Trzebnica
| Trzebnica | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lower Silesia | ||
| Powiat : | Trzebnica | ||
| Area : | 8.35 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 18 ' N , 17 ° 4' E | ||
| Height : | 160 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 13,331 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 55-100 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 71 | ||
| License plate : | DTR | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | E261 Leszno - Wroclaw | ||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Urban and rural municipality | ||
| Gmina structure: | 46 villages | ||
| 40 school offices | |||
| Surface: | 200.19 km² | ||
| Residents: | 24,380 (June 30, 2019) |
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| Population density : | 122 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Community number ( GUS ): | 0220033 | ||
| Administration (as of 2012) | |||
| Mayor : | Marek Długozima | ||
| Address: | pl. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 1 55-100 Trzebnica |
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| Website : | www.trzebnica.pl | ||
Trzebnica [ tʃɛbˈɲiʦa ] ( German : Trebnitz ) is a city in the Polish Voivodeship of Lower Silesia . It is the seat of the Powiat Trzebnicki ( Trebnitz district ).
Geographical location
The small town is located in Lower Silesia in the Katzengebirge , about 20 kilometers north of Wroclaw .
history
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Trzebnica under the Silesian Piasts
Numerous prehistoric finds in the neighboring village of Massel ( Masłów ) attest to early settlement of the Trebnitz area. Before 1138, Trebnitz, which at that time was already a market town, belonged to the Breslauer Vinzenzstift and the Silesian magnate Peter Wlast . It was first mentioned in a document in 1138, when Władysław II the expellee , Duke of Silesia , took the whole place. Presumably because of Władysław's expulsion in 1146, Trebnitz lost the market rights to the neighboring Zirkwitz ( Cerekwica ). Lively settlement activity in the area around Trebnitz began under the son of Władysław II, Duke Bolesław I , who had returned from the expulsion in 1163. His son, Duke Heinrich I , founded the Trebnitz Cistercian monastery in 1202 at the request of his wife Hedwig von Andechs , which he richly endowed and populated with Cistercian women from the Bamberg monastery of St. Theodor . It was the first women's monastery in Silesia . The first abbess was Petrissa, Hedwig's former teacher from Kitzingen in Main Franconia . The deed of foundation was signed on June 23, 1203 in Trebnitz by Duke Heinrich I in the presence of Hedwig's brother, Bamberg Bishop Eckbert and Hedwig's uncle, Bamberg Cathedral Provost Poppo . The duke gave the monastery the fishing village of Kottwitz, in Polish Kotowice on the Oder.
Market rights were restored in 1203. In the same year the parish church of St. Petri was mentioned in a document, but it probably already existed in 1138. Over the next few years, the duke couple built the three-aisled monastery church. The crypt was consecrated in 1214, the choir in 1219 . In 1224 the roof and bell tower were completed. In 1238 Duke Heinrich I died, five years later his widow Hedwig von Andechs. In 1250 Trebnitz received the German Neumarkt town charter . Although the city was part of the facilities of the monastery, jurisdiction was incumbent on the dukes of Wroclaw after the division of the Duchy of Silesia . In 1323 jurisdiction over Trebnitz was placed under the Dukes of Oels .
Under the bohemian crown
Together with the Duchy of Oels, Trebnitz came in 1329 as a fiefdom to the Crown of Bohemia , which came to the Habsburgs in 1526 . In 1413 the monastery and town were ravaged by fire. Both were rebuilt with the private funds of the Abbess Anna Princess of Kuyavia . In 1430 the monastery and town were attacked and robbed by the Hussites . The damage caused was repaired in 1453 with private funds from the abbess Princess Margarethe († 1466), daughter of Duke Konrad V. von Oels . Since the Trebnitz monastery had always endeavored to acquire all ducal rights over its possessions, these were finally transferred to it by Duke Konrad von Oels in 1480 . In the 16th century, repeated fires caused great damage, and the plague raged in 1596, killing 1,600 people. During the Thirty Years' War the town and monastery were plundered several times by Swedish troops. In 1697–1726 the monastery buildings were rebuilt, in 1730 the new town hall and 1741–1747 the monastery church received a new interior.
Under the Prussian crown
After the First Silesian War , Trebnitz and most of Silesia fell as sovereign property to the Prussian king . For the year 1776 in Trebnitz 1974 inhabitants are recorded. On August 17th, 1810, the last abbess Dominika von Gillern died . On November 11, 1810, the monastery was secularized , which also lost the manorial power in Trebnitz. The monastery church was rededicated to the Catholic parish church. The monastery property, including the city of Trebnitz, became state property and was later sold. Part of the monastery building was used as a textile factory at times. In 1870 some of the buildings were acquired by the Maltese , the rest were bought by the Borromean Sisters , who set up their General Mother House in Trebnitz .
The district of Trebnitz , which belonged to the administrative district of Breslau , had already been established in 1816 . Of the 3,129 inhabitants in 1880, 3,129 were Protestant, 1,699 were Catholic and 89 were Jewish. In 1886 Trebnitz received a railway connection with Breslau.
From 1888 the city gained importance as a health resort. The spa complex with numerous villas in the Neo-Baroque and Art Nouveau style was designed by the Wroclaw architect Hubert Jantke. Electrification took place in 1897. In 1898 the small train, known as "The Flying Trebnitzer", started operations. Subsequently, Breslauers also settled in Trebnitz. In 1902 a neo-baroque hospital with a chapel was built. In 1910 a gas station was built. In 1939 there were 8,500 inhabitants.
By the year 1945 belonged to the Trebnitz County Trebnitz in district Breslau the Prussian province of Lower Silesia of the German Reich .
In Poland
During the Second World War , the Red Army occupied the city on January 25, 1945 without a fight. In the next five days, Soviet soldiers destroyed about 60% of the houses by looting and pillaging. The historic city center was destroyed. The monastery and the church were spared.
In April 1945 the Soviet Union placed Trebnitz, like almost all of Silesia, under the administration of the People's Republic of Poland . They renamed the place in Trzebnica , expelled the inhabitants and replaced them with Poland . Some of the newly settled residents came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that fell to the Soviet Union as part of Poland's westward displacement , and some came from central Poland. Trzebnica was from April 20 to the beginning of June 1945 the seat of the voivode of Wroclaw, Stanisław Piaskowski (1901–1963), a memorial plaque on 5 Wolności Street commemorates this.
The reconstruction of the city was slow. In 1951 there were almost no houses around the town hall. The new apartment blocks were built using prefabricated panels in the “socialist style”. The pilgrimages to St. Hedwig's grave were soon resumed.
The agricultural dairy and woodworking industries are of economic importance. Trzebnica draws part of its income from spa operations and tourism. Many of the residents are employed in nearby Wroclaw.
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1875 | 4,744 | |
| 1880 | 4,783 | |
| 1890 | 5,333 | thereof 3,346 Evangelicals, 1,904 Catholics and 79 Jews |
| 1933 | 8,719 | |
| 1939 | 8,505 |
Attractions
- Monastery church with the graves of St. Hedwig von Andechs and her husband, Duke Heinrich I “the Bearded”, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Konrad von Feuchtwangen
- Column with the Bohemian national saint John of Nepomuk on the forecourt of the monastery church.
- The St. Peter parish church (since 1994 Kośćiół par. ŚŚ Piotra i Pawła ) from the 13th century was probably donated by the magnate Peter Wlast . In 1853–1855 it was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style. The Gothic tower and the baptismal font from 1505 have been preserved. From 1525 until the end of the war in 1945, the church served as a Protestant church. From 1947 it was used as a warehouse for a different purpose. In 1987 it was handed over to the Catholic parish and then restored and rebuilt. It has been a Catholic parish church since 1994, consecrated to the Apostles Peter and Paul.
- The town hall on the rectangular market square was built in its current form in 1858/69.
- The ducal castle, attested in 1322, was located on the oval castle hill to the northwest of the ring and was demolished in 1432.
- The city museum is located in a baroque town house from the 17th century.
- To the southeast of the city, accessible via ul. Leśna, in a beech forest ( las bukowy ) are the neo-Gothic chapel of the Fourteen Holy Helpers ( Kościół Czternastu Świętych Wspomożycieli ) and a way of the cross at a former hermitage . The church, richly decorated with folk paintings, was built in 1886 based on a design by Hubert Jantke on the site of a chapel from 1496. The cemetery surrounding it was leveled around 1970. The place is shrouded in many ancient legends.
City arms
The city coat of arms shows two golden crossed keys in blue, with the beards turned upwards, between them the white and bearded head of the apostle Peter with a halo.
sons and daughters of the town
- Maria Leszczyńska (1703–1768), wife of the French King Louis XV.
- Colmar Grünhagen (1828–1911), Silesian historian
- Franz Thilo (1863–1941), district administrator in Grottkau
- Ernst Niekisch (1889–1967), politician and writer
- Erich Rommerskirch (1904–1989), German Jesuit and writer
- Klaus Piontek (1935–1998), actor
- Wolfgang Mittmann (1939–2006), German author
- Gila von Weitershausen (* 1944), German actress
- Ewelina Ptak (* 1987), sprinter
local community
The city and rural community of Trebnitz (Trzebnica) includes 40 districts ( German names until 1945 ) with a Schulzenamt:
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Other localities in the municipality are Blizocin ( Neuwalde ), Bukowiec, Janiszów, Kanice, Koniówko and Trzy Chałupy.
literature
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 542-544.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich et al. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 958–963.
- T. Gravenhorst: Silesia, experiences of a country , Breslau 1937
- K. Ullmann: Schlesienlexikon , Würzburg 1992.
- Antoni Kiełbasa, Stanisław Klimek : Trebnitz - Sanctuary of St. Hedwig . Laumann Druck & Verlag, Dülmen 2002, ISBN 978-3-89960-303-3 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Document collection on the history of the origins of cities and the introduction and spread of German colonists and rights in Silesia and Upper Lusatia
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. trebnitz.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ The Genealogical Place Directory