Hydrogen filling station

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hydrogen filling station at Cologne-Bonn Airport
Establishment of a hydrogen
filling station on the left: card reader, terminal, gas pump, fire extinguisher
Nozzles from a gas station built by Air Liquide
Supply alternatives at a hydrogen filling station
Fuel filler neck hydrogen filling station of EnBW AG in Karlsruhe (GH 2 - 700 bar)
Refueling with hydrogen (GH 2 - 250/350 bar)

A hydrogen filling station is a filling station for filling up motor vehicles with hydrogen . It has one or more fuel pumps with which the energy supply of mobile hydrogen consumers, mostly fuel cell vehicles, can be filled. The liquid or compressed gaseous hydrogen is kept ready in tanks for the hydrogen filling station. A hydrogen filling station typically has pumps and dispensing devices for connection to the respective vehicle tanks. So that such vehicles can be used nationwide, the construction of filling stations along so-called " hydrogen highways " was planned , especially in North America . The first highway was inaugurated in September 2017. In Germany, the development is mainly taking place in seven regions (Hamburg, Berlin, Rhine-Ruhr, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Stuttgart and Munich) as well as along the connecting motorways and trunk roads.

offer

Different forms of hydrogen are offered:

  • Liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) temperature down to −253 ° C at max. 16.5 bar
  • Gaseous hydrogen (GH 2 ) temperature 20 ° C at 250/350 bar
  • Gaseous hydrogen (GH 2 ) temperature −40 ° C at 700 bar

In July 2016, the price for one kilogram of hydrogen in Germany was given as € 9.50. In May 2011 it was around € 8.10 and in November 2014 in Austria it was € 9.00. A current fuel cell car can travel around 100 km (NEDC, NEDC) with one kilogram of hydrogen; Depending on the driving style or driving cycle , values ​​such as 80 to 90 km per kg are realistic.

According to a recently published study from Forschungszentrum Jülich, the entire conversion of mobility logistics and infrastructure to hydrogen in Germany would cost 61 billion euros. The study compares the costs for the charging infrastructure of battery-operated vehicles with those for the necessary infrastructure for fuel cell vehicles. The result is that both technologies are necessary for a successful turnaround in traffic, but in the long run a charging station network is more cost-intensive than hydrogen filling stations.

The first networks with a few hydrogen filling stations are being operated in Germany. According to the operator, the expansion with several hundred filling stations is planned. Overview maps of the availability of hydrogen filling stations are available.

Supply of hydrogen filling stations

A distribution infrastructure for hydrogen that is acceptable for everyday operation currently only exists on a small scale; a practically usable network does not yet exist due to the small number of hydrogen filling stations. In the opinion of Wolfgang Reitzle (former CEO of Linde AG ), who refers to David Hart's report, the costs of setting up such an infrastructure should be low. A hydrogen filling station should cost more than two million euros in 2010. In 2011, around EUR 1–1.5 million was stated. The hydrogen filling station, which was inaugurated in Hamburg in 2015, generates 3.5 kg of hydrogen per hour via electrolysis and cost 2.8 million euros. The federal government bore 47% of the costs from taxpayers' money. There are various ways of supplying hydrogen. The study mentioned is based on the currently most common variant with central generation and distribution of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) by means of super-insulated tankers . However, at least 20% of the output energy is required for hydrogen liquefaction below 20.27  Kelvin (−253 ° C). In addition, some of the hydrogen evaporates from the cryotanks due to unavoidable insulation losses if continuous consumption is not ensured. In the BMW Hydrogen 7 with a liquid hydrogen tank, for example, outgassing began after 17 hours of idle time; after nine days a half-full tank had evaporated.

Depending on the requirements, the liquid hydrogen is fed from the tank directly to the LH 2 fuel pump or evaporated and then compressed to 350 bar or 700 bar using an ionic compressor or a piston compressor. For fuel cell vehicles, all vehicle manufacturers now favor a supply of 700 bar and -40 ° C pre-cooling. Refueling at 700 bar takes less than 3 minutes with a tank of 4 kg. During refueling, the rise in pressure in the vehicle tank generates heat, which, if refueled too quickly, can lead to overheating and damage to the tank, and in extreme cases even to failure of the tank.

Another possibility is to reform natural gas or biogas to hydrogen on site or to generate hydrogen from (regenerative) electricity with an electrolyser . Water electrolysis or gas reforming on site with small devices cannot be carried out as efficiently as central production using large-scale technology with high throughput. However, the methods can still be economical at petrol stations far from the supply routes or with low handling volumes.

In a pilot project from the summer of 2011, the Brandenburg-based Enertrag will be supplying Berlin’s Total filling stations with hydrogen, which is generated from excess electricity in its wind farms with a 500 kW pressure electrolyser .

The method with the lowest loss rate is the delivery of gaseous hydrogen via a pipeline with subsequent compression on site. This is e.g. B. realized for the hydrogen filling station in Hürth near Cologne , which is supplied from the Rhine-Ruhr hydrogen network , which extends over 240 km and can be used to connect additional filling stations.

Refueling

H2.LIVE card
operation manual

To fill up with hydrogen in Germany you need a card from H2 MOBILITY Germany, which was founded in 2015. This is the central company for the expansion of the hydrogen supply infrastructure for the filling stations. The shareholders are Air Liquide , Daimler , Linde , OMV , Shell and Total . With this card, all data for billing the refueling process are then available.

The card is activated after evidence of training. This can be carried out at the hydrogen filling station by the operator, online or by authorized persons with training.

This card must be made known to the petrol pump. Then, similar to the known refueling process with conventional fuel, the nozzle is placed on the tank device and automatically locked airtight. The car and the pump communicate via infrared. The fill level is determined with a test burst. The initial pressure of 220 bar increases to 700 bar during the refueling process. Approx. 1 kg of H 2 is pumped into the tank per minute. Finally, the refueling process is ended and the dispensing device is attached again.

Development of the petrol station network and letters of intent

In 2013, the hydrogen filling station at Hellbrookstrasse in Hamburg was decommissioned to refuel the Zemships
H2 filling station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
H2 filling station in Cobham, UK

Since the turn of the millennium, there have been trial hydrogen filling stations around the world. In 2003 , Iceland set up a hydrogen filling station as part of the nationwide initiative to introduce a hydrogen economy, but put this and another one out of service in 2013. Some filling stations in Germany (including Shell and Total ) also offer hydrogen as part of the Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) . Bus filling stations as part of the “ Clean Urban Transport for Europe program ” are only available in a few European cities. At the beginning of 2016 there were only 214 hydrogen filling stations worldwide, of which only 121 filling stations are open to the public.

In California , the “ California Fuel Cell Partnership ” and Arnold Schwarzenegger's “hydrogen highway” program set up hydrogen filling stations . In Washington, DC, there is a Shell gas station on Benning Road that also sells hydrogen. President George W. Bush made headlines by visiting the gas station. The third US hydrogen filling station opened in Dearborn , Michigan in 1999 and was funded by Ford .

Japan has a number of hydrogen refueling stations operated by JHFC (Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project) to test various hydrogen technologies.

The Surrey filling station was the first in the world to offer hydrogen at a pressure of 70  MPa and is the oldest part of the network that has been offering hydrogen since March 2002. As part of the British Columbia Hydrogen Highway, 6 filling stations were built between Vancouver and Whistler in Canada by 2011 . Most of these filling stations were shut down after funding projects came to an end.

The AGIP multi-energy station at the Höchst industrial park near Frankfurt offers a whole range of current fuels. In addition to the usual petrol and diesel fuels, natural gas ( CNG ), autogas ( LPG ) and hydrogen are offered in three different versions (350 bar = 35 MPa, 700 bar = 70 MPa and liquid). The hydrogen is supplied here by means of a 1.7 km long pipeline from the industrial park. A second station of this kind is being built in Mantua / Lombardy (Italy).

The Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership intends to build a network of 15 hydrogen filling stations and 30 branch offices in Norway, Sweden and Denmark by 2015.

Around 1000 hydrogen filling stations are required to maintain a nationwide network in Germany. In 2011, the Daimler Group announced that it wanted to build 20 hydrogen filling stations in cooperation with Linde AG in order to guarantee continuous connections on the north-south and east-west axes. On June 20, 2012, the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development guaranteed this project a grant of 20 million euros to expand the network from 14 to 50 hydrogen filling stations by 2015. A hydrogen filling station should cost around EUR 1 to 1.5 million. The goals propagated at the time were not achieved by August 2016. Between June 2016 and January 2017, a total of six new hydrogen filling stations went into operation in Wuppertal, Ulm, Münster, Geisingen, Kamen and Limburg. Four more filling stations were added between 2017 and 2019.

The first 100 hydrogen filling stations are to be built in Germany regardless of the number of vehicles. The metropolitan areas of Hamburg, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Munich, Rhine-Ruhr and Stuttgart are covered, plus hydrogen stations along the motorways and trunk roads.

Since 2015, H2 MOBILITY GmbH & Co. KG has been responsible for the creation of a comprehensive hydrogen infrastructure in Germany: The hydrogen stations are integrated into existing filling stations as far as possible and consist largely of standardized components for 700-bar systems. The plan envisages opening a total of 100 H2 filling stations in seven metropolitan regions (Hamburg, Berlin, Rhine-Ruhr, Frankfurt / Rhine-Main, Nuremberg, Stuttgart and Munich) and on the motorways connecting them by 2019.

As of April 2020, 83 stations have been opened. From 2020, more filling stations are to be built "if there is regional demand", depending on the increase in the number of approved fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) up to 300. The H2 Live takes on all operational tasks, including network planning, approval, procurement, construction and operation. H2 Live offers an interactive map of the opened and planned stations, on which you can see the address of the stations, when they last refueled and whether they are in operation or not.

The shareholders of H2 Mobility GmbH are the automobile manufacturer Daimler AG , the gas manufacturers Air Liquide and Linde , as well as the filling station operators OMV , Shell and Total .

Example of a mobile phone app (H2.Live) for an overview of the availability of hydrogen filling stations

Number of petrol stations by region and country

TÜV SÜD offers a summary of the global situation as of February 2019. Worldwide interactive maps are also linked here, showing the location of the hydrogen filling stations.

America

At the beginning of 2016 there was a gas station in South America, and 50 gas stations were operated in the USA and Canada.

Asia

In Asia, 46 filling stations were in operation in March 2012, half of them in Japan. In 2018 there were already 136. 160 hydrogen filling stations are to be available in Japan for the 2021 Summer Olympics .

Europe

In December 2019 there were 110 hydrogen filling stations in Europe.

Germany

As of June 2020, there are currently 84 publicly accessible hydrogen filling stations in the H2 Mobility network in Germany . There are also other petrol stations, e.g. B. company owned.

Austria

place state Status Energy source operator
Sattledt Upper Austria shut down (relocated to Thalheim near Wels) unknown FRONIUS
Graz Styria in operation unknown HycentA
Vienna Vienna in operation unknown OMV
innsbruck Tyrol in operation since May 21, 2015 unknown OMV
Branches Upper Austria in operation unknown OMV
Thalheim near Wels Upper Austria in operation since 10.10.2018 Solar energy FRONIUS

Switzerland

place Canton Energy source / CO 2 info Status
Fällanden , Esoro Zurich unknown in operation
Hunzenschwil , COOP pronto Aargau Run-of-river power plant IBAarau in Aarau in operation; public
Dübendorf , Empa Zurich unknown in operation
Freiburg im Üechtland , Swiss Hydrogen Freiburg unknown in operation
Martigny , EPFL Valais "We can produce hydrogen without any CO2 emissions" in operation
St. Gallen , Avia St. Gallen unknown in operation
Brugg , Postbus Aargau unknown shut down

The filling station on the Empa campus in Dübendorf is the first to allow a filling pressure of 700 bar in Switzerland. The gas station in Hunzenschwil is the first public gas station in Switzerland; the energy for generating the hydrogen comes from the run-of-river power plant in Aarau. The fuel cell postbus pilot project in Brugg, which was operated from May 2012 to the beginning of 2017 , was shut down at the end of the pilot project. Due to the high costs so far, the project will not be continued.

In spring 2018, seven Swiss companies, including the two major corporations Coop and Migros , founded an association to set up a national filling station network for hydrogen-powered vehicles called H2 Mobility Switzerland . In cooperation with the startup H2 Energy, Coop had a prototype of a hydrogen truck built. A nationwide network for hydrogen filling stations is to be implemented by 2023. Other members of the association are Agrola AG, Avia Vereinigung, Coop Mineraloel AG, Fenaco Genossenschaft, Migrol AG, the Emil Frey Group , Galliker Transport und Logistik and, since September 2018, Socar Energy Switzerland. This support association comprised eleven companies in the 2nd quarter of 2019. By the year 2023, 100 hydrogen-powered trucks for large companies are to run in parallel. The 1000 reserved trucks from the manufacturer Hyundai are made available to members on a leasing basis, based on the number of kilometers driven. The first petrol station within this network was opened in St. Gallen in July 2020.

Scandinavia

In Sweden are equipped with state of January 2018 four hydrogen filling stations in operation (at Stockholm / Arlanda airport in Gothenburg , Mariestad and in Sandviken ). Two more are to be added in 2018 (in Umeå and Stockholm ), and the network is to be expanded to 14 filling stations by 2020. In 2012, three petrol stations were in operation in Sweden, while 4 petrol stations were already in operation in Norway and 5 were in the planning stage. In Finland there was one petrol station in operation in 2012 and two in 2016.

Incidents

On June 10, 2019, there was an explosion with fire developing at the Kjørbo petrol station near Sandvika in Norway. The cause was a leak in the high pressure accumulator.

See also

literature

  • Andrea Schratner: Soak up the sun for clean mobility. In: building & automation , No. 1/2019, pp. 72–73

Web links

Commons : Hydrogen stations  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Hydrogen filling station  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sven Prawitz: Hydrogen filling station ready for series production opened. In: Automobile Industry - Technology - Electromobility. Vogel Business Media, July 26, 2016, accessed April 6, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Fuel cost comparison (as of May 2011 Source: Auto & Umwelt Autoportal)
  3. ↑ http://www.mycar.net/auto/hyundai/ix35-fcev/442-hyundai-ix35-fcev-vs-toyota-mirai.html hydrogen price in Austria
  4. ↑ Mercedes-Benz establishes series production for fuel cells in Vancouver (status: March 21, 2011 Source: Elektrofahrzeug-Institut GmbH) ( Memento from September 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Sebastian Viehmann: The end of the oil could look like this: Fuel cell Honda in the test. In: News> Car> Electric Car. FOCUS Online, April 5, 2017, accessed on April 6, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Institute for Energy and Climate Research: Forschungszentrum Jülich - Press releases - Energiewende: This is how the switch to hydrogen becomes concrete. March 9, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Martin Robinius, Jochen Linßen, Thomas Grube, Markus Reuß, Peter Stenzel, Konstantinos Syranidis, Patrick Kuckertz, Detlef Stolten: Comparative Analysis of Infrastructures: Hydrogen Fueling and Electric Charging of Vehicles . 2018 ( fz-juelich.de [accessed on March 16, 2018]).
  8. ↑ H2.LIVE: hydrogen filling stations in Germany & Europe. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  9. ^ Hydrogen Refueling Stations Worldwide. Accessed December 30, 2019 .
  10. ↑ Bernd Ostmann: Interview with Wolfgang Reitzle: The fuel cell car will make its way. auto-motor-sport, July 28, 2011, accessed April 23, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Linde ( Memento from December 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Source: German Hydrogen Association as of February 24, 2005)
  12. ↑ The Economics of a European Hydrogen Infrastructure for Automotive ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Source: International Hydrogen Day Status: February 24, 2005; PDF; 149 kB)
  13. ↑ Wirtschaftswoche, August 4, 2010: Fuel cell reloaded , accessed October 10, 2014
  14. ↑ HZwei blog, March 25, 2015: New hydrogen filling station inaugurated in Hamburg , accessed September 13, 2016
  15. ↑ heise online, November 22, 2006 Out and about in the hydrogen 7 Series
  16. ↑ Hydrogen refueling and infrastructure using the example of total activities  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Source: Total as of May 19, 2010)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.brennstoffzelle-nrw.de  
  17. ↑ https://um.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/m-um/intern/Dateien/Dokumente/6_Wirtschaft/Ressourceneffendung_und_Umwelttechnik/Wasserstoff-Inf starts_nachhaltige_Mobilitaet.pdf
  18. ↑ https://um.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/m-um/intern/Dateien/Dokumente/6_Wirtschaft/Ressourceneffendung_und_Umwelttechnik/Wasserstoff-Inf starts_nachhaltige_Mobilitaet.pdf
  19. ↑ Hydrogen hybrid power plant (source: Enertrag as of January 18, 2011; PDF; 37 kB)
  20. ↑ Interview with Enertrag board member Werner Diwald (status: May 12, 2011 source: Autogazette)
  21. ↑ First hydrogen filling station opened in the greater Cologne area (as of May 7, 2010 Source: Köln Nachrichten)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.koeln-nachrichten.de  
  22. ↑ H2 Mobility: Our vision - H2.LIVE. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  23. ↑ H2.LIVE: hydrogen filling stations in Germany & Europe. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  24. ↑ USATODAY.com - Hydrogen-filling station opens ... in Iceland. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  25. ↑ netinform.net, Hydrogen Filling Stations Worldwide website , accessed August 25, 2016
  26. ↑ a b heise.de, February 26, 2016: Germany has 34 hydrogen filling stations , accessed August 15, 2016
  27. ↑ ecomento.tv, March 3, 2016: 54 new hydrogen filling stations worldwide in 2015 , accessed August 15, 2016
  28. ↑ Daimler and Linde want to build hydrogen filling stations (source: Handelsblatt, as of June 1, 2011)
  29. ↑ Federal government and industry set up a network of 50 hydrogen filling stations (source: Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development) ( Memento from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  30. ↑ 50 hydrogen filling stations for Germany ( Memento from December 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ Daimler used to build cars with fuel cells ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Source: Südwest Presse, as of June 3, 2011)
  32. ↑ Hydrogen filling stations: The future comes from Wuppertal . ( handelsblatt.com [accessed April 21, 2017]).
  33. ↑ Refueling with hydrogen is now possible in Ulm . ( zsw-bw.de [accessed on April 21, 2017]).
  34. ↑ Helmut Etzkorn: Two approvals were missing . In: Westfälische Nachrichten . ( wn.de [accessed on April 21, 2017]).
  35. ^ Südkurier Medienhaus: Kirchen-Hausen: Equipped for the fuel of the future: The hydrogen filling station in Kirchen-Hausen | SÜDKURIER Online . In: SÜDKURIER Online . ( suedkurier.de [accessed on April 21, 2017]).
  36. ↑ Bojana Beste: First hydrogen filling station opens in the Ruhr area . January 18, 2017 ( wdr.de [accessed April 21, 2017]).
  37. ↑ Limburg is breaking new ground when it comes to alternative fuels . In: Limburger Zeitung . February 2, 2017 ( limburger-zeitung.de [accessed April 21, 2017]).
  38. ↑ Number of hydrogen filling stations in Germany in 2019. Accessed on December 19, 2019 .
  39. ↑ H2 stations - H2 Mobility . In: H2 Mobility . ( h2-mobility.de [accessed on March 16, 2018]).
  40. ↑ H2 Mobility: We are building the filling station network of the future . In: h2.live . 2020. Accessed April 20, 2020.
  41. ↑ Germany again had the highest expansion of hydrogen filling stations worldwide in 2018. TÜV SÜD, February 14, 2019, accessed on November 27, 2019 .
  42. ↑ map | Hydrogen filling stations - H2 stations | netinform. H2Stations.org, accessed April 24, 2019 .
  43. ↑ http://www.h2stations.org/ Map of the hydrogen filling stations
  44. ↑ [http // www.tuvsud.com / de-de / presse-und-medien / 2019 / february / germany-also-2018-again-had-the-highest-expansion-of-hydrogen-filling-stations-worldwide] Press release from TÜV South from February 2019
  45. ↑ golem.de of March 29, 2019
  46. ↑ a b H2.LIVE: Hydrogen filling stations in Germany & Europe. Retrieved April 23, 2019 .
  47. ↑ Georg Kacher: The Hyundai Nexo is a power plant on wheels. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung> Auto> Electromobility and alternative drives. Süddeutscher Verlag, March 2, 2018, accessed on March 27, 2018 .
  48. ↑ Solar Hydrogen Station | H2 stations | netinform. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
  49. ^ Johannes Vetter, Robert Lechner: OMV opens hydrogen filling station in Innsbruck. In: energy market / energy sources / Tyrol / mobility / hydrogen. OMV, APA-OTS, May 21, 2015, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  50. ↑ Press release
  51. ↑ a b Fronius opens Austria's first green hydrogen refueling system. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
  52. ↑ coop.ch, November 4, 2016: Coop opens the first public hydrogen filling station in Switzerland , accessed on January 16, 2019.
  53. ↑ a b Michael Hagmann: Quickly refueled and long range. In: News Archive> News 2016> move 700bar. Empa, October 6, 2016, accessed on April 8, 2018 .
  54. ↑ 1815.ch, September 8, 2016: EPFL opens hydrogen filling station in Martinach , accessed on January 16, 2019.
  55. ↑ EPFL opens hydrogen filling station in Martinach. In: Walliser Bote / Redaktion 1815.ch, News> Wallis> Aktuell. Mengis Druck und Verlag AG, September 8, 2016, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  56. ↑ a b Sarah Lippuner: First hydrogen filling station inaugurated in Eastern Switzerland. In: fm1today. CH Regionalmedien AG, July 9, 2020, accessed on July 22, 2020 .
  57. ↑ a b Timea Hunkeler: The first self-producing hydrogen filling station is shut down. In: az Aargauer Zeitung. AZ Newspapers AG, December 27, 2016, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  58. ↑ Urs Meier, Ramón Gander, Andrea Bergmann: Coop opens Switzerland's first public hydrogen filling station. In: Media releases 2016. Coop Genossenschaft Basel, November 4, 2016, accessed on April 8, 2018 .
  59. ↑ Michael Hunziker: Three times the cost: Hydrogen Postbuses are too expensive for Aargau government councilor. In: az Aargauer Zeitung. AZ Newspapers AG, February 27, 2018, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  60. ↑ A fleet of hydrogen trucks enters Swiss roads. In: swissinfo.ch . September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018 .
  61. ↑ Othmar von Matt, Othmar von Matt: Liberal environmental policy: 1000 hydrogen trucks for Switzerland. Retrieved April 27, 2019 .
  62. ↑ Mario Graf: Socar Energy Switzerland relies on hydrogen. In: energate-messenger.ch. September 21, 2018, accessed September 30, 2018 .
  63. ↑ Othmar von Matt, Othmar von Matt: Liberal environmental policy: 1000 hydrogen trucks for Switzerland. Retrieved April 27, 2019 .
  64. ↑ Othmar von Matt, Othmar von Matt: Liberal environmental policy: 1000 hydrogen trucks for Switzerland. Retrieved April 27, 2019 .
  65. ↑ a b c 32 svenska städer vill ha vätgastankstation. January 3, 2018, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  66. ↑ 8 new hydrogen stations in Sweden by 2020. FuelCellsWorks, January 10, 2018, accessed April 8, 2018 .
  67. ↑ at hydrogen station in Norway, Toyota and Hyundai pause sales
  68. ↑ Explosion at a hydrogen filling station