Turkishization of geographical names in Turkey

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The change in geographical names in Turkey is the result of the demographic and political upheavals in the late Ottoman Empire and the subsequent Republic of Turkey . The policy was to replace non-Turkish geographical and topographical names with Turkish names. This is essentially based on Turkish nationalism , which from the end of the 19th century aimed to transform a community determined primarily by religious loyalties into a nation according to the principles of secularism and nationalism , which became determinant in Kemalism . Often ethnic and religious references should also be erased. This was part of the Turkish policy , which was extended to several areas. The names replaced were often those of Armenian , Greek , Kurdish , Aramaic and Arabic place names.

Numerous Turkish names date from before the beginning of nationalism. Since the beginning of the Turkish colonization of Anatolia and the Balkans, the traditional names of the Turkish language have been adapted or their own names have been created. Examples are İstanbul, İzmir, Bursa, Konya or Edirne. Then it is not uncommon for places to be abandoned or not rebuilt after being destroyed until they were later repopulated under a new name. Renaming in older times, such as that of Ala'iyye (today's Alanya , after the conqueror, the Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad ), is not an expression of a policy of Turkishization. Furthermore, in today's east and south-east Turkey, many names, especially the larger towns, had traditional names that were in use in the Muslim world and that differed from the names used by the local Christian minorities.

Map of today's Turkey

history

Ottoman Empire

After the Committee for Unity and Progress took over the rule of the Ottoman government in a coup in 1913 , a nationalist political current came to power with it.

During the same period of time, the ethnic cleansing policy was launched against its own non-Muslim population. This led to the genocide of the Armenians , the genocide of the Syrian Christians and the persecution of Greeks . At the height of the First World War, War Minister Enver Pascha proclaimed a Ferman on January 6, 1916 :

"It was decided that the names of the vilayets, sandjaks, small towns, villages, mountains and rivers will be renamed into Turkish, which have names from the languages ​​of non-Muslim peoples such as those of the Armenians, Greeks or Bulgarians."

Kurdish and Arabic place names should not be changed. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, this policy failed.

Turkey

In the first years of the republic there were only regionally limited turquoise shades of place names. In 1925 places with Georgian names of the Artvin region and in 1938 the place names were renamed Hatay. These renaming are to be seen in connection with territorial gains of Turkey in the Treaty of Kars 1921 and the transition of the Sanjak Alexandrette from the French mandate area Syria over the intermediate stage of the Republic Hatay from September 7, 1938 to June 29, 1939 to Turkey, within which the Area forms the province of Hatay .

The journalist and writer Ayşe Hür noted that after Ataturk's death and during the democratic period of the Turkish Republic in the late 1940s and 1950s, all those names that looked "ugly, degrading, insulting or derisive" were changed ... even if they were Turkish were. Place names that had lexical components such as red (Kızıl), bell (Çan), church (Kilise), were all changed. Everything that could be brought up with “separatist ideas” and was in Arabic, Persian, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Tatar, Circassian and Lasish was changed.

The government finally established the Ad Degistirme Ihtisas Komisyonu (Special Commission for Name Changes ) in 1956 , which appointed experts (politicians, generals, linguists and professors) to change the name of geographical places in Turkey. The initiative achieved the change of 28,000 topographical names, of which 12,211 were village and town names and a further 4,000 were renamed mountain, river and other topographical names.

This number also includes the names of streets, monuments, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and other settlement units. The campaign lasted until 1978 but was reintroduced in 1983. During the tensions between Kurdish rebels and the Turkish government in the 1980s, the names of the smaller settlements that did not even have village status were changed.

Current situation

Although the changed geographical names are officially recognized, their original names are often still common among the inhabitants of the affected areas throughout Turkey.

In 2012, serious efforts were made to make the former names of geographical terms official again. The relevant legislation was passed in September 2012 to restore the original names of the (mainly Kurdish) villages. According to the bill, the province of Tunceli could be renamed Dersim again, Güroymak would then be Norşin and Aydınlar would get back its original name Tilo. In November 2013, Aydınlar was renamed back to Tillo.

Provinces in comparison

Most of the geographical name changes took place in the country's eastern provinces and on the eastern Black Sea coast, where most of the country's minorities have their historical settlement areas. According to independent studies, Sevan Nisanyan estimates that of all geographical name changes, 4,200 are of Greek, 4,000 Kurdish, 3,600 Armenian, 750 Arabic, 400 Aramaic, 300 Georgian and 200 Lasic origins (along with 50 others). However, according to the official statistics of the Special Commission for Name Change (Ad Degistirme Ihtisas Komisyonu) the total number of renamed villages, towns and settlements is estimated at 12,211.

The following table is intended to list the provinces and their number of renamed villages or cities.

Percentage of geographic name changes in Turkey since 1916
province number province number province number province number province number
Erzurum 653 Kastamonu 295 Giresun 167 Amasya 99 Denizli 53
Mardin 647 Gaziantep 279 Zonguldak 156 Kutahya 93 Burdur 49
Diyarbakır 555 Tunceli 273 Bursa 136 Yozgat 90 Niğde 48
Van 415 Bing oil 247 Ordu 134 Afyon 88 Usak 47
Sivas 406 Tokat 245 Hakkari 128 Kayseri 86 Isparta 46
Kars 398 Bitlis 236 Hatay 117 Manisa 83 Kırşehir 39
Siirt 392 Konya 236 Sakarya 117 Çankırı 76 Kırklareli 35
Trabzon 390 Adıyaman 224 Mersin 112 Eskişehir 70 Bilecik 32
Şanlıurfa 389 Malatya 217 Balikesir 110 Muğla 70 Kocaeli 26th
Elazığ 383 Ankara 193 Kahramanmaraş 105 Aydın 69 Nevşehir 24
Ağrı 374 Samsun 185 Rize 105 İzmir 68 Istanbul 21st
Erzincan 366 Bolu 182 Çorum 103 Sinop 59 Edirne 20th
Gümüşhane 343 Adana 169 Artvin 101 Çanakkale 53 Tekirdağ 19th
Must 297 Antalya 168

Examples of geographic name changes

Armenian names

Historically, the names of Armenian geographical locations were initially abolished under the rule of Sultan Abdulhamit II . In 1880 the word Armenia was banned from the press, school books and all state institutions and replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan. The change of Armenian names continued from the beginning of the Republican era through the 21st century. It comprised the Turkishization of surnames , the change of animal names and the change of the names of the Armenian historical figures (as an example, the name of the prominent Balyan was hidden under the identity of the superficially Italian-appearing surname Baliani). This also included the change and falsification of the Armenian historical events.

Most of the geographical objects with Armenian names were located in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Villages, settlements or cities with the suffix “-kert” (“built” or “erected”, e.g. Manavazkert - today Malazgirt, Norakert, Noyakert), the suffix “-shen” (“village”, e.g. Aratashen, Pemzashen, Norashen) and "-van" ("city", e.g. Charentsavan, Nakhichevan, Tatvan) indicate an Armenian origin. During Ottoman history, Turkish and Kurdish tribes settled in Armenian areas, changing the original Armenian names. So was z. B. the Armenian Norashen to Norşin. This took place especially after the Armenian genocide , as the Armenian population was deported from Eastern Turkey.

The etymologist and author Sevan Nisanyan estimates that 3,600 Armenian names of geographical objects were changed.

Armenian geographic names in Turkey that have been renamed
Notable examples of originally changed Armenian place names:
Armenian name Modified to: Hints
Govdun Goydun From Armenian: "House / stable of cows"
Aghtamar Akdamar From Armenian: derived from the Armenian folk legend " Aghtamar ".
Acn Kemaliye From Armenian: "fountain"
Manavazkert Malazgirt From Armenian: "City of Menua" (named after the Urartu king Menua )
Vostan Gevaş From Armenian: "Belonging to the King"
Norashen Güroymak From Armenian: "New City". Efforts are underway to make the original name the official name again.
The Kurdish community of Güroymak is convinced that the name "Norşin" is Kurdish.
Sassoun Sason Derived from the Armenian folk legend " Sanasar "
Çermuk Çermik From Armenian: "Hot springs"
Khachkar Kaçkar Dağı From Armenian: Khachkar (stone crosses used for tombstones).
Everek Develi Derived from the Armenian word Averag (ruins).
Karpert Harput From Armenian: "Stone fortress"
Ani Anı Historic capital of the Armenian Bagratids . Turkish: "memory"
Sevaverag Siverek From Armenian: "Black ruins"
Chabakchur (Çapakçur) Bing oil From Armenian: "Rough Waters". Turkish: "A thousand lakes".
Çabakçur remained the official name until 1950.
Metskert Mazgirt From Armenian: "Big City"
Pertak Pertek From Armenian: "Small Castle"

Greek names

Much of the Greek names have their origins in the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond .

With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, many Turkish name changes could have continued to incorporate their Greek origins . The current name of the city "İzmir" is derived from the former Greek name Σμύρνη "Smyrna" and is made up of the first two syllables of the Greek word "εις Σμύρνην" ("is Smirnin"), which means something like " to Smyrna ”. A similar etymology also applies to other Turkish cities with formerly Greek names, such as İznik ("is Nik", "to Nicäa") or Istanbul (from the phrase "is tan Polin" for "to the city").

After the Cyprus War in 1974 and the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , numerous geographical names of Greek origin were changed again. Kyneria became Girne, Famagusta became Gazimağusa, Kythrea became Degirmelik, etc.

Sevan Nisanyan estimates that 4,200 Greek names of geographical objects were changed.

Renamed Greek place names in Turkey
Notable examples of modified original Greek place names:
Greek name Modified to: Hints
Potamia Güneysu From the Greek: "wetlands". During a speech on August 12, 2009, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan used the original name Potamia for his hometown .
Néa Phôkaia Yenifoça The Turkish name does not go back directly to the Greek name, but to the medieval Italian name Foggia
Kalipolis Gelibolu From the Greek: "Beautiful city". The city was founded in the 5th century BC. Built in BC.
Makri Fethiye From the Greek: "Long". During the so-called " population exchange between Turkey and Greece ", the Greek population of Makri was resettled to Greece, where they established the city of Nea Makri (New Makri).
Kalamaki Kalkan Until the early 1920s, the majority of the city's population was Greek. They were deported to Greece shortly after the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) in 1923 as part of the Turkish-Greek "population exchange", where they settled in Attica and established the small town of Kalamaki .
Neopolis Kuşadası During the Byzantine era, the city was known as Neopolis (New City) and became Scala Nova / Scala Nuova under the Genoese rule.
Smyrna Izmir After the fire in Izmir in 1922, residents of the city settled in southeast Athens and founded the Nea Smyrni district .
Constantinoupolis Istanbul From the Greek: "City of Constantine". It was made the capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great around 330 AD.
Sinasos Mustafapaşa During the Turkish-Greek population exchange in 1924, the Greek population was resettled to Greece, where they built the city of Nea Sinasos in the north of the island of Euboea .
Nicomedia İzmit former capital of Bithynia
The Prince Islands
  • Proti
  • Prinkipo
  • Antigoni
  • Halki

Prens Adalari

During the Byzantine period, princes or other rulers were banished to remote islands.

Members of the Sultan's family were later banished to islands that are still named after them today.

Kurdish names

The Kurdish areas in the Ottoman Empire remained unaffected by the name change policy due to the Islamic orientation of the Kurds. But during the republican era and especially after the Dersim uprising in 1937/38, name changes in Kurdish areas became more frequent. Eventually, during the Turkish Republican era, the word Kurdistan and the term Kurds were banned. The Turkish government had for a long time denied the presence of the Kurds statistically by categorizing them as mountain Turks . This classification was changed in 1980 to the new euphemism of the so-called Eastern Turks.

The name change in Kurdish areas also includes the Zaza : Although Zaza speak a language that is clearly different from Kurdish, many speakers of Zaza regard themselves as Kurds and are often characterized as such by international statistics and surveys.

The etymologist and author Sevan Nisanyan estimates that the names of 4,000 Kurdish locations have been changed.

Renamed Kurdish place names in Turkey
Notable examples of modified originally Kurdish place names:
Kurdish name Modified to: Hints
Qilaban Uludere From Kurdish: "Kastellan"
Dersim Tunceli In September 2012 legal efforts were made to name the province of Tunceli back after Dersim.
Şiran Şirvan From the Kurdish: "Lions"
Êlih Batman
Karaz Kocakoy
Pîran Dicle From Kurdish: "grandparents"
Darahênî Genç Genç village was once an Armenian village called Kants, which means treasure in Armenian.
It was part of Solhan Province until 1936, when Darahini was relocated there, where the village was ultimately renamed after Genç.
Şemrex Mazıdağı From Kurdish: "Way to Damascus (Şam)"
Hênê Hani From Kurdish: "fountain". Also known as Heni on Zazaisch , which also "well" means.

Aramaic names

Most of the name changes of Aramaic settlements took place in southeastern Turkey near the Syrian border in Tur Abdin . The Tur Abdin (Syriac: ܛ ܘ ܼ ܪ ܥ ܒ ݂ ܕ ܝ ܼ ܢ) is a hilly region that comes to lie in what is now the province of Mardin. The Aramaic name "Tur Abdin" means something like "mountain of the servants of God". For the Syrian Orthodox Christians, the Tur Abdin is of great importance, as it is both a cultural and religious center for the Arameans. Arameans call themselves Suroye / Suryoye and speak the Aramaic dialect of Turoyo.

The Christian Aramaic population also fell victim to the Armenian genocide and was either deported to Syria or massacred. There are currently around 5,000 Arameans living in their original homeland.

The etymologist and author Sevan Nisanyan estimates that 400 Aramaic place names have been changed.

Section of a map from the Tur Abdin region. The Aramaic villages whose names were turkish are marked
Notable examples of modified originally Aramaic place names:
Aramaic name Modified to: Hints
Kafrô Taxtaytô Elbeğendi From the Aramaic: "Lower / Lower Village"
Barsomics Cone cocoa Named after the Nestorian patriarch Bar Sawma
Merdô Mardin From the Aramaic: "fortress / s"
Iwardo Gülgöze From the Aramaic: "Fountain of flowers"
Arbo Taşköy From the Aramaic: "goat"
Qartmîn Yayvantepe From the Aramaic: "Middle Village"
Kfargawsô Gercüş From the Aramaic: "Protected Village"
Kefshenne Kayalı From the Aramaic: "Peace Stone"
Beṯ Zabday İdil Named after Babai the Great , who founded the monastery and school complex of the same name in the region.
Xisna d'Kêpha (Hisno d'Kifo) Hasankeyf From the Aramaic: "Stone fortress"
Zaz İzbırak
Anḥel Yemişli

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tolga Korkut: Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey. In: Bianet. May 14, 2009, accessed January 12, 2013 .
  2. ↑ Norman M. Naimark: Flammender Hate: Ethnic cleansing in the 20th century . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-596-17890-2 , pp. 59 ff .
  3. ^ Sevan Nişanyan: Hayali Coğrafyalar: Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye'de Değiştirilen Yeradları. (PDF) ISBN 978-605-5832-76-6 , 2011, p. 41.
  4. ↑ The Lords of Names lose control | NZZ . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . November 23, 2009, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed September 1, 2018]).
  5. ↑ Sevan Nişanyan: Hayali Coğrafyalar: Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye'de Değiştirilen Yeradları (PDF) ISBN 978-605-5832-76-6 , 2011, p. 13.
  6. ↑ 28 BİN YERİN İSMİ DEĞİŞTİ, HANGİ İSİM HANGİ DİLE AİT? (No longer available online.) In: KentHaber. August 16, 2009, archived from the original on August 10, 2012 ; retrieved on January 14, 2013 (Turkish): "Ayşe Hür, Demokrat Parti döneminde oluşturulan kurul için şöyle diyor:" Bu çalışmalar sırasında anlamları güzel çağrışımlar uyandırmayan, insanları utanutaritay de. İçinde 'Kızıl', 'Çan', 'Kilise' kelimeleri olan köylerin isimleri ile Arapça, Farsça, Ermenice, Kürtçe, Gürcüce, Tatarca, Çerkezce, Lazca köy isimleri 'bölücülüğe meydan vermemek' amacıyla değiştirildi "". Info: The archive link is automatically used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kenthaber.com
  7. ↑ a b Ahmet İnsel: İsmime dokunma. In: Radical . September 16, 2007, accessed January 12, 2013 (Turkish).
  8. ↑ Murat Koylu: Bütün isimlerimizi geri istiyoruz. In: Yesil Gazete. March 21, 2011, accessed January 12, 2013 (Turkish).
  9. ↑ İbrahim Sediyani: Adını arayan coğrafya . Özedönüş Yayınları, Istanbul 2009, ISBN 978-6-05429600-2 (Turkish).
  10. ↑ Türker S., “28 bin yerin ismi değişti ...,”, Vatan, 16 Agustos, 2009.
  11. ↑ a b c Tunçel H., “Türkiye'de İsmi Değiştirilen Köyler,” Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Firat Universitesi, 2000, volume 10, number 2.
  12. ↑ Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu: Doğu Rumeli'de kayıp köyler: İslimye Sancağ'ında 1878'den günümüze göçler, isim değişikleri ve harabeler . 1. basım edition. Bağlam, Istanbul 2008, ISBN 978-975-8803-95-8 (Turkish).
  13. ↑ a b Halit Eren: Proceedings of the second International Symposium on Islamic Civilization in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4-7 December 2003 . Ed .: Ali Çaksu. Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture, Istanbul 2006, ISBN 978-92-9063-152-1 (Turkish, online [accessed January 12, 2013]).
  14. ↑ TC Icisleri Bakanligi (1968): Köylerimiz. 1 Mart 1968 green kadar. TC Icisleri Bakanligi, Iller Idaresi Genel Müdürlügü. Ankara
  15. ↑ TC Icisleri Bakanligi (1977): Yeni Tabii Yer Adlari 1977. Yeni, Eski ve Illere Göre Dizileri. Icisleri Bakanligi, Iller Idaresi Genel Müdürlügü, Besinci Sube Müdürlügü. Ankara
  16. ↑ Okutan, M. Çağatay (2004): Tek Parti döneminde Azınlık Politikaları [Minority Policies during the One Party Period]. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  17. ↑ Kerem Öktem: The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey . In: European Journal of Turkish Studies . No. 7, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  18. ↑ a b c d Turkey to restore some Kurdish place names. (No longer available online.) In: Zaman. September 28, 2012, archived from the original on September 29, 2012 ; Retrieved January 17, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.todayszaman.com
  19. ↑ a b c d e Sevan Nişanyan: Hayali Coğrafyalar: Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye'de Değiştirilen Yeradları. ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) ISBN 978-605-5832-76-6 , 2011, p. 54. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tesev.org.tr
  20. ↑ Harun Tuncel: TÜRKİYE'DE İSMİ DEĞİŞTİRİLEN KÖYLER Deutsch: Renamed Villages in Turkey . In: Fırat University Journal of Social Science . 10, No. 2, 2000. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
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  23. ^ Peter Balakian : The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response . HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-186017-1 , pp. 36 .
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  27. ↑ Yiğidi öldürmek ama hakkını da Vermek ... (No longer available online.) In: Lraper. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 ; Retrieved January 16, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lraper.org
  28. ↑ Patrik II. Mesrob Hazretleri 6 Agustos 2006 Pazar. In: Bolsohays News. August 7, 2006, accessed January 16, 2013 (Turkish).
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  32. ↑ Multicultural Pasts as a Problem in the Construction of National Programs of Cultural Heritage in Modern Southeast Europe. (PDF) 10th Annual Kokkalis Program Workshop at Harvard University, February 7–8, 2007, p. 2. (abstract)
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  35. ^ Robert H. Hewsen: Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press, 2001, ISBN 0-226-33228-4 , p. 212: "River between the port of Atina (now Pazar) on the coast and the great inland peak called Kajkar (Arm. Khach'k'ar) Dagh 'Cross-stone Mountain' ”.
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  40. ^ Gallipoli . [Turkey] . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 11 : Franciscans - Gibson . London 1910, p. 420 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
  41. ^ "The town grew considerably at the end of the 19thC, and until the exchange of Graeco-Turkish populations in 1923 it had a large Greek population. Its name at that time was Makri in modern Greek. Diana Darke: Guide to Aegean and Mediterranean Turkey. M. Haag, 1986, ISBN 0-902743-70-8 , p. 165, 296 pages ( limited preview in the Google book search).
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  54. ^ Assyrian Association Building Attacked in Turkey. Assyrian International News Agency, accessed January 17, 2013 : "Facing persecution and discrimination, Turkey's Assyrian population, once numbering more than 130,000, has been reduced to about 5,000."
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