Spanish flu in Carinthia

Father in the war, mother in the sick bed, sisters bury the sister. Illustration from the Illustrierte Kronen Zeitung on the Spanish flu of December 2, 1918

The Spanish flu was a global influenza - pandemic , the 1918 and 1919 in Carinthia claimed at least 1,200 lives. Most of the deaths occurred during the autumn wave in October and November 1918. Due to the First World War and the break-up of Austria-Hungary , the population had almost no state support in coping with the pandemic. The extent of the disease in Carinthia can be traced on the basis of individual reports. In addition to the existential experiences as a front country, the Spanish flu is hardly present in the collective Carinthian memory as the “sister of the war”.

No valid data

Dangerous for young people. U.S. Age Mortality for 1911–1917 (dashed) and 1918 Pandemic Year (solid)

Valid numbers for infected people and fatalities for Austria-Hungary are not available for various reasons. The entire supply and medical resources of the monarchy were tied up by the world war. A statistical recording of the number of victims was not possible due to a lack of diagnostic methods. The virus itself was unknown and undetectable. The symptoms of secondary infections with bacteria ( staphylococci ), which cause pneumonia or pleurisy, or superinfections were particularly evident . There was only an obligation to report in exceptional cases for a limited time and place. Exact knowledge of the spread was lacking. It is assumed that the unusually virulent derivative of the influenza virus was responsible for at least 25 million, but probably for almost 50 million deaths worldwide (out of a world population of around 1.65 billion). Globally, there were around twice as many deaths as in the First World War. In states directly involved in the war, such as Austria-Hungary, the war losses were much higher.

In Switzerland , according to official statistics, 24,449 people died of the Spanish flu (0.62 percent of the population), although there is also a high number of unreported cases due to the lack of medical reporting. Due to the war there was almost no individual travel. It was assumed that soldiers got infected through contact with enemy soldiers on the Italian front and initially suspected a consequence of the use of poison gas. Estimates of the number of victims for Germany amount to around 426,600.

Due to the dissolution of the bureaucratic structures of the monarchy, estimating the number of victims for the successor states of Austria-Hungary is even more difficult. It is currently assumed that almost 21,000 people died of the Spanish flu in the Republic of Austria by 1919. Around 18,500 died in 1918 and a further 2,400 in 1919. If this number is applied proportionally to Carinthia, there were around 1,200 deaths there. For Vienna it is assumed for the period from September 1 to October 19, 1918 at least 180,000 sick people (2.2 million inhabitants) and 3,125 dead.

The disease and high mortality among young adults was also observed in Austria. At that time this was associated with a possible immunity of the elderly due to the flu epidemic of the influenza pandemic from 1889 to 1895 . As far as we know today, the cause could also have been a stronger immune reaction in younger people. It was also recognized that very young children were also little affected.

Reporting under military censorship

"Everyone has influenza" (caricature from 1893)

The Austro-Hungarian war censorship prevented too detailed reporting on the epidemic. The name Spanish Influenza goes back to more liberal censorship in neutral Spain, or to the fact that the monarch Alfonso XIII. and part of his cabinet was shaken with fever.

Based on genetic analyzes, it is now assumed that the virus began in the US state of Kansas , where an avian flu virus spread via pigs to humans. The virus reached Europe with the American troop transports during World War II. In American war propaganda, the German Empire was blamed for having delivered poisoned canned food or contaminated aspirin tablets.

Due to the censorship of the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry , the newspaper articles in the early phase are kept general and short. The focus of the reports was on those who had severe and brief disease but soon recovered. If there is talk of the dead, then only abroad. In October and November 1918, the secrecy and reporting of the newspapers about the Spanish flu ended. In the phase of the collapse of the state and the associated cessation of censorship, newspaper articles became much more extensive and described fates. Private obituaries were also possible. Up until 1927, print media were the only way to provide Carinthians with broad information. Only then did the radio come.

Historical epidemics, also known as 'lightning catarrh', were rarely mentioned. In the wake of rumors of shortages in the burial at the Vienna Central Cemetery, a report about the flu in 1838 appeared in several newspapers, which is documented in the records of the parish chronicle of the Teplá Monastery in western Bohemia . Back then, up to 15 people died a day. "In London and Paris the mortality rate was so great that the number of gravediggers and the space of the cemeteries was no longer sufficient." Historical compilations of the history of the flu, such as that which appeared in several newspapers in 1857, were apparently undesirable.

Death books as a source

There were no central death registers before the war either, so the parish's local death registers must be used. Diseases are (mostly) listed in the column “Disease and type of death”, but not standardized. The quality of the entries depends on the diagnosis of the local doctor in charge or the pastor keeping records . The “types of death” for victims of the Spanish flu are, for example, “flu”, “Spanish flu”, “Spanish disease”, “pneumonia”, “flu, pneumonia” or “Spanish flu and pneumonia”, “pulmonary tuberculosis” or “pneumonia (span . Flu) ". In the Slovenian death registers, the disease is called “Španska bolezen”, “Vnjetje pljuč”, “Hripa in pljučnica”, “Influenca pljucnica” or simply “Hripa”.

There were no newspaper reports about the deaths in most of the Carinthian villages. Here the death books are the only source. A few more remote villages are examples: St. Lorenzen in der Reichenau (approx. 8 dead), Kaning (2 dead), Maria Luggau (1 dead), St. Margareten im Rosental (approx. 8 dead) or Zell (approx. 15 dead ).

Unknown routes of distribution

Aspirin was considered a “miracle cure”, but was hardly available because of the export ban imposed by the German Reich

Due to the war, business trips or tourism were not relevant channels of distribution. The main carriers ( superspreaders ) were soldiers on home leave or later returnees or soldiers passing through after the end of the war and, above all, children returning home from secondary schools. "There are also numerous cases among military personnel and even more numerous in school." For example, the St. Paul High School in Lavanttal, which has a large supraregional catchment area, was continued despite 128 sick students. Even if the schools were closed, it was far too late. From Völkermarkt it was reported: “Most of the students who came home from Klagenfurt due to the closure of all schools are now sick themselves.” Among the sick and dead were prisoners of war who had to do forced labor in agriculture. After the end of the war, some took the disease with them from Carinthia to their home countries.

They knew about the high level of contagion of the disease, but saw no way of enforcing assembly bans, isolation or reporting obligations. A lockdown was considered impossible. The closing of meeting places or school blocks took place decentrally, hesitantly or not at all, depending on the discretion of the local authorities. The already long-suffering economy was strictly against it. B. the cinema owners. Open coffeehouses and inns were also demanded by private individuals because they were heated. As in St. Veit, newspapers demanded school closings. In Klagenfurt, schools were closed around All Saints' Day in 1918, but theaters and cinemas were not. The City Theater Klagenfurt was finally closed for 12 days.

Official instructions on how to behave via announcements or advertisements in daily newspapers did not take place. References to the importance of hygienic measures such as hand washing were very rare, explanations about self-protection almost never.

Due to the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, there are no official statements from the authorities on the pandemic. In the middle of the autumn wave of 1918, the Republic of German Austria was proclaimed on November 12th . The remaining infrastructure, such as the railroad (for patient transport), suffered severely from the staff shortages caused by the flu. The local railways were also necessary so that the starving townspeople could stock up on food from the farmers, which was not always legal. It is reported from the Gailtal that farming families who died from the flu were unable to guard their fields at night, which is why they were heavily looted. Looting was a life-threatening undertaking, as the war meant that anyone who wanted to had access to weapons and the police were only partially operational.

Due to the large number of newspaper articles, Lower Carinthia seems to have been more affected at first, but this could also depend on the proximity to the newspaper editorial offices in Klagenfurt. Later in autumn 1918, cases of illness were reported from Upper Carinthia . The reports about remote areas in Carinthia and today's South Tyrol were late. The timing of the pandemic in Styria was very similar to that in Carinthia.

No cures

The Ministry of Public Health expected the disease to be introduced from Switzerland as early as August 1918. Austria-Hungary appealed to the allied German Reich to loosen the export bans and also to deliver aspirin and antipyretic agents to Austria. However, the Red Cross was unable to provide aspirin in sufficient quantities. 4,500 kg of aspirin were obtained from Germany. A rationed distribution through pharmacies was planned to prevent hamster purchases and surreptitious trafficking. That didn't work at first. Single tablets were sold in restaurants for 1 crown each. Free sales were only banned in the Republic in March 1920. Alcohol was considered a possible remedy by the population, but due to the high war taxes it was a luxury and unaffordable. Little was written about home remedies in the print media. A priest from Zealand got infected during the often necessary accidental visits (house calls) during the pandemic because the sacrament of death is very important in the Roman Catholic Church . He reported in a Klagenfurt girls' newspaper that in three hours he had received three cups of cow-warm milk, each with a "tablespoon full of ground gunpowder", which would have made him free of fever the following day. Envelopes with vinegar towels should also have helped him.

First wave in Carinthia in summer 1918

During the time that is referred to as the first wave of the epidemic, there are almost no flu cases in Carinthia that were attributed to the Spanish flu. But it is very likely that the influenza was occasionally brought back to the hometown by front vacationers. In the daily press there are reports of flu cases in other countries, in Carinthia the first talk of the "Spanish flu" is at the end of August. There is no writing of the dead. When reporting, it must be taken into account that the newspapers were subject to military censorship due to the war.

June 22

First report on Spanish disease in Innsbruck (47 cases) and Vienna . Symptoms are described as serious but not fatal. The most important drug is aspirin . The influenza is described as very contagious. "It seems that the 'Spanish disease' was carried to the northern countries by the south winds." It is reminiscent of a flu epidemic in 1868 that started in Trento and there was no house without sick people. Two days later it is said from Innsbruck that the 'Kripp' continues to increase strongly.

July 1

The Neue Wiener Tagblatt reports. In Germany there are cases of illness in Berlin, Nuremberg and Hesse. Paris and Geneva have been badly hit and London has "turned into a single infirmary". It is reminiscent of the epidemic of 1889, on the whole it is believed by doctors that it will disappear more quickly, "without leaving any serious consequences." In Paris there was speculation that the disease might not come from German poison gas.

July 4th

First newspaper report in a Carinthian daily newspaper. The Spanish disease is spreading throughout the empire. There are 3,000 people affected in Berlin. In Karlsruhe, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen a third of the population is infected. It says, “The disease generally takes a benign course; serious cases are rare. ”It is reported from Vienna that the disease came to the city with soldiers from Tyrol. In addition to the cities listed in the Free Votes , we know of infections in Bonn, Koblenz, in the Saar area and in the east around Danzig.

A very early, irresponsibly formulated newspaper report about Taggenbrunn near St. Veit from August 31, 1918

July 27th

In Switzerland, 11,500 soldiers were infected by mid-June, 6,800 of whom were in treatment and around 110 died. The Federal Council orders that all gatherings of people are prohibited. There are rumors among the Austrian population that the pulmonary plague has broken out in Switzerland, which is why a “strict” border barrier was imposed. An investigation showed that the purulent pneumonia was caused by the Spanish flu, which is why the border barrier was lifted.

August 31

A report in the "Kärntner Zeitung", which was previously formulated in a non-serious manner, mentions the disease in Taggenbrunn , St. Peter parish near Sankt Veit an der Glan . It is said that there is hardly a family that did not get the Spanish flu “to turn entire dwellings into a hospital. No age, no class spared the angry woman flu. Fortunately, it is much more harmless than it behaves. ”The first fatality that can be explicitly assigned to the Spanish flu in the death register was a toddler who died in mid-October of“ Spanish flu and pneumonia ”. From the end of October the flu claimed at least 12 deaths in the parish of St. Peter. But there are also deaths caused by the dysentery .

Second wave "autumn wave" 1918 in Carinthia

During the second wave in the last weeks of the First World War and after the end of the war, most deaths were recorded in Carinthia.

October 1918

In October 1918, 133 people fell ill in the St. Paul Collegiate High School

October 3

Several families are affected in the Wolfsberg area , in particular an inn and a bakery in St. Jakob . From Budapest it was reported: " The number of diseases is more than 100,000, many of which have a fatal outcome."

5th October

There were early reports of deaths in Viennese medical journals, information that was hardly accessible to the broad Carinthian population. While in Vienna there are usually around 50 deaths from pneumonia every month, in the first half of September there were already 112. In Carinthia it is reported from St. Sebastian near Sankt Georgen am Längsee that the Spanish flu is raging. In Launsdorf the dysentery has now also occurred, which has already claimed one death.

Example of a report from October 27, 1918 from St. Marein

8th October

In Vienna, due to the many illnesses, the elementary and community schools are initially closed for eight days. Middle school classes are closed when more than 15% have the flu. The obligation to report illness in Vienna is introduced and an emergency hospital is set up.

October 10th

199 people died in Vienna in the fourth week of September, 87 more than the week before. Favorites is particularly affected. Large urban companies are struggling with staff shortages. A medical officer anonymously points out the lack of (the already rationed) milk as an important food for the sick and, above all, the lack of hospital beds in Vienna. All theaters and cinemas will be closed in Lower Austria.

October 18

In Klagenfurt and the surrounding area “there is almost no family left in which at least one or two members are not afflicted by this sometimes serious condition.” The disease is spreading “to an ever greater extent” in Spittal an der Drau . The schools will be closed for a week. In Pisweg in the Gurktal , too , the Spanish flu has "already settled in individual families".

In the last week of October 1918, four people died in Sankt Margareten im Rosental from Spanish disease and two from pneumonia

the 20th of October

In Villach, at least 10 people died of the flu in the first half of October. From 17th, all after-school care centers, kindergartens and schools were closed until further notice. In St. Martin near Villach there are only a few houses without the sick but still no dead. The schools will be closed until All Saints Day. From Capodistria in the coastal country (today Koper ) it was reported that the members of an entire family had died.

October 21

In the Stiftsgymnasium St. Paul im Lavanttal , classes were held from October 21 to November 5 with an emergency timetable. "Five professors and 128 students, including 86 internal, were affected by the disease." Nevertheless, there was no closure.

October 22nd

Almost every house in Klagenfurt is affected. In the second week of October there were 23 deaths, in the current week there were already 26. However, due to the lack of reporting requirements, there are no exact figures, but there is a high risk of infection. The subject of conversation in Klagenfurt was the discovery that soldiers who had died of flu lay naked in their coffins. Corpse bats had taken the last of them.

In Eberstein the flu is spreading "devastatingly. The people are malnourished and not resilient. ”Now all entertainment venues (cinemas, theaters, meeting rooms) and churches are also closed in Vienna .

October 25

In Vienna there are around 1,000 deaths from the flu every week. Surreptitious trafficking in aspirin is flourishing. The writer, theology professor and leader of the Christian Social Party Franz Sommeregger died in Klagenfurt. In Budapest there were 14,796 deaths in the first half of October. Now theaters, cinemas and entertainment venues are also closed in the Hungarian provincial cities.

October 26th

From Völkermarkt it is reported: "In our city the illnesses of Spanish flu occur in a very terrifying way, so that in most houses one or more people are infected and some deaths have already been recorded." The disease also affected Russian prisoners of war. "Many seriously ill people had to be taken to the hospital in Klagenfurt."

October 27

In Velden am Wörthersee , the elementary school was closed because of the epidemic. The head teacher had also been hit. In St. Marein im Lavanttal there are reports of the Streißnig family, Hofbauer in Maildorf, where the father and daughter died who had brought the disease with them from the commercial school in Klagenfurt.

In Vienna there were rumors "that in the Viennese cemeteries, due to a lack of staff and due to the high mortality rate, countless corpses lie in the cemetery for days in the cemetery". The rumors are described as exaggerated, but it is acknowledged that the large number of people drafted into the war makes it difficult to keep an orderly funeral service going. Prisoners of war were used and ultimately the military were asked to help. In the course of these rumors, a report about the flu in 1838 appeared in several newspapers, about which there were records in the parish chronicle of the Teplá Monastery.

October 29th

In Vienna, the number of daily flu cases rose in the five weeks from September 8 from 77 to 121, 227, 364 and most recently 814. Only 2,600 beds are available for the city of two million. Event locations are closed, now also in Lower Austria. A woman and a soldier died in Völkermarkt.

30th of October

In Glanegg the flu is "getting worse every day, this eerie guest has already returned to almost every farmstead." The organist and choirmaster has just been carried to the grave.

October 31

From Friesach it is said that the Spanish flu has "spread heavily here and in the surrounding area, especially on the farms, and has even claimed a few lives." The painter Egon Schiele , who was still little known at the time and who is now the most prominent Austrian flu victim, died in Vienna . His wife had died a few days before him. The list of those who died in Klagenfurt in the second half of October includes 13 flu cases.

November 1918

The already virtually non-existent national disease management becomes completely impossible due to the collapse of Old Austria at the end of October 1918 through the establishment of Czechoslovakia , the SHS state and the state of German Austria and the defection of Galicia , Hungary's exit from the Real Union on October 31, 1918.

November 1st

In St. Salvator (Friesach) there are sick people in almost every house in the parish and there have been four deaths in the last four days. There is also the owner of the commonly known Neubauer estate in Stegsdorf, whose wife is also sick. The master carpenter commonly known as Staudacher died in Millstatt. There were at least seven other victims in the Millstatt parish. In the death register information on the causes of death "flu", "pneumonia" and "pulmonary tuberculosis" are given. In Klagenfurt the schools were already closed, but not theaters or cinemas. The music director Leo Dobrowolni, head of the music association for Carinthia, died of the flu.

After the end of the war, private obituaries can again be reported in November 1918

November 5th

From Völkermarkt it is said: “The Spanish flu illnesses are so prevalent among the urban population that it is starting to get really scary. Young people who were healthy and strong 14 days ago gave the last escort to a deceased friend, today, carried away by this plague, are lying in their graves themselves. ”A lot of the dead are listed by name. The commonly known Höflinger died in Kraig and soon afterwards the cow girl, the ninth victim in the community. In the school chronicle of the Seeboden elementary school it was recorded that lessons could only be resumed after a two-week ban. There is a certain amount of unrest in the place because of the passage of troops. There are also reports of Austrian prisoners of war who survived the war but then died of the flu. According to the Lieseregg parish chronicle (1918), the Spanish flu kills 15 people in Seeboden. The Seebodner cadastral community of Treffling was less affected. Four people died there. The school was closed from November 5th to 21st.

November 8th

It is reported from Vienna that the flu has "almost completely subsided". There are new infections only from returning soldiers.

November 10th

A master saddler's wife died in Möllbrücke. The official armistice came on November 11th.

November 13th

In Seeboden am Millstätter See , a family of factory workers was hard hit by fate. The husband and older son died in the war, the mother and the younger child died of the flu. In Winklern in Mölltal a Hungarian train soldier and a farmer's son died of the "Spanish". There are reports of many war returnees moving north who, which was not taken for granted, behaved peacefully. A gendarme died in Annabichl. In Steuerberg, a Polish prisoner of war fell “victim to the treacherous flu” just before his return home. In Dürnstein near Friesach, the flu "set in with extraordinary violence and kills almost every day."

In Seeboden , a family was wiped out by war and flu

15th of November

A teacher's wife died of the flu in St. Filippen . The conflict with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia over areas in Lower Carinthia was already emerging. The newspaper report said: "The local priest gave a German funeral speech, which should be particularly recognized."

November 18

From Reisach im Gailtal it is said: “In no time whole families down to the last person were down and in individual houses one could no longer help the other. Unfortunately, several cases were fatal. ”The dead were listed. It was complained that while the farmers were lying in their sickbeds, the fields were plundered by people coming with the newly built railway line (from the town of Villach). “Whole fields were harvested at night down to the last potato. The Kukuruzackers were not doing any better. ”Russian and Italian prisoners of war set off for their homeland.

November 19th

The young chaplain died in St. Marein at the age of 24. In Ebene Reichenau , the disease has confined a large number of people to bed. Two Russian prisoners of war traveling through died in the village. Even in the remote mountain village of St. Lorenzen in Reichenau, about 6 km away in the Nock Mountains , the first person to die is a 29-year-old from this time.

November 24th

From Radlach im Drautal it is reported that the Spanish flu, "this sister or daughter of the war, seems to be in decline, thank God." There were five deaths. At the moment one also suffers from migrating war returnees who steal and rob.

November 28th

Also in the high valley of Bleiberg "this uncanny war disease has found its way and has already claimed several victims."

November 29th

From Guttaring it is said: “Almost in every home one or more people lie at the bedside. His demands on the fatalities are shocking. "

In Klagenfurt, at least 12 people died of the flu in the second half of November. Because of the bad diagnoses, one must also count the dead from pneumonia. In November and December there were at least six deaths in the municipality of Obermillstatt . The death book kept by the local priest lists the cause of death as “flu, pneumonia”.

December 1918

December 7th

At the beginning of December, the Spanish flu is “rampant” in the municipality of Kamp near Wolfsberg. Almost every home is affected. "Fortunately, there have only been 3 deaths so far."

December 8th

There are still over 1,000 people in the Paternion district . "Every day one is surprised by deaths." An innkeeper lost his wife and seven children their mother. In Meiselding , the epidemic broke out later in the last week of November than in the neighboring parishes of Pisweg and St. Stephan am Krappfelde, where it had been rampant for a long time and claimed deaths. In Meiselding, 11 people had to go to bed in a house. Two tenants died. After there was no death from the Spanish flu for a long time in Wieting near St. Paul in Lavanttal, two younger people have now died again. There were many deaths in Wolfsberg in November. “No fewer than 63 dead were buried, 41 of whom were victims of this ominous disease. That this means a very noticeable decline in population is shown by the low number of births this month, namely 6. "

12th of December

While there is already talk of a decline in the “Spanish” in the cities, it is “still in constant progress” in Berg im Drautal . Usually two people die a month, but six in November and another two by December 6th. The dead and their home courts are described in detail. The Spanish flu has also found its way into almost every house in Sankt Lorenzen im Lesach Valley . The first four deaths are reported in detail. The epidemic is raging in the areas recently separated from Carinthia, now Italy. A young refugee from the Channel Valley died in Villach.

The former Austro-Hungarian ruling family was not spared either. On December 10th, Archduke Franz Karl of Austria-Tuscany , captain of the pioneer troop, died at the age of 26 at Wallsee Castle , an area in which the Spanish flu had been rampant since the end of October. According to the death register, the cause of death was "flu, pneumonia".

December 22

From Sankt Georgen am Weinberg it is said: “You hear the death bell almost every day.” There are families who are also affected by the Red Ruhr at the same time.

25 December

In Kötschach-Mauthen the flu still spreading, "although the most beautiful weather and no malnutrition is present." There have been some deaths.

December 28th

The disease has also broken out in full in remote villages in the Nock Mountains. From St. Oswald ob Kleinkirchheim it is said: “Everything is sick, young and old, big and small, teachers and students, so that the school also had to be closed.” One child has already died.

There were at least 12 flu victims in Villach in December.

1919 - Only isolated cases in Carinthia

So far there are no indications of frequent illnesses that can be seen as the third wave in Carinthia. Only isolated cases are attributed to the Spanish flu.

At the beginning of January 1919 several deaths were reported from Sesto in South Tyrol . "The Spanish flu is very strong here now."

From Ofenpest (Budapest) it is said that the Spanish flu has broken out again. "The mortality is extremely high and is around 10 percent, while the last flu 1 ½ percent died." In Tyrol, the flu first appeared in spring and now also in winter. South Tyrol is particularly affected. A concomitant symptom of the flu is "drowsiness-like encephalitis". The "sleeping flu" is reported in Carinthia from the area of ​​Klagenfurt and St. Veit, but there should not have been many deaths.

April 1st

One of the last newspaper reports about a death during the second wave of the Spanish flu is from Waaben in Mölltal . Flattach's death register shows that the place suffered from the Spanish flu for a very long time. The first sacrifice was made on All Saints' Day in 1918, the last probably in October 1919.

April 22

At the Annabichl cemetery in Klagenfurt, it can be seen that mortality is back at the level of peacetime. The flu epidemic is over. While there were still 2,174 deaths in total in 1918, only 1,105 were counted in 1919.

Web links

Commons : Spanish flu in Austria  - collection of images, videos and audio files

 Wikinews: Spanish Flu: Immune System Overreaction Was Fatal  - News

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Wolfgang Fercher: Spanish flu. When the “mother of all pandemics” hit Carinthia, school closings, infections without symptoms, hygiene measures: the Spanish flu in 1918 had some parallels to today's corona pandemic. There were at least 20,000 deaths in Austria. Kleine Zeitung , April 19, 2020, accessed on April 19, 2020 . 
2. ↑ World War: Front Carinthia. Österreichischer Rundfunk , March 20, 2014, accessed on April 13, 2020 . 
3. ↑ A. Götzl:  About the prevailing flu epidemic (based on my own experience). :  Wiener Medical Wochenschrift , year 1918, p. 1978 (online at ANNO ).
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} Böhm:  On the epidemiology of the prevailing flu epidemic. :  Wiener Medical Wochenschrift , year 1918, p. 1973 (online at ANNO ).
5. ↑ ^{a b} Privy Councilor Professor Dr. Horbaczewski on the Spanish flu. :  Wiener Medical Wochenschrift , year 1918, p. 1863 (online at ANNO ).
6. ↑ It was seen that way back in the 1920s. Flu and influenza. In:  Ybbser Zeitung / Ybbstal-Zeitung , February 26, 1927, p. 5 (online at ANNO ).
7. ↑ Udo Buchholz, Silke Buda, Annicka Reuß, Walter Haas, Helmut Uphoff: Deaths from pandemic influenza in Germany 1918 to 2009. Estimates based on literature and additional own calculations. In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz volume 59, pages 523–536. Springer International Publishing , March 17, 2016, accessed April 18, 2020 . 
8. ^ Moritz Moser: Why the fight against the Spanish flu failed. Addendum , March 14, 2020, accessed April 13, 2020 . 
9. ↑ Michaela Scharf: The Spanish Flu of 1918. Schloß Schönbrunn Kultur- und Betriebsges.mbH, April 13, 2020, accessed on April 13, 2020 . 
10. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Innsbrucker Nachrichten , July 2, 1918, p. 2 (bottom right column) (online at ANNO ).
11. ↑ ^{a b} Dangerous spread of the 'Spanish flu' in Vienna. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 10, 1918, p. 5 (middle column below) (online at ANNO ).
12. ^ Wolff: Spanish disease. In: Wiener Klinische Rundschau, issue 1918, No. 41 (October), p. 232, (online at ANNO )
13. ↑ W. Wayt Gibbs, Christine Soares, Achim G. Schneider: Influenza: Are we prepared for a pandemic? In: Spectrum of Science . December 15, 2005, accessed March 29, 2020 . 
14. ^ Wilhelm Knöpfelmacher:  Observations on the influenza epidemic in children. :  Wiener Medical Wochenschrift , year 1918, p. 1979 (online at ANNO ).
15. ↑ Maya McKechneay: A Virus More Deadly Than War. Österreichischer Rundfunk, February 21, 2018, accessed on April 13, 2020 . 
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Thomas Hörzer: The Spanish flu in Styria. Amazon Kindle , Graz 2020, p. 168 (Book based on diploma thesis at Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2010.).
17. ^ Professor Strümpell on influenza. In:  Neues Wiener Journal , October 8, 1918, p. 4 (online at ANNO ).
18. ↑ Marc Tribelhorn: The Spanish flu raged 100 years ago. To this day it remains a mystery. In 1918 a deadly fever spreads across the globe. More people die than in both world wars combined. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , March 16, 2018, accessed on April 13, 2020 . 
19. ↑ An example from Wolfsberg (deaths). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 1, 1918, p. 7 (column right center) (online at ANNO ).
20. ^ Reserl Olschowsky. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 7, 1918, p. 8 (right column, bottom) (online at ANNO ).
21. ^ The Klagenfurt transmitter was opened on February 12, 1927. Viktor Ergert : 50 Years of Broadcasting in Austria Volume I (1924–1945) . Ed .: Österreichischer Rundfunk. Vienna 1974.
22. ^ Moritz Loeb:  The Spanish Disease. In:  Drogisten-Zeitung , July 27, 1918, p. 7 (online at ANNO ).
23. ^ ^{A b} Hug:  The flu in 1838. In:  Grazer Mittags-Zeitung , October 28, 1918, p. 2 (online at ANNO ).
24. ↑ On the history of the flu. In:  Oesterreichische Zeitungshalle , December 24, 1857, p. 2 (online at ANNO ).
25. ↑ ^{a b c d} Parish Millstatt: death book tom. X. Matricula Online , November 1, 1918, accessed April 11, 2020 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b} Flattach parish: death register VI. Matricula Online , November 2, 1918, accessed April 12, 2020 . 
27. ↑ ^{a b} death register tom. III . Parish Obermillstatt ( matricula-online.eu [accessed on April 13, 2020]).
28. ↑ ^{a b} Parish of St. Peter near Taggenbrunn: death register tom. XI. Matricula Online , October 11, 1918, accessed April 13, 2020 . 
29. ^ Parish of St. Jakob ob Gurk: death book tom. III. Matricula Online , October 20, 1918, accessed April 13, 2020 . 
30. ↑ ^{a b} Parish of St. Margareten i. Rosental / Smarjeta v Rozu: death book tom. VI. Matricula Online , October 21, 1918, accessed April 13, 2020 . 
31. ↑ ^{a b} Pfarre Zell ob Ferlach / Sele: Death Book VII. Matricula Online , October 26, 1918, accessed on April 13, 2020 . 
32. ↑ ^{a b} Parish St. Lorenzen in Reichenau: death book tom. E. Matricula Online , November 20, 1918, accessed April 12, 2020 . 
33. ↑ ^{a b} The flu. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 18, 1918, p. 7 (middle column, middle) (online at ANNO ).
34. ↑ ^{a b} St. Paul Abbey in Lavanttal : XXXIV. Annual report of the collegiate high school of the Benedictines in St. Paul (Carinthia) 1918/1919. On the history of the grammar school. wwwu.uni-klu.ac.at, accessed on April 10, 2020 . 
35. ↑ ^{a b} Völkermarkt (Spanish flu). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 26, 1918, p. 4 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
36. ↑ ^{a b} level Reichenau (flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 19, 1918, p. 5 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
37. ^ Announcements from the Minister for Public Health and the Mayor of Vienna on the lack of medicines, doctors and pharmacists and on the flu. In:  Pharmaceutische Post. Journal for the general interests of Pharmacie / Pharmaceutische Post. Weekly for the general interests of Pharmacie / Pharmaceutische Post / Pharmazeutische Post. Official organ of the "Austrian Pharmaceutical Society" / Pharmaceutical Post. Central organ for the overall interests of pharmacy / pharmaceutical mail, united with the journal of the Allg (emeinen) Austrian (eichischen) pharmacists' association in front of (as) "Oesterr (eichische) Zeitschrift für Pharmazie" / Wiener Pharmazeutische Wochenschrift. Journal for the Scientific and Economic Interests of Pharmacy , October 12, 1918, p. 9 (online at ANNO ).
38. ↑ The Spanish flu and the cinema. In:  Der Kinobesitzer , November 16, 1918, p. 2 f. (Online at ANNO ).
39. ↑ The curfew. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 29, 1918, p. 4 (column left, center) (online at ANNO ).
40. ↑ St. Veit an der Glan (flu and school). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 29, 1918, p. 2 (right column, top) (online at ANNO ).
41. ↑ In the USA the school was closed quite successfully. School closings in 1918: when the Spanish flu was rampant. Die Presse , March 12, 2020, accessed on April 12, 2020 . 
42. ↑ ^{a b} The flu. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 3, 1918, p. 10 (right column, top) (online at ANNO ).
43. ↑ Reopening of the city theater. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 15, 1918, p. 4 (right column, bottom) (online at ANNO ).
44. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 29, 1918, p. 5 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
45. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 12, 1918, p. 6 (column left, center) (online at ANNO ).
46. ↑ The Spanish illness on the railroad. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 12, 1918, p. 6 (right column, center) (online at ANNO ).
47. ↑ ^{a b} Reisach (flu and all sorts). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 9, 1918, p. 2 (right column) (online at ANNO ).
48. ↑ General Austrian pharmacists' association in Vienna. Please note .. In:  Journal of the General Austrian Pharmacists Association / Journal of the general Austrian (one) Pharmacists Association. "Österr (eichische) / Oesterr (eichische) Zeitschrift für Pharmacie" / Journal of the general (an) Austrian (eichische) pharmacists' association. "Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pharmazie" , October 12, 1918, p. 3 (online at ANNO ).
49. ^ Defense against the 'Spanish flu'. In:  Reichspost , October 18, 1918, p. 7 (left column) (online at ANNO ).
50. ↑ On the ban on the free sale of aspirin. In:  Pharmaceutische Post. Journal for the general interests of Pharmacie / Pharmaceutische Post. Weekly for the general interests of Pharmacie / Pharmaceutische Post / Pharmazeutische Post. Official organ of the "Austrian Pharmaceutical Society" / Pharmaceutical Post. Central organ for the overall interests of pharmacy / pharmaceutical mail, united with the journal of the Allg (emeinen) Austrian (eichischen) pharmacists' association in front of (as) "Oesterr (eichische) Zeitschrift für Pharmazie" / Wiener Pharmazeutische Wochenschrift. Journal for the Scientific and Economic Interests of Pharmacy , March 31, 1920, p. 2 (online at ANNO ).
51. ↑ Spanish flu and alcohol. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 23, 1918, p. 2 f. (Lower right column) (online at ANNO ).
52. ↑ Against pneumonia and flu. In:  Illustrierte Mädchen-Zeitung / Mädchen-Zeitung , issue 5/1919, p. 20 (online at ANNO ).
53. ↑ The 'Spanish disease' also with us. In:  Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt , June 22, 1918, p. 5 (top column) (online at ANNO ).
54. ↑ The flu or Spanish illness. In:  Innsbrucker Nachrichten , June 24, 1918, p. 2 (right column, center) (online at ANNO ).
55. ^ The 'Spanish Illness' in Germany / London - one single infirmary / statements from the medical side. In:  Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Democratic organ / Neues Wiener Abendblatt. Evening edition of the (") Neue Wiener Tagblatt (") / Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Evening edition of the Neue Wiener Tagblatt / Wiener Mittagsausgabe with Sportblatt / 6 o'clock evening paper / Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Neue Freie Presse - Neues Wiener Journal / Neues Wiener Tagblatt , July 1, 1918, p. 6 (middle column) (online at ANNO ).
56. ↑ Spanish flu or German poison gases. In:  Innsbrucker Nachrichten , June 28, 1918, p. 16 (middle right column) (online at ANNO ).
57. ↑ ^{a b} The 'Spanish Disease' in Germany. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , 4th July 1918, p. (Right column below) (online at ANNO ).
58. ^ The Spanish Disease in Vienna. In:  Salzburger Volksblatt , July 3, 1918, p. (Right column below) (online at ANNO ).
59. ^ The Spanish Disease in Switzerland. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , July 23, 1918, p. 2 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
60. ↑ Rumors about the pulmonary plague in Switzerland. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , August 24, 1918, p. 7 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
61. ↑ St. Peter near Taggenbrunn (Spanish). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , August 31, 1918, p. 6 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
62. ↑ Wolfsberg. (The Spanish flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 3, 1918, p. 5 (bottom right column) (online at ANNO ).
63. ↑ The Spanish Flu in Oven Plague. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 1, 1918, p. 6 (bottom right column) (online at ANNO ).
64. ^ Illnesses from Spanish flu In: Wiener Medical Wochenschrift , Issue 1918, No. 41, p. 1821, (online at ANNO )
65. ↑ St. Sebastian (Spanish flu and dysentery). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 5, 1918 (online at ANNO ).
66. ^ The flu in Vienna. In:  Neues Wiener Journal , October 8, 1918, p. 4 (online at ANNO ).
67. ^ [From a medical officer]:  The Spanish flu in Vienna. . In:  Neue Freie Presse , October 15, 1918, p. 8 (column left center) (online at ANNO ).
68. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 10, 1918, p. 6 (middle column below) (online at ANNO ).
69. ↑ Spittal ad Drau / Pisweg. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 19, 1918, p. 6 (left column in the middle) (online at ANNO ).
70. ^ Villacher news. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 20, 1918, p. 16 (middle column) (online at ANNO ).
71. ↑ St. Martin near Villach (flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 20, 1918, p. 9 (top left column) (online at ANNO ).
72. ^ News from the coastal countries. In:  Grazer Tagblatt / Grazer Tagblatt. Organ of the German People's Party for the Alpine countries / Neues Grazer Tagblatt / Neues Grazer Morgenblatt. Morning edition of the Neues Grazer Tagblatt / Neues Grazer Abendblatt. Evening edition of the Neue Grazer Tagblatt / (Süddeutsches) Tagblatt with the illustrated monthly “Bergland” , October 20, 1918, p. 4 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
73. ^ The 'Spanish flu' in Klagenfurt. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 22, 1918, p. 4 (right column, middle) (online at ANNO ).
74. ↑ Corpse batman. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 23, 1918, p. 2 (right column above) (online at ANNO ).
75. ↑ Eberstein. (The 'Spanish flu'). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 22, 1918, p. 6 (top left column) (online at ANNO ).
76. ↑ The Spanish flu i. Vienna. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 22, 1918, p. 4 (bottom left column) (online at ANNO ).
77. ↑ The worrying spread of the flu. In:  Der Tiroler , October 25, 1918, p. 3 (right column) (online at ANNO ).
78. ^ Velden am Wörthersee. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 27, 1918, p. 10 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
79. ↑ St. Marein i. L. (heavily examined). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 27, 1918, p. 10 (lower middle column) (online at ANNO ).
80. ↑ The flu. In:  Deutsches Volksblatt / Deutsches Volksblatt. Radical medium-sized organ / telegraph. Radical Mittelstandsorgan / Deutsches Volksblatt. Daily newspaper for Christian German politics , October 27, 1918, p. 6 (online at ANNO ).
81. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 29, 1918, p. 5 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
82. ^ Völkermarkt (the Spanish flu). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 10, 1918, p. 4 (right column above) (online at ANNO ).
83. ↑ Glanegg (Spanish flu). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , October 30, 1918, p. 7 (bottom right column) (online at ANNO ).
84. ↑ Friesach (All sorts). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , October 31, 1918, p. 5 (bottom middle column) (online at ANNO ).
85. ↑ deceased. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 5, 1918, p. 3 (top right column) (online at ANNO ).
86. ↑ St. Salvator. (The creepy Spanish guest). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 1, 1918, p. 6 (column left center) (online at ANNO ).
87. ↑ Millstatt (funeral). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 9, 1918, p. 2 (right column) (online at ANNO ).
88. ^ Leo Dobrowolni. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 3, 1918, p. 10 (right column, bottom) (online at ANNO ).
89. ^ Völkermarkt (The Spanish flu and its victims). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 5, 1918, p. 6 f. (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
90. ^ Kraig near St. Veit ad Gl. (Death). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 9, 1918, p. 2 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
91. ↑ School Chronicle Seeboden / School Chronicle Treffling / Parish Chronicle Lieseregg. Information according to Katharina Worsche, May 18, 2020
92. ↑ (The flu has subsided in Vienna). In:  Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Democratic organ / Neues Wiener Abendblatt. Evening edition of the (") Neue Wiener Tagblatt (") / Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Evening edition of the Neue Wiener Tagblatt / Wiener Mittagsausgabe with Sportblatt / 6 o'clock evening paper / Neues Wiener Tagblatt. Neue Freie Presse - Neues Wiener Journal / Neues Wiener Tagblatt , November 8, 1918, p. 9 (top column) (online at ANNO ).
93. ^ Möllbrücke (death). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 10, 1918, p. 4 (right column, bottom) (online at ANNO ).
94. ↑ Kärntner Nachrichten. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 13, 1918, p. 6 (middle column, middle) (online at ANNO ).
95. ↑ St. Filippen (The Flu). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 15, 1918, p. 7 (right column, top) (online at ANNO ).
96. ↑ St. Marein i. L. (A hopeful young priestly life). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 19, 1918, p. 5 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
97. ↑ Radlach near Steinfeld i. Dr. (All sorts). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , November 24, 1918, p. 10 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
98. ^ Bleiberg near Villach. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 28, 1918, p. 5 (column top center) (online at ANNO ).
99. ^ Guttaring (flu - death). In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , November 29, 1918, p. 5 f. (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
100. ↑ deceased. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , December 6, 1918, p. 5 (middle column above) (online at ANNO ).
101. ↑ Camp. In:  Lavantthaler Bote / Unterkärntnerische Nachrichten (formerly Lavanttaler Bote) / Unterkärntner Nachrichten (formerly Lavanttaler Bote) , December 7, 1918, p. 5 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
102. ↑ Aifersdorf / Meiselding / Wieting / Wolfsberg. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , December 8, 1918, p. 10 (online at ANNO ).
103. ↑ Berg im Drautal / St. Lorenzen im Lesachtal / Pontafel. In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , December 12, 1918, p. 5 (online at ANNO ).
104. ^ Archduke Franz Karl Salvator died of flu. In:  Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt , December 11, 1918, p. 4 (middle column) (online at ANNO ).
105. ↑ Sindelburg parish: death register 03-12. Matricula Online , October 21, 1918, accessed April 12, 2020 . 
106. ↑ Sindelburg parish: death register 03-12. Matricula Online , December 10, 1918, accessed April 12, 2020 . 
107. ↑ Sankt Georgen am Weinberg (The Spanish flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , December 22, 1918, p. 10 (column right center) (online at ANNO ).
108. ↑ Kötschach and the surrounding area (all sorts). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , December 25, 1918, p. 10 (right column below) (online at ANNO ).
109. ↑ St. Oswald ob Kleinkirchheim. (From the flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , December 28, 1918, p. 2 (bottom right column) (online at ANNO ).
110. ^ Villacher news. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , January 3, 1919, p. 4 (online at ANNO ).
111. ↑ Sexten (victim of the flu). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , January 4, 1919, p. 6 (right column above) (online at ANNO ).
112. ↑ The Spanish flu. In:  Free votes. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , January 25, 1920, p. 9 (middle column) (online at ANNO ).
113. ↑ The 'sleeping' flu. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , March 23, 1920, p. 3 (left column) (online at ANNO ).
114. ↑ Waaben im Mölltale (funeral). In:  Kärntner Zeitung / Kärntner Tagblatt , April 1, 1919, p. 5 (top middle column) (online at ANNO ).
115. ↑ From our cemetery administration. In:  Free Voices. German Kärntner Landes-Zeitung / Free votes. Southern German-Alpine daily newspaper. Deutsche Kärntner Landeszeitung , April 22, 1920, p. 3 (top column) (online at ANNO ).