Santuari de Sant Salvador
The Santuari de Sant Salvador ( Catalan ; Spanish Santuario de San Salvador ), also Eremita de San Salvador is located on the mountain Puig de Sant Salvador at an altitude of 509 meters near the town of Felanitx in the southeast of the Mediterranean island of Mallorca .
history
According to tradition, in the first half of the 14th century the hermit Romeo de Burguera lived in a cave, the Sa cova de s'Ermità, on the mountain. The origin of the (pilgrimage) church goes back to the year 1348. At that time the plague took away about a fifth of the population of Mallorca and about half of the inhabitants of Felanitx. Therefore, the community of Felanitx asked the bishop and the castle bailiff of the Castell de Santueri from King Pere IV of Aragón , who owned the mountain, for permission to build a chapel. This was approved and a simple chapel with a cistern was built in honor of Dios Nuestro Señor to thank the rest of the inhabitants . The king gave a foundation for reading the mass and the first frater is said to have been Pedro Bosch. The name Sant Salvador means "Holy Salvation / Redemption / Liberation" .
In 1601 a brotherhood was founded and the chapel and hermitage soon became a place of pilgrimage .
The current church was built between 1707 and 1734 . The exterior architectural style of the entire complex from the 18th century resembles a fortress . In the event of danger, it also functioned as a place of escape .
In 1824 three hermits lived in the monastery inn. In 1851 the hermits gave up permanent settlement because the living conditions were too harsh for them. Religious came from the region only temporarily or for religious reasons.
The city of Felanitx, which until then was the owner of Sant Salvador, auctioned the site in 1885. The new owner was Don Juan Antonio Puig y Montserrat (1813-1894), born in Felanitx, who was bishop of Puerto Rico. He then handed the system over to the diocese of Mallorca.
In 1891 the municipality of Felanitx and the prelate of the diocese of Mallorca decided the pastoral care and administration of the Santuari de Sant Salvador to the Mallorcan Congregación de Ermitaños de San Pablo y San Antonio ( Congregation of the Hermits of St. Paul and St. Anthony ), a mendicant order , represented by Canónigo D. Mateo Alzamora , pastor from Pollença , and so new hermits moved in.
1923–1927 the serpentine high road was built and in 1964 paved. The planning and implementation work was carried out by Miguel Rigo y Puig from Felanitx from 1917 to 1923. A memorial plaque was dedicated to him in 1956.
On September 8, 1934, the pilgrimage church was returned to the possession of the parish Felanitx by the bishop of the diocese of Mallorca and by Pope Pius XI. granted the privilege of performing the solemn coronation of Mary on the statue of Mary through a high mass , a special religious ceremony .
Until 1992 the place of pilgrimage was looked after and administered by the Congregation of the Hermits of St. Paul and St. Anthony.
Since 1992 the hostel has been run by two Majorcan families who run a restaurant here and rent out the rooms. The building and the land belong to the diocese of Mallorca.
church
The first church was donated to Christ . Its precious altar , which has been in a side chapel on the right-hand side since 1716 and whose origin and origin is not exactly clear, is significant in terms of art history . The bas-relief made of sandstone is 2.70 m high and 2.40 m wide. According to older sources, it is said to have been created by Guillem Sagrera (or from this school) around 1553 . Other sources named the Mallorcan sculptor Huguet Barxa as the author. In 2018, an examination of the adhering polychrome pigments made it possible to clearly assign the creation to the lifetime of Huguet Barxa, who cut it in stone between 1448 and 1453. The painting comes from the painter Juan Marsol. The relief was originally made for a chapel in the Church of San Miquel in Felanitx.
The relief shows the passion , crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ . Below is a predella with the Last Supper . In the center is a crucified Christ . A sequence of six images can be seen on the left and right, which is considered an archetypal representation of the Passio Imaginis Salvatoris (Passion of the Image). The following background: In the year 765 a Jew in the then Syrian Beirut (Greek Βηρυτός, Latin Berytus) desecrated a Christian image of the crucifixion and blood is said to have emerged from the image. As a result of this blood miracle , the churches in the east and in the west are said to have (again) received more support from believers . From generation to generation, the story of the Passio imaginis (Salvatoris) and the resentments contained therein have been passed on in literature . In the High Middle Ages , the Christian ritual murder legend against the Jews emerged and the thesis of the murder of God was consolidated .
In the sculpture , the discrediting was indicated and conveyed by the representation of people in the typical outward appearance of the Jews, to be read as having been (co-) perpetrators, as well as ambiguity as in the picture below left. It shows the scene "Jesus is nailed to the cross" . At the same time, this image can also be understood as a ritual torture (recrucification) of the image of Christ by a Jew, thus as a reprehensible crime or sacrilege .
The cult-like veneration of the passion of the picture on 9/10. November was widespread in Spain. In the 16th century worship of the Passion of the Image was widespread in Mallorca. There were chapels and portraits in Palma in the cathedral, Santa Eulalia, San Jaime, San Miguel, as well as Santa Catalina and San Nicolás in Portopí, in Deià, Felanitx, Inçà, Manacor, Montuïri, Petra, Pollença, Porreres, Sóller etc. 1570 Pope Pius V , who viewed such customs as detrimental , ordered and published several changes to the Missale Romanum , the Latin missal of the Roman rite . After that, worship of the Passion of the Image also declined in the chapel of the Church of San Miguel in Felanitx. Between 1576 and 1589, according to old sources, the relief of Felanitx was moved up to the basilica on Sant Salvador.
The worship of the Mother of God on Sant Salvador goes back to the 15th century. According to legend, a shepherd was surprised to find a gleaming image of the Mother of God in the bushes on a summer night and was commissioned by an angel to carry the statuette up the mountain. An inventory from 1486 shows a chapel with two portraits of Mary, an ex voto and a statuette. In 1572 it was first mentioned as Nostra Senyora de Sant Salvador or as la Mare de Déu de Sant Salvador. The former church was enlarged in the 16th century. Over time, the pilgrimage site turned into a Marian shrine . This is evidenced by numerous votive pictures and devotional objects . Since the earlier church was no longer able to cope with the rising stream of pilgrims, today's large church with several side chapels was built between 1707 and 1715. On August 24, 1716, the large church was officially consecrated to Mare de Déu de Sant Salvador . So the dedication was changed .
The high altar in the apse shows a Gothic statuette of Mary with child , which dates from the 15th century and is only about 50 cm high. In the 18th century, the baroque figures and decorations were added by the sculptor Pere Coronero. The apse was redesigned between 1934 and 1942. The beautiful alabaster retable was made by the Mallorcan sculptor Tomàs Vila Mayol in 1942 for the city of Felanitx. The inscriptions on it describe the meaning of Mary and are the names of the Blessed Mother and invocations taken from the Lauretanian litany : Salve Regina ( Greetings! Queen ), Mater Misericordiae (Mother of Mercy ), Mater Salvadoris ( Mother of the Redeemer ), Salus Infirmorum ( Heil of the sick ), Refugium Peccatorum ( refuge of sinners ), Consolatrix Lictorum ( consolation of the afflicted ), Auxilium Christinaorum ( help of Christians ). Ave Maria ora (pro nobis peccatoribus) (Greetings / Farewell, Mary, pray for us sinners). The pilgrims walk up side stairs to just below the statue of the Virgin Mary, the religious genius loci .
The marble altar in the presbytery was consecrated in 1963.
For a fee, the Madonna and the altar area are automatically illuminated in different light settings for about 4 minutes and music from Tannhäuser by Richard Wagner is played. (worth seeing)
A light phenomenon can appear in February and October. The sun rising and low in the east in the morning shines through a rose window and bathes the statue of Mary in the church in a mystical glow for a few minutes .
In the entrance area there is a nativity scene in an imitated cave, in which three scenes are depicted around the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem (search for a hostel, adoration of the shepherds, 3 kings).
The patronage is celebrated on September 8th, the day of the birth of Mary . At the same time, a special Holy Mass , the coronació de la Mare de Déu , is celebrated. The Mary statuette is in the Eucharist ritual with a delicate halo decorated.
Above the portal in the courtyard there is a portrait of the Madonna of unknown origin. In front of the church there are hundreds of small gifts, souvenirs and photos with which people thanked God that they were freed from an illness etc.
The poems of the Mallorcan poets Mateu Obrador (1852–1909) and Mn. Llorenç Riber (1881-1958) the foundation 's myth .
Pilgrimage route and chapel
In Felanitx, on Carrer de l'Hospici , a hospice belonging to the pilgrimage church used to house the numerous pilgrims who wanted to go up to the Mare de Déu de Sant Salvador. The pilgrimage route leads from Felanitx over the cami vell de Sant Salvador to the large stone cross at the foot of the mountain at 207 m altitude (parking lot, about 1.5 km on the road) and from there through the pine forest on the north slope up the mountain. Initially the path, known as el Camino for short , is wide and partly paved, above it is steep and narrow.
Halfway up the mountain is the Mare Déu del Bon Pastor chapel (39ºN 27.346 / 03ºE 10.963), called la Capellata for short , where, according to legend, the statuette of the Mother of God was found by a shepherd. The neo-Romanesque chapel was founded in 1910 under Mn. Antoni M. Alcover and was the replacement for an older chapel from the 16th century, which is said to have been richly decorated with azulejos.
Opposite the chapel the old way of the cross begins with a staircase , of which 13 stations with azulejo pictures from the 16th century have been preserved. The pedra dels Perdons (Rock of Forgiveness) is located on the old path . According to legend, a giant's house was previously located there.
hostel
In the entrance area of the former monastery and the restaurant there is a relief of the Last Supper , which is a replica of the original above the Puerta del Mirador of the La Seu Cathedral in Palma . There are also six world championship jerseys on display, which Guillermo Timoner won between 1955 and 1965 in the standing race of the track cyclists, who came from Felanitx and trained regularly at Sant Salvador.
The twelve rooms available for rent in the hostel were renovated in 2002.
Cristo Rei Monument
On the southern part of the summit plateau there is a monument of Christ Pantocrator (Cristo Rei), recognizable by the Christ the King statue , the monogram " IHS " and the inscription "Iesus Christ Rex". The laying of the foundation stone and blessing took place on May 20, 1928. Construction stalled due to financial problems and lasted until 1934.
The monument is 37 m high and carries a 7 m high sculpture made of blackened bronze . The statue shows Christ standing upright and graciously stretching out his right hand, his head adorned with a crown and surrounded by a halo containing the Latin inscription "Rex Regum (et) Dominus Dominantium" (King of kings and Lord of the rulers) . The statue was created according to several sources in Spanish by the Mallorcan sculptor Francesc Salvà (1892-), according to other, more recent sources, by the Mallorcan sculptor Tomàs Vila Mayol (1893–1963). Under the monument is an altar with the inscription Tu Rex Gloriae, Christe (You are King of Glory, Christ) or (You, God, we praise) from the Te Deum . The inauguration took place on July 1, 1934 by Dr. José Miralles y Sbert, Bishop of the Diocese of Mallorca. This is shown by his coat of arms, which is attached about halfway up the monument.
In the base of the monument there is a chapel for prayer and meditation (not open to the public). The chapel contains the mortal remains of Canónigo D. Mateo Alzamora, who had the monument built at his own expense, and five hermits from the Santuari de Sant Salvador.
Due to the strong aesthetic contrast of the religious monument with its reactionary and brutal appearance in the Spanish Herrera style (late Renaissance, Reconquista and Counter-Reformation) to the simple architectural style of the monastery, the monument was controversial among the population, but today it is very popular.
Puig de Milá - stone cross
On the Puig des Milá (478 m), which is located about 250 meters from the summit plateau north of the Puig de Sant Salvador and is slightly lower, there is the Creu de Picot or more precisely Creu d'Es Picot . A short, narrow footpath leads up there. Es Picot is a vulgar name and means "woodpecker". The Spanish inscription reads: cermans aouests bracós semper oberts per a tothom ( Keep your arms open to the brothers always for anything, August 25, 1957). The stone cross is 14 meters high and was erected in 1957. It replaced two earlier ones that had been destroyed by bad weather and storms. The first wooden cross was erected towards the end of the 19th century. The second metal cross existed between 1927 and 1951.
Directions
The access to the summit plateau on the Puig de Sant Salvador is via the MA-4011, a 5.5 km long serpentine road that branches off the MA-4010 road from Felanitx to Portocolom at 135 m and climbs steadily over about 375 m. The serpentine road, called la Carretera for short , has several beautiful viewpoints. The parking spaces at the large stone cross on the Puig de Milá from 1957 and the Christo-Rei monument from 1934 are popular. The road with gradients of 5% to 15% ends at the summit plateau at 509 m.
You can also take the Red Bus from the private bus company ( TIB ) to Felanitx every day. From there a bus drives five times a day to the summit plateau or you can go on a hike up.
Hike
The marked path follows the old pilgrimage route. The pavement crosses and touches the street dozens of times. Alternatively, the hike can also be done as a round via the path to Puig de Milá. For drivers, the hike usually begins and ends at the large stone cross at the foot of the mountain at an altitude of 207 m (parking lot, about 1.5 km by road).
Lookout point
The Puig de Sant Salvador and the Puig des Milá are two lookout points (mirador) that allow a wide panoramic view of almost the entire island. From the northwest to the northeast you can see the Serra de Tramuntana , in the north Felanitx , Pollença and to Alcúdia in the northeast. In the south you can see Portocolom and Cala d'Or . In the southwest the view extends to the island of Cabrera .
North view
View to the west
View to the south to the coast
Hill climb
The Pujada Sant Salvador , a rally hill climb over 4.2 kilometers, has been held here since 2005 .
Triathlon
The climb to the Puig de Sant Salvador is part of the Triatlón 111 y 55 over the 111 km distance (1 km swimming, 100 km cycling, 10 km running) that has been taking place since 2013.
literature
- Historia Santuario Sant Salvador , written by D. Jorge Veyñ y Maymó, Felanitx, Mallorca, 1884, 20 pages
- Historia del Santuario de Sant Salvador , Jorge Veny y Maymó, 1892, 16 pages
- Novena a la Ssma. Virgen de San Salvador de Felanitx , Impr. De Bartolomé Reus, Mallorca, 1905, 31 pages
- Historia del Santuario del Ntra. Sra. de S. Salvador Felanitx , Miguel Oliver Bordoy, Imp. de M. Nicolau, 1934, 124 pages, 17 × 12.5 cm
- Historia del Santuario del Ntra. Sra. de S. Salvador Felanitx , Luici Bordese, Imp. de M. Nicolau, 1934, 124 pages, 18 × 13 cm
- Monografía histórico-descriptiva del santuario, imagen y coronación de Nuestra Señora de San Salvador , Miguel Oliver Bordoy, 1934, 122 pages
- Recuerdo del Santuario de Ntra. Sra. de San Salvador , Imp. Cóndor. J. Llopis, Felanitx, Mallorca, ca.1935, 47 photographs
- Mallorca Eremítica , written by a hermit, Spanish, Palma de Mallorca, 1965, 248 pages
- santuario de san salvador - retablo passio imaginis , Spanish, Felanitx-Mallorca, 1968
- El Passio Imaginis , Juan Cerda, 1960
- Passio Imaginis , Miguel Pons, 1970, Felanitx, 9 pages
- Castell de Santueri - Puig de Sant Salvador (Felanitx) , Rutes Amagades Mallorca No. 59, travel guide with map and photos (b / w), Spanish, Palma de Mallorca, 1973, online link (94 MByte)
- Santuarios marianos de Baleares , by José Amengual i Batle, Spanish, Editiones Encuentro, Madrid, 1997, 200 pages online link
- La Passio Imaginis y la adaptativa militancia apologética de las imágenes en la Edad Media y Moderna a través del caso valenciano , Luis Arciniega García, 2012
- Recrucificando a Cristo: los judíos de la Passio Imaginis en la Isla de Mallorca , Carlos Espí Forcén, 2009
- Monastery guide Mallorca , by Diego Costello, Edition Aegidios Diaz, 2010 online link
Web links
- Video link (Puig Sant Salvador de Felanitx Mallorca by Skyeye Hoogstraten)
- Video-Link (Via Ma4011 to Santueri Sant Salvador de Felanitx by Udo Krug)
- Video link (Puig Sant Salvador de Felanitx Mallorca desde el cielo)
- Video link (Santuario sant Salvador Inspire 1)
- www.bergfex.at/Puig de Sant Salvador from Cala d'Or
- trailrunningmallorca.es/Puig de Sant Salvador i Camí de Santueri
- Video link ("la Mare de Déu Il·luminada", felanitx.tv, October 30, 2015)
- Felanitx: Santuari de Sant Salvador. Retrieved April 7, 2015 .
Coordinates: 39 ° 27 ′ 20 ″ N , 3 ° 11 ′ 8 ″ E
Individual evidence
- ↑ books.google.at/Historia general del Reino de Mallorca, 1841, Juan Dameto, Miguel Moragues Pro, Joaquín María Bover, page 610
- ↑ felanitx.org/Routen
- ↑ Improvement of the road to Sant Salvador, report on the work carried out between 1917 and 1923 to realize it
- ↑ Memorial plaque for Miguel Rigo y Puig, 1956
- ^ A b Diego Costello: Monastery Guide Mallorca. Mallorca 2010, ISBN 978-1-4457-9044-2 , p. 39 f. (on-line)
- ↑ Gabriel Llompart: Huguet Barxa, author del retablo del Passio Imaginis de Felanitx. Archivo español de arte, AEArt 50 (1977), pages 328-335
- ↑ books.google.at/Conserving Cultural Heritage, 2018, page 79
- ^ Martyrologia, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. Vat. Lat., 1192, 18th fols. 29r-31v: Passio imaginis Salvatoris que acta est in Beritho et colitur a fidelibus;
- ↑ De sanctarum reliquiarum cultu, veneratione, ac miraculis , Carl Stengel, 1624, page 179
- ↑ Legend of the Passion of the Image, Anastasius, Librarian, 872
- ↑ Anastasius Bibliothecarius, 872, de miraculum imaginis Beryti
- ^ The sermon of Giordano da Pisa on the feast of the "Passio imaginis Salvatoris" 1304 in Florence
- ↑ The Passio imaginis Christi was published on 9/10. November in many Spanish missals of the years 1496, 1499, 1500, 1502, 1509, 1524, 1543, 1561, 1564, 1569 in the liturgical calendar
- ↑ Luis Arciniega Garcia, La Passio Imaginis, 2012, page 74, source reference: FN 45
- ↑ diariodemallorca.es 11.01.2010
- ↑ www.ultimahora.es/30.10.2014
- ↑ www.mallorcazeitung.es/13.02.2015
- ↑ www.mallorcazeitung.es/29.10.2015
- ↑ www.lineaverdefelanitx.org
- ↑ upmarededeu.com
- ↑ www.agenciabaleria.com
- ↑ viufelanitx.com
- ^ Mateu Obrador, poem
- ↑ Mn. Llorenç Riber, poem
- ↑ www.diariodemallorca.es/Rutas y excursiones / El puig de Sant Salvador
- ↑ Source: Santuarios marianos de Baleares, 1997
- ↑ blogspot.com/Book "Mallorca eremitic", 1965
- ↑ sites.google.com
- ↑ Source: mallorcaphotoblog.com, 2011
- ↑ Source: artifexbalear.org, 2006
- ^ Nana Claudia Nenzel, Rolf Goetz: ADAC Travel Guide Mallorca. 1998, ISBN 3-87003-640-0 , p. 55.
- ↑ wiktionary.org/picot
- ^ Creu des Picot, photo from 1933
- ↑ tib.org/buses to Felanitx and Sant Salvador
- ↑ moovitapp.com
- ↑ outdooractive.com/Wanderrunde to Sant Salvador and Puig de Milá
- ^ Pujada Sant Salvador, list of winners
- ↑ triathlonportocolom.net, photo galleries