Sulawesi earthquake 2018

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Earthquake on Sulawesi 2018
Sulawesi earthquake 2018 (Sulawesi)
Bullseye1.svg
date 28th September 2018
Time 10:02:43 UTC
Magnitude 7.5  M W
depth 20 km
epicenter 0 ° 15 '22 "  S , 119 ° 50' 46"  O Coordinates: 0 ° 15 '22 "  S , 119 ° 50' 46"  O
country Indonesia
Tsunami Yes
dead 4,340


The 2018 Sulawesi earthquake was a severe earthquake on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi . The quake with the strength M w 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale occurred on September 28 at 6:02 p.m. local time and triggered a tsunami . The double natural disaster killed over four thousand people.

earthquake

The earthquake occurred as a strike-slip fault within the Molukka - microplate , a part of the Sundaplatte represents. The epicenter was about 70 km north of the city of Palu with a focus depth of 20 km, near the Palu-Koro Fault . The US earthquake observatory estimates the size of the fracture zone at 150 km × 30 km due to the strength of the quake . In Palu, parts of the city were shifted against each other by up to 7 meters along a surface crack. A special feature of this earthquake was the speed with which the break spread from its point of origin (the hypocenter ): Usually the speed is 70-90 percent of the propagation speed of the seismic S waves ( shear waves ); this quake was around 4100 m / s, however, significantly faster than the shear waves. Quake with this characteristic are super fast earthquake ( English : super hear earthquakes ) called their S-waves form a destructive seismic shock wave, similar to a Mach wave .

A large number of foreshocks  occurred in the hours before the main quake , the strongest of which had a magnitude of M w 6.1 and occurred about three hours before the main quake. This was followed by a series of aftershocks, the strongest of which reached a magnitude of 5.8.

The main quake could also be felt on the neighboring island of Borneo .

Tsunami

Destruction on Sulawesi

The quake triggered a tsunami that devastated large parts of Palu city and other places along the coast. Its tidal wave reached a height of up to 9 meters in some areas of the Bay of Palu . According to Sutopo Purwo Nugroho , spokesman for the Indonesian civil protection agency BNPB , the tsunami was the direct result of a landslide on the seabed caused by the quake. According to later research, several smaller landslides, together with the subsidence of the bay during the quake, triggered the tsunami. The geographic location of the city at the end of a long bay is likely to have intensified the tsunami locally.

A warning was issued by the authorities, but it was lifted half an hour later. At the time of the tsunami, there were still many people on the beach. This resulted in international criticism of the tsunami early warning system. The authorities defended themselves against the allegations. The warning was only lifted after the tsunami, according to the head of the authorities, D Wirkorita.

Warning systems

All 22 buoys of the GITEWS tsunami warning system installed after 2004 had already been inoperative since the earthquake off Sumatra in 2016, and the land-based measuring instruments were working. So far, only a prototype of a new supplementary warning system from the Indonesian Agency for Geophysics (BMKG), which is responsible for earthquake warning , has been installed off Padang on Sumatra. With this prototype, there was also no communication link due to a small financing gap of 70,000 euros. The currently active, not quite as effective warning system works alongside land-based seismographs with 134 level measuring stations and warns with 55 sirens and SMS transmissions. Since the earthquake had destroyed the power supply to the sirens and many cell phone masts, the warning did not reach the population.

Victims and damage

Indonesia's President Joko Widodo on October 3, 2018 in the completely destroyed Petobo district.

According to the Governor of Central Sulawesi , Longki Djanggola, 4,340 people were killed in the disaster. Over 14,200 people were injured, 4612 seriously. More than 211,000 had to be placed in emergency shelters. At times, over 1,300 people were officially missing. The military was sent to support the search and rescue operation.

Hospitals were reaching the limits of their capacity, and many people had to be treated in the open air. For religious reasons and to prevent epidemics from breaking out , the dead were buried in a mass grave. The religious regulations of the majority Muslim population provide for the burial of the dead within one day. Unidentified bodies were photographed for later identification. The search for survivors was stopped on October 12th.

Devastating damage was also caused by soil liquefaction , for example in Petobo, where over 700 houses have sunk into the ground. Aid teams did not arrive in this part of Palu until October 1st. In the Balaroa district, 1,700 houses are said to have been swallowed by the ground, and apartment blocks sank up to 5 m into the ground. It is feared that hundreds of people have been buried in the mud in these areas. Biromaru was also affected by the phenomenon. According to calculations by the disaster control authority, soil liquefaction occurred on a total of 430  hectares . The authority demanded that no more building permits be issued there in the future; memorials, parks and sports fields should be created in place of the destroyed places. Disinfectants were sprayed from planes over areas of the city of Palu where there are still suspected burials to prevent epidemics .

Around 68,000 houses were destroyed or damaged, plus 327 sacred buildings , 265 schools, and 45 health facilities. The Palu IV bridge collapsed and an important highway to Palu was impassable for a few days due to a landslide . Damaged roads made it difficult to transport aid supplies to the affected areas. Even five days after the quake, the helpers had not yet reached all of the affected locations. There is a lack of drinking water and food, and urgently needed pumps, generators and vehicles stand still due to a lack of fuel. Other places on the Sulawesi coast are also affected. Reports of the effects of the quake did not arrive until days later from Donggala Governorate and other areas of Sulawesi Tengah Province .

In Palu, the power supply collapsed over a large area, which also resulted in the failure of more than 500 transmission masts for cellular communications. A fortnightly state of emergency was declared in Sulawesi, which was later extended for a further fortnight.

Due to damage to the runway and tower , Palu Airport was closed to aircraft. Cracks formed over a length of 500 m on the runway, so only helicopters could land and take off for the first two days. On September 30, operations for aid deliveries by aircraft were resumed. The port of Pantoloan was also badly damaged.

According to UN estimates , 191,000 people needed emergency aid.

Despite international aid funds, the serious damage to the traffic and telecommunications infrastructure made it difficult to take care of those affected, and aid teams took days to reach many affected regions. It took a week for helpers to reach some villages, such as Banawa , which was devastated by the tsunami . The Indonesian Red Cross took three weeks to reach individual areas to which no aid had previously reached.

More than two weeks after the quake, the power supply and telecommunications were restored in large parts of Palu. Roads to remote regions were largely passable again, but rubble lying around still hindered traffic. Shops, markets, gas stations and banks reopened.

At the end of October, preparations had to be made for the upcoming monsoon season . The partially makeshift shelters had to be provided with waterproof covers and mosquito nets. It was feared that the outbreak of water-related diseases would increase . On October 21, 2018 heavy rains caused the earthquake-affected administrative district of Sigi a flash flood .

A year later, 57,000 people from 14,000 households were still living in emergency shelters, according to the Red Cross. Many could not rebuild their houses because a building ban was imposed on their land. Important infrastructure was still not or only partially repaired: In the important port of Pantoloan, only one container crane is operational, which slows down the loading of important goods. A dam, which is important for the irrigation of fields, is not yet functional and roads are still damaged.

International aid

Indonesia sought international aid on October 1st. Minister Wiranto specifically asked for support from transport planes. Tents, generators, water treatment systems , medical assistance, and means of preventing mosquito-borne diseases (such as malaria ) were also needed. USAR teams were not requested.

Many countries offered assistance to Indonesia, for example: Australia , Brunei , the People's Republic of China , Denmark , Germany , the EU , France , India , Italy , Japan , Cambodia , Canada , Qatar , Laos , Malaysia , New Zealand , Norway , Austria , Papua -New Guinea , the Philippines , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Switzerland , Singapore , Slovakia , Spain , South Korea , Thailand , Czech Republic , Turkey , Hungary , Venezuela , the USA , the United Kingdom and Vietnam .

Thirteen countries supported the establishment of an airlift with transport aircraft: Singapore sent two Lockheed C-130s with relief supplies to Indonesia, which then stayed in the country and helped evacuate people to other Indonesian cities. New Zealand also sent a C-130 with relief supplies as part of the airlift. India sent two C-130s and a Boeing C-17 with relief supplies, as well as three Navy ships. Australia, China, France, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Switzerland, South Korea, the USA and the United Kingdom also provided transport aircraft. The airport of Balikpapan served as the logistical hub for international disaster relief deliveries . The airlift ceased operations on October 26, 2018.

Several aid organizations support disaster relief with relief supplies and helpers on site, including the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund , the ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance , the Catholic Relief Services , Humanity First , the International Organization for Migration , the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , ISAR Germany , the Japan International Cooperation Agency , Oxfam , Save the Children , Swissaid , World Vision International and others.

Many countries and organizations made aid funds available:
Country / organization total source
Australia AU $ 10,250,000
Belgium 200,000 $
Italy € 200,000
Cambodia $ 200,000
Canada Can $ 1,500,000
Laos $ 200,000
Malaysia $ 241,000
New Zealand NZ $ 5,000,000
Norway € 2,525,000
Austria € 1,000,000
East Timor $ 750,000
Switzerland CHF 2,500,000
Singapore $ 100,000
Spain € 300,000
South Korea $ 1,000,000
Thailand $ 152,000
United States $ 11.7 million
Venezuela $ 10,000,000
United Kingdom £ 3,000,000
Vietnam $ 100,000
United Nations Population Fund $ 100,000
Direct relief $ 100,000
United Nations Development Program $ 650,000
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations $ 200,000
European Union € 1,500,000
IFRC 1,250,000 CHF
International Organization for Migration $ 200,000
Maltese International € 100,000
OPEC Fund for International Development $ 400,000
UNICEF $ 4,000,000
UN Central Emergency Response Fund $ 15,000,000
United Nations World Food Program $ 1,500,000

The World Bank promised Indonesia a $ 1 billion loan. The aim is to finance the reconstruction of Sulawesi and Lombok , where severe earthquakes occurred in July and August , and to provide financial support to affected families. In a preliminary assessment, the World Bank put the damage on Sulawesi at 500 million US dollars, while BNPB estimates the economic damage at 911 million US dollars.

Aid organizations asked for donations to support the affected population.

See also

Web links

Commons : Earthquake in Sulawesi 2018  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

supporting documents

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