In: hotnews.ro from February 4, 2017.
  74. ↑ A cincea zi de protest în Bucureşti. 170,000 de oameni, în stradă. Au strigat: "Anulaţi şi plecaţi". In: realitatea.net of February 4, 2017.
  75. ↑ 250,000 smartphones light up the night in massive anti-corruption protests in Romania. In: bgr.com from February 6th.
  76. ↑ Protest urias in Bucuresti, peste 100,000 de oameni in fata Guvernului, lumea striga "Demisia!" Proiectii laser pe cladirea Guvernului: "Nu cedati!" In: hotnews.ro of February 5, 2017.
  77. ^ Ziua a 6-a de Protests. 120,000 de oameni in Piaţa Victoriei. Ultimatumul Timişoarei pentru PSD. dated February 5, 2017.
  78. ↑ 500,000 demonstrate in Romania against the government. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of January 5, 2017.
  79. ↑ Hundreds of thousands in protests against Romania's government . In: derStandard.at of February 5, 2017.
  80. ↑ Half a million Romanians on the street . In: Spiegel Online from February 5, 2017.
  81. ↑ Almost half a million demonstrators in Romania on the streets . In: Swissinfo of February 5, 2017.
  82. ↑ a b Hundreds of thousands demonstrate against the government in Romania. In: Zeit Online from February 5, 2017.
  83. ↑ a b A saptea zi de protests. Around 20,000 de persoane s-au adunat in Piata Victoriei. Demisia, Jos Iordache, Jos Dragnea. In: hotnews.ro from February 6, 2017.
  84. ↑ A șaptea seară de proteste. 25,000 de oameni în Piața Victoriei. In: digi24.ro from February 6, 2017.
  85. ↑ Un nou protest va fi organizat luni in piata victoriei. In: digi24.ro from February 6, 2017.
  86. ↑ About 4,000 de persoane au protestat la Palatul Cotroceni, cerand demisia presedintelui Iohannis. DNA fara cucuvea. Oamenii au inceput sa plece. In: hotnews.ro from February 6, 2017.
  87. ^ Eighth day of protest against Romania's government. ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Boyens Medien, February 7, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.boyens-medien.de
  88. ^ Romania's President in Parliament. “Now rules. Enact laws! ” In: Tagesschau.de of February 7, 2017.
  89. ^ Romanian protests brave snow in 9th night. In: Herald Sun of February 9, 2017.
  90. ↑ About 100 de persoane protesteaza, pentru a patra zi consecutive, in fata Palatului Cotroceni. Klaus Iohannis a mers in mijlocul protestatarilor: Suntem cu totii Romani. In: hotnews.ro from February 8, 2017.
  91. ↑ Thousands against the government in Romania on the street. In: T-Online.de from February 9, 2017.
  92. ↑ Antigovernment Protests Set To Continue In Romania After 11 Days Of Rallies. In: Radio Free Europe of February 11, 2017.
  93. ↑ Romania's Senate President has to go to court. In: Deutsche Welle of February 10, 2017.
  94. ^ Anti-government protests continue in Romania. In: Aljazeera of February 12, 2017.
  95. ↑ Protests in Romania continue despite the cold. In: Salzburger Nachrichten of February 12, 2017.
  96. ^ Thousands Protest in Romania, Brave Frigid Temperatures. In: Voice of America, February 11, 2017.
  97. ↑ a b c Mass protests with a sea of ​​lights in Bucharest. In: Handelsblatt of February 12, 2017.
  98. ^ Romania: 13th day of govt protests draw tens of thousands. In: Fox News of February 12, 2017.
  99. ↑ James Dunn: Thousands take to the streets of Bucharest in the biggest anti-government protests in Romania since communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was executed. In: Daily Mail , February 2017.
  100. ↑ a b Romania: Protests after Parliament oks anti-graft referendum. In: The New York Times, February 13, 2017.
  101. ↑ Green light for Romania corruption referendum. ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Yahoo! News from February 14, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / au.news.yahoo.com
  102. ^ Romanian Protests Continue After Corruption Hearing Against Powerful Politician. In: Radio Free Europe of February 14, 2017.
  103. ^ Thomas Roser: Protests in Romania. There is no going back. In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten of February 21, 2017.
  104. ↑ a b Thousands of Romanians form EU flag at anti-government rally. In: eNCA of February 27, 2017.
  105. ^ Again protests against the government in Romania. In: derStandard.at of February 26, 2017.
  106. ↑ Thousands protest against government. In: Spiegel Online from March 6, 2017.
  107. ↑ Again protests by thousands of Romanians. In: derStandard.at of March 12, 2017.
  108. ^ Statement by President Klaus Johannis. In: Facebook from January 31, 2017.
  109. ^ A b Political crisis of confidence in Romania. In: Siebenbürgische Zeitung of February 14, 2017.
  110. ^ Comment on the opinion of the Minister of Commerce Florin Jianu. In: Facebook from February 1, 2017.
  111. ^ After mass protests. Romania's Minister of Justice resigns. In: Spiegel Online from February 9, 2017.
  112. ↑ Romania's government withdraws controversial regulation. In: Frankfurter Neue Presse from February 4, 2017.
  113. ↑ Even the vice head of state has to go to court. In: Handelsblatt of February 10, 2017.
  114. ↑ Șase țări partenere ale României cer Guvernului să nu "dea înapoi" lupta anticorupție. ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Agerpres of February 1, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agerpres.ro