Taiwanie

Taiwanie
	Taiwanie ( Taiwania cryptomerioides )
Systematics
Class :	Coniferopsida
Order :	Conifers (Coniferales)
Family :	Cypress family (Cupressaceae)
Subfamily :	Taiwanioideae
Genre :	Taiwan
Type :	Taiwanie
Scientific name of the subfamily
	Taiwanioideae
	( Hayata ) Quinn
Scientific name of the genus
	Taiwan
	Hayata
Scientific name of the species
	Taiwania cryptomerioides
	Hayata

Branches

Young branches with typical foliage

bark

The taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides ) is an evergreen coniferous tree from the family of the cypress family (Cupressaceae). It is the only species of the Taiwania genus that used to consist of representatives from different distribution areas, each of which had its own species status. The three natural ranges are on Taiwan, in a contiguous area in southern China and Myanmar, and in Vietnam. The oldest finds of fossils indistinguishable from Taiwania cryptomerioides come from Alaska and are up to 110 million years old. Other and more recent fossil finds from America, Europe and Asia show a significantly wider distribution in geological terms. Taiwanie was named Tree of the Year 2010 by the International Dendrology Society (IDS).

description

Appearance

The Taiwanie is an evergreen , monoecious tree that reaches heights of 60 to 65, rarely 70 m. This makes it one of the largest trees in Asia. and reaches an age of over 1600, probably even 2000 years. The trunk is straight and reaches a diameter of 3 to 4 m above the trunk with its pronounced buttress roots . The bark of larger trees is comparatively thin and peels in thin strips or scales. It later becomes cracked, reddish brown to brown and changes color to gray under the influence of weather. The branches are spread out or ascending. Low-standing, deciduous branches are more or less drooping and form a conical or pyramidal crown in younger trees. Older trees have a domed or flat crown.

leaves

The leaves are arranged in a spiral with a short leaf base and have different shapes and colors depending on the age of the trees. Younger trees with heights up to about 15 m and young twigs have long, awl and sickle-shaped, at least 5 but mostly 10 to 24 mm long and 1.5 to 3.5 mm wide leaves that are wider towards the base. They have spiky leaf tips, are flattened on the sides and have a keeled top and bottom. The color is blue-green, and they have 3 to 6 stomata on both sides . The leaves are at an angle of 40 ° to 70 ° from the branches and are preserved for about 30 years. Older branches have short, lanceolate, spatula-shaped, 3 to 7 mm long and 1.2 to 3 mm wide leaves with entire margins. They are pointed or blunt, curved, free-standing or almost pressed on. Both sides are glossy dark green to glossy green. The top shows 8 to 13 stomata rows, the bottom 6 to 9 rows on each side.

Flowers and cones

The pollen cones grow in terminal groups from (2 to) 3 to 5 (up to 7) cones on branches with scale-shaped leaves. They are ovate-round and 2 to 3 mm long. The numerous microsporophylls are arranged in a spiral, shield-shaped and usually have 3, rarely 2 or 4 abaxial pollen sacs. The seed cones grow individually at the branch ends and mature within a year to elliptical to cylindrical, brown cones 9 to 25, but mostly 12 to 20 mm in length with diameters of 6 to 11 mm. The 12 to 25, usually 14 to 20 cone scales gradually merge at the base into the scale-shaped leaves of the branches. They are inverted triangular to inverted spatula-shaped, 6 to 10 mm long and 5 to 8 mm wide. They are wedge-shaped towards the base and yellowish to reddish brown; towards the tip matt brown and prickly. Two erect ovules are formed per cone scale. 14 to 30 seeds are formed per cone. The seeds are ovate-elongated, flat, light brown to tan and without wings 4 mm long and 2 to 3 mm wide. The two wings, 1 to 2 mm wide, are translucent, overlap slightly and surround the seed. Pollination takes place from April to May, the cones ripen from October to November.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

Distribution and ecology

Distribution of Taiwan, red: natural range, green: naturalized

The natural distribution areas are in Taiwan in the district of Nantou , in China in the northwest of the Yunnan province and in the southeast of Tibet , in the northeast of Myanmar and in Vietnam in the Van Ban district in the Lào Cai province .

The Taiwanie grows in mountain forests at altitudes from 1750 to 2900 m above sea level. NN. It usually grows in small groups in protected side valleys and reaches an age of over 1600 years, possibly even up to 2000 years. It thus survives most other species and can use forest destruction such as fires to spread. It grows on yellow or red, acidic soils that were created by weathering granite or conglomerates . The climate is strongly influenced by the monsoons with annual rainfall exceeding 4000 mm in China and 3000 mm in Vietnam.

In Taiwan it grows in the cool belt of coniferous forests together with the false cypresses Chamaecyparis formosensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa var. Formosana as the predominant species. Representatives of Calocedrus formosana , Cunninghamia konishii , Taiwan spruce ( Picea morrisonicola ), Chinese Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga sinensis ), the Himalayan yew ( Taxus wallichiana ) and the Chinese hemlock ( Tsuga chinensis ) and deciduous trees from the genus of the pseudo-chestnut ( Castanopsis ), the oak ( Quercus ) and the wheel tree ( Trochodendron aralioides ). The bushes mostly consist of Camellia brevistyla , species of the genus Rhododendron , Eurya and blueberries ( Vaccinium ). The bamboo species Yushania niitakeyamensis covers larger areas. Scutellospora calospora and members of the genus Glomus , which belong to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , were identified as mycorrhizal partners .

In Yunnan and Myanmar, Taiwan grows in mixed coniferous forests with Abies forrestii , the Sargent spruce ( Picea brachytyla ), the Chinese larch ( Larix potaninii ), the Chinese Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga sinensis ) and the Himalayan hemlock ( Tsuga dumosa ). The shrubbery consists of Fortune's head yew ( Cephalotaxus fortunei ), the Himalayan yew ( Taxus wallichiana ) and the large nut ( Torreya grandis var. Yunnanensis ). All trees are heavily overgrown by the lichen Usnea longissima , mosses and liverworts . Species of the genus maples ( Acer ), pseudo-chestnuts ( Castanopsis ), oaks ( Quercus ), magnolias ( Magnolia ), schima and whitebeams ( Sorbus ) grow as deciduous trees, especially at lower altitudes . The shrubbery consists of rhododendron species and species of other genera.

In Vietnam they are found in evergreen mountain forests, in which representatives of the beech family (Fagaceae), the laurel family (Lauraceae) and species of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae) predominate. The Fujian cypress ( Fokienia hodginsii ) is the only larger conifer .

Other scattered populations of fewer than 100 specimens exist in secondary forests in China, for example in the southeast of Guizhou , in the southwest of Hubei , in the southeast of Sichuan and in the north of Fujian at lower altitudes of 750 to 1200 m above sea level. NN. These populations are rather small and are located in different climatic zones than in the other areas, so it is assumed that they have been naturalized .

Botanical history

Fossil finds from the Cretaceous to the Pliocene show that the Taiwanie was a rare but widespread species for a very long time. From the fossil finds, the species affiliation cannot be clearly determined, but the shape of the branches, cones and needles found lies within the range of variation of today's Taiwania cryptomerioides . Some of the fossil finds were described as separate species, for example the finds on Spitzbergen from the Paleocene as Taiwania schaeferi Schloemer-Jäger , finds from the Eocene from China as Taiwania fushunensis (Endo) Koidzumi , finds from Japan as Taiwania japonica (Thunberg ex Lf) D Don , Taiwania eocenica Matsuo , Taiwania paracryptomeroides Kilpper and Taiwania mesocryptomeroides Matsuo , and finds from Siberia as Taiwania microphylla Sveshnikova & Budantsev and Taiwania cretacea Samylina .

chalk

The oldest finds come from northwest Alaska, from the Albium (Lower Cretaceous Period) and are between 110 and 100 million years old. The oldest finds from Asia are between 100 and 90 million years old (from the Cenomanian and Turonian of the Upper Cretaceous) and come from the coastal areas in eastern Russia. The lack of older finds from Russia suggests that there was a land connection via the Bering Strait between America and Asia only from the Upper Cretaceous , which is proven by other finds of plants and animals. Thus the range of the species extended from 63 ° to 75 ° north latitude and coincides with that of other genera, such as Pseudolarix , Glyptostrobus and Metasequoia . The mean annual temperatures ranged from 13 to 20 ° Celsius. Other finds from the late Cretaceous come from Japan (36 ° to 43 ° north latitude) and are around 90 to 83 million years old ( Coniacium and Santonium ) and 75 to 70 million years ( Maastrichtian ). The mean annual temperature was around 20 ° Celsius.

Paleogene

In the transition period to the Paleogene , the climate in North America became more humid and warmer. The Taiwanie spread from Alaska to the east to the arctic zones of today's Canada and to Spitzbergen , which at that time was connected to North America via Greenland. From there come 65 to 55 million year old finds from the Paleocene . During this time, the distribution area reached the greatest extent and extended from 33 ° to 80 ° north latitude in a subtropical to cool-temperate climate. However, unlike some deciduous tree species, it did not spread to continental Europe. In America, the species was able to survive in high northern latitudes at least until the middle of the Eocene , as is shown by finds on Axel Heiberg Island in northern Canada . However, there are no fossil finds for the time after that.

However, at the beginning of the Oligocene , the species found its way from the east to Western Siberia and Europe. The prerequisite for this was the drying up of a shallow inlet (English: Turgai Street ) between the Thetis Sea and the Arctic Sea, which separated West and East Asia, combined with a general cooling of the climate about 34 million years ago. Fossils from this period have been found in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Germany (near Leipzig and near Bautzen ).

Neogene

During the Miocene , the climate became colder and drier and Taiwan disappeared from Western Siberia. In Europe, however, it was able to survive in drier areas in the otherwise rather damp surrounding area, so there are fossil finds from several areas in Germany (so close to Bautzen, Kreuzau and Eschweiler ), from Bulgaria and Russia from this time. The most recent fossils from Europe date from the early Pliocene and were found near Castell'Arquato in Italy.

In Japan, the species could be detected in the Miocene on Honshū and Hokkaidō . On Hokkaidō it disappeared in the Pliocene , but was initially able to hold on to Honshū and Kyūshū , where it also disappeared at the end of the Pliocene. The reason for the disappearance of the species was less the cooler, but rather the drier climate at that time.

quaternary

The last fossil finds from the east and south-east of continental Asia, which include today's distribution areas, date from the Oligocene, which raises the question of how today's populations were formed. Genetic studies of the DNA of the chloroplasts show a close relationship between the representatives in the distribution area on the border between China and Myanmar, in Vietnam and the scattered stocks in other areas of China. Genetic exchange between these populations is likely to have taken place around a million years ago. The DNA of the chloroplasts for the stocks on Taiwan differ more strongly, which suggests a separation of the distribution areas on Taiwan and in continental China about 3 to 3.5 million years ago. This division of range coincides with the accelerated rise of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Himalayas in the late Pliocene, which resulted in a drier and generally cooler climate. The stocks in Taiwan could either have come via the dry cross-strait from the mainland at the beginning of the Pleistocene or via the Ryūkyū Islands from Japan. The stocks on the mainland were probably pushed back further in the early and middle Pleistocene by increased glaciation during the Ice Age, which led to the further splitting of the range, where the species could only survive in refuges .

Hazard and protection

The range of Taiwanie was much larger 500 years ago. However, it was often felled because of its valuable wood, which reduced the stocks by at least 30 to 49%. However, today's stocks are largely stable. It is however in the red list of the IUCN as endangered ( "vulnerable") out.

In China, the populations in the south in particular have been greatly reduced in the last 100 years, but the species has also been naturalized outside of its natural range. The holdings are estimated at around 55,000 copies, although it is unclear how many of them are fully grown. In Yunnan in particular, old stocks were cut down until the year 2000. Felling trees has been banned in China since 2001.

In Vietnam, the species is only known from an area of around 3 km² in which there are around 100 trees. Due to their small number, these are threatened with extinction (“critically endangered”). On the one hand, the area is being destroyed by slash and burn to gain grassland for cattle grazing, on the other hand, stocks are being cut down. It is estimated that around 80% of the habitat was destroyed in this way. The distribution area is not in a protected zone, but the local forest protection office and other groups are working on a protection program for the current stands. In addition, seed banks were created to enable reforestation.

Little is known about the stocks in Myanmar, but in some areas, for example on the western slopes of Gaoligong Shan , trees are extensively felled because of their valuable wood.

In Taiwan, new, extensive ranges were discovered in the southeast of the island, there are a total of about 10,000 fully-grown specimens on the island. Yushan National Park , established in 1984, protects the trees in some locations, but other locations were cut down at the same time.

Systematics and research history

The taiwania ( Taiwania cryptomerioides ) is a kind of the monotypic genus Taiwania in the family of cypress plants (Cupressaceae). The generic name Taiwania refers to the distribution area on Taiwan. The specific epithet cryptomerioides is derived from the generic name of the sickle fir ( Cryptomeria ), as the leaves of young trees are similar to those of the sickle fir.

The species was first scientifically described by Hayata Bunzō in 1906 in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . As a distinguishing feature, he refers to the unique shape of the cones, which is similar to the cone shape of Cunninghamia in terms of the structure and shape of the seeds and wings, but differs significantly from this due to the number of ovules per cover scale and the lack of seed-bearing scales . In addition, the habitus corresponds to that of Cryptomeria . These characteristics caused Hayata not to assign the species to the genus Cunninghamia , but to set up a new genus Taiwan . The material used for the description was by the botanist Konishi Nariaki in 1904 at 2000 meters above sea level. NN found at the then Mount Morrison , today called Yushan mountain in Taiwan. Hayata Bunzō (1874-1934) was a Japanese botanist at the Imperial University of Tokyo and studied the flora of the island during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan (1895-1945) . He himself found the first description of the species to be his greatest contribution to botany. In 1908 he honored Konishi with the specific epithet of Cunninghamia konishii , which today is often only classified as a variety of the spit fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata var. Konishii ).

Parts of young Taiwania were already collected from cultivated trees by DJ Anderson in China, in the west of Yunnan, in 1886, but ascribed to the sickle fir ( Cryptomeria japonica ) and kept as such in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew . Other early collections were made in 1912 by M. Kyaw for JH Lace and in 1915 by JS Gamble in Myanmar. In 1916 the Austrian botanist Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti found specimens in Yunnan. His material was used by Henri Marcel Gaussen in 1939 to define his own species Taiwania flousiana , which is said to differ from Taiwania cryptomerioides by the size and number of scales on the seed cones . Gen'ichi Koidzumi later used the same material to describe it as a species of Taiwania yunnanensis . He cited differences in the structure of the seed wings as a distinguishing feature. Another collection was also carried out in Yunnan in 1918 by the Scottish botanist George Forrest . The British botanist Henry John Elwes (1846–1922) was the first western dendrologist to see the species in its natural habitat in 1912. Ernest Wilson took the first copies with him to the West.

The strongly spatially separated distribution area in Yunnan and Myanmar in the west and Taiwan in the east is probably the main reason for the division into several species Taiwania cryptomerioides , Taiwania yunnanensis and Taiwania flousiana , which was based on differences in the size of the cones and the number of seed scales. However, a carefully performed comparison by Aljos Farjon could not find any consistent differences in the morphology of representatives of the two areas. Specimens from the later discovered range in Vietnam also fit well into the scheme. Hence the names Taiwania flousiana Gaussen and Taiwania yunnanensis Koidz. only taken as synonyms .

The genus was initially together with the Japanese Cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) and the fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ), the coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), the Giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ), the Urweltmammutbaum ( Metasequoia glyptostroboides ) and the glyptostrobus pensilis ( Glyptostrobus pensilis ), the athrotaxis ( Athrotaxis ) and the bald cypresses ( Taxodium ) of the bald cypress family (Taxodiaceae Warming ), which are regarded as independent . These genera are now counted among the cypress family, with the genera Taiwania , Cunninghamia and Athrotaxis being classified in monogeneric subfamilies (Taiwanioideae, Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxoideae). According to molecular genetic and morphological studies, the genus Taiwania is a sister taxon to all other representatives of the cypress family with the exception of Cunninghamia , which is a sister taxon to all other representatives of the cypress family. For the cypress family, this study reveals relationships as shown in the following cladogram . The cladogram is confirmed by purely morphological investigations, among other things on the cover and seed scales of the cones.

Cupressaceae

Cunninghamia

Taiwan

Athrotaxis

Sequoioideae ( Metasequoia , Sequoia , Sequoiadendron )

Taxodioideae ( Cryptomeria , Glyptostrobus , Taxodium )

Callitroideae ( Actinostrobus , Callitris , Neocallitropsis , Diselma , Fitzroya , Widdringtonia , Austrocedrus , Libocedrus , Pilgerodendron , Papuacedrus )

	Cupressoideae ( Calocedrus , Microbiota , Platycladus , Tetraclinis , Chamaecyparis , Cupressus , Juniperus , Fokienia , Thuja , Thujopsis )

use

Taiwanese wood is very durable. It is especially known for making coffins. This earned her the English name coffin tree ( coffin tree ). In Vietnam it is used together with the wood of the Fujian cypress ( Fokienia hodginsii ) for the construction of houses, especially for the production of the roof beams. Some of the wood is decorated with pale yellow and red annual rings and is popular for making furniture.

Ingredients from the wood are tested for biological pest control. So could z. B. an inhibitory effect of essential oils of the Taiwanie on termite damage (by Coptotermes formosanus ) can be observed. Such effects also exist against bacteria, fungi and mites.

The species was cultivated outside of its natural range in China long before it was scientifically described in 1906. It was introduced as an ornamental tree in Europe, Japan, North America and New Zealand, where it thrives in temperate zones with no or only light frost. Despite the attractive shape and decorative foliage of young trees, it is rarely used. In Central Europe they are mostly only found in botanical gardens and arboretums . In Germany, for example, one specimen grows in the Bonn Botanical Garden , others in Freiburg, Essen's Grugapark and in the Rhine-Main area. In Switzerland there is a copy in the Botanical Garden of the University of Basel .

swell

literature

Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 954-955 .
Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 56 (English).
John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides . In: International Dendrology Society [IDS] (Ed.): Yearbook 2010 . ( dendrology.org ).
Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 627 (reprint from 1996).
Yen-Wei Chou, Philip I. Thomas, Xue-Jun Ge, Ben A. LePage, Chun-Neng Wang: Refugia and Phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia . In: Journal of Biogeography . tape 38 . Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011, pp. 1992-2005 .
Paul A. Gadek, Deryn L. Alpers, Margaret M. Heslewood, Christopher J. Quinn: Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: A Combined Morphological and Molecular Approach . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 87 , no. 7 , 2000, pp. 1044-1057 ( amjbot.org [PDF]).
Ben A. Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 158 , no. 1 , 2009, p. 129-149 , doi : 10.1635 / 053.158.0107 .

Individual evidence

↑ German name after Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 507 .
↑ Taiwania cryptomerioides , Tree of the Year 2010. (No longer available online.) In: www.dendrology.org. International Dendrology Society (IDS), archived from the original on March 14, 2012 ; accessed on October 21, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
^ John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , p. 36.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 954.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert R. Mill: Taiwania cryptomerioides in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 56.
↑ Armin Jagel, Veit Martin Dörken: The cones of the cypress family (Cupressaceae) - Part 1: Subfamilies Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxoideae, Taiwanioideae, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae. Communications from the German Dendrological Society, Vol. 100, 2015, pp. 161–176.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, pp. 954-955.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 955.
↑ Yu-Ting Wu, Chiang-Her Yen, Yei-Zeng Wang: Quantification of Mycorrhiza from Taiwania Using Real-Time PCR . In: Taiwan Journal of Forest Science . tape 23 , no. 3 , 2008, p. 199-209 ( online, pdf ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Taiwania cryptomerioides . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed October 5, 2012 .
↑ ^a ^b Yen-Wei Chou et al .: Refugia and Phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia , p. 1993.
↑ Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , pp. 141, 142.
↑ Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 138.
↑ ^a ^b Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwan (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 142.
↑ ^a ^b Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 143.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 145.
↑ Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 144.
↑ Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , pp. 144, 145.
^ Yen-Wei Chou et al .: Refugia and Phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia , p. 1999.
^ Yen-Wei Chou et al .: Refugia and Phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia , p. 2001.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Taiwania cryptomerioides in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: A. Farjon, P. Thomas, 2011. Retrieved on October 7 2012th
↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 627.
^ Hayata Bunzō: On "Taiwania", a new genus of Conifers from the Island of Formosa. In: Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. Volume 37, pp. 330-331, botanicus.org (PDF).
^ John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , pp. 24-26.
^ John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , pp. 26-28.
^ John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , p. 31.
^ Aljos Farjon: A monograph of Cupressaceae and “Sciadopitys”. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond; quoted from Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 954.
^ John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , p. 28.
↑ Gadek et al .: Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: A Combined Morphological and Molecular Approach , p. 1055.
↑ Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 140.
^ Christian Schulz, Thomas Stützel: Evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (Coniferopsida) . In: Elsevier GmbH (Ed.): Organisms, Diversity & Evolution . tape 7 , 2007, p. 124–135 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ode.2006.03.001 .
↑ Shang-Tzen Chang, Sen-Sung Cheng, Sheng-Yang Wang (2001): Antitermitic activity of essential oils and components from taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides). Journal of Chemical Ecology Vol. 27, no. 4: 717-724
↑ S.-T. Chang, S.-Y. Wang, Y.-H. Kuo (2003): Resources and bioactive substances from Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides). Journal of Wood Science Volume 49, Issue 1: 1-4.
↑ Andreas Archut: Hard enough for the Bonn winter. In: Press release from the University of Bonn. University of Bonn, December 20, 2010, accessed on January 31, 2013 .
↑ Bernd Demes: A plant portrait : Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata. (PDF; 775 kB) In: Hortus Exoticus 2011/2012. Michael Lorek, p. 4 , accessed January 31, 2013 .
↑ Taiwania cryptomerioides. In: Botanical Image Database. University of Basel, archived from the original on March 6, 2013 ; accessed on January 31, 2013 .

Web links

Commons : Taiwanie ( Taiwania cryptomerioides ) - album containing pictures, videos and audio files

Christopher J. Earle: Taiwania cryptomerioides . In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, December 24, 2010, accessed October 14, 2012 .
Taiwan . In:The Gymnosperm Database. Global Trees Campaign, archived from the original onOctober 6, 2013; accessed on October 18, 2012(English).
Taiwania cryptomerioides . In:The Plant List. Retrieved October 5, 2012.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on February 2, 2013 in this version .

[deutsch-1] German name after Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 507 .

[Tree2012-2] Taiwania cryptomerioides , Tree of the Year 2010. (No longer available online.) In: www.dendrology.org. International Dendrology Society (IDS), archived from the original on March 14, 2012 ; accessed on October 21, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[IDS36-3] John Grimshaw: Tree of the Year: Taiwania cryptomerioides , p. 36.

[Farjon4-4] Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 954.

[FoC-5] Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert R. Mill: Taiwania cryptomerioides in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 56.

[jagel_2015-6] Armin Jagel, Veit Martin Dörken: The cones of the cypress family (Cupressaceae) - Part 1: Subfamilies Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxoideae, Taiwanioideae, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae. Communications from the German Dendrological Society, Vol. 100, 2015, pp. 161–176.

[Farjon45-7] Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, pp. 954-955.

[Farjon5-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 955.

[Pilze-9] Yu-Ting Wu, Chiang-Her Yen, Yei-Zeng Wang: Quantification of Mycorrhiza from Taiwania Using Real-Time PCR . In: Taiwan Journal of Forest Science . tape 23 , no. 3 , 2008, p. 199-209 ( online, pdf ).

[GRIN-10] Taiwania cryptomerioides . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed October 5, 2012 .

[Refugia93-11] Yen-Wei Chou et al .: Refugia and Phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia , p. 1993.

[LePage412-12] Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , pp. 141, 142.

[LePage138-13] Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwania (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 138.

[LePage42-14] Lepage: Earliest Occurrence of Taiwan (Cupressaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Alaska: Evolution, Biogeography, and Paleoecology , p. 142.

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