Yamnaya culture

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Prehistoric cultures of Russia
Mesolithic
Kunda culture 7400-6000 BC Chr.
Neolithic
Bug Dniester culture 6500-5000 BC Chr.
Dnepr-Don culture 5000-4000 BC Chr.
Sredny Stog culture 4500-3500 BC Chr.
Ekaterininka culture 4300-3700 BC Chr.
Fatyanovo culture around 2500 BC Chr.
Copper Age
North Caspian culture
Spa culture 5000-3000 BC Chr.
Samara culture around 5000 BC Chr.
Chwalynsk culture 5000-4500 BC Chr.
Botai culture 3700-3100 BC Chr.
Yamnaya culture 3600-2300 BC Chr.
Afanassjewo culture 3500-2500 BC Chr.
Usatovo culture 3300-3200 BC Chr.
Glaskovo culture 3200-2400 BC Chr.
Bronze age
Poltavka culture 2700-2100 BC Chr.
Potapovka culture 2500-2000 BC Chr.
Catacomb tomb culture 2500-2000 BC Chr.
Abashevo culture 2500-1800 BC Chr.
Sintashta culture 2100-1800 BC Chr.
Okunew culture around 2000 BC Chr.
Samus culture around 2000 BC Chr.
Andronovo culture 2000-1200 BC Chr.
Susgun culture around 1700 BC Chr.
Srubna culture 1600-1200 BC Chr.
Colchis culture 1700-600 BC Chr.
Begasy Dandybai culture around 1300 BC Chr.
Karassuk culture around 1200 BC Chr.
Ust-mil culture around 1200–500 BC Chr.
Koban culture 1200-400 BC Chr.
Irmen culture 1200-400 BC Chr.
Late corporate culture around 1000 BC Chr.
Plate burial culture around 1300–300 BC Chr.
Aldy Bel culture 900-700 BC Chr.
Iron age
Baitowo culture
Tagar culture 900-300 BC Chr.
Nosilowo group 900-600 BC Chr.
Ananino culture 800-300 BC Chr.
Tasmola culture 700-300 BC Chr.
Gorokhovo culture 600-200 BC Chr.
Sagly bashi culture 500-300 BC Chr.
Jessik Beschsatyr culture 500-300 BC Chr.
Pazyryk level 500-300 BC Chr.
Sargat culture 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD
Kulaika culture 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD
Tes level 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD
Shurmak culture 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD
Tashtyk culture 100–600 AD
Chernyakhov culture AD 200–500

The yamna culture (according to Russian and Ukrainian яма "pit", Russian культура Ямная, Ukrainian культура Ямна, German traditional Grubengrab- or ocher grave culture , English Yamna culture , Yamnaya culture or Pit grave culture ) is an Eastern European archaeological culture of late copper time and early Bronze Age in the area around the Bug , Dniester and Ural rivers in the Pontic steppe . It is dated from 3600 to 2500 BC. Dated.

Etymology of the designation

The analogous, conventional and still current German designation Grubengrabkultur was replaced by the adoption of the English designations Yamna culture (Mallory 1997) and Yamnaya horizon (Anthony 2007). These names are based on the Russian term jamnaja kultura , which is an adjective to the word jama (pit); the German or English rendition as a compound would have read more correct Jama culture . Compare catacomb burial culture , Russian катакомбная культура ( katakombnaja kul'tura ). The Slavic name is traced back to the Indo-European root iam 'dig, dig up' with similar Greek names .

Emergence

West of the Volga, the pit grave culture is preceded by the Dnepr-Don culture (about 5000–4000 BC), in the central Volga region the Repin-Hvalynsk complex , according to Anthony (2007) the direct precursor of, as he put it, “ Yamnaya horizon ". Parzinger assumes a genesis from "different regional groups" of the Copper Age without any detailed differentiation.

Spread and Identity

Animated map of the presumed origin of the Yamnaya culture and its spread and ethnic assimilation .
Expansion of Cultures 3200 - 2300 v. Chr. The cord ceramists , Globular Amphora culture and Baden culture
Hypothetical migration paths of the Yamnaja culture in relation to the bell beaker culture, corded ware culture with the corresponding time information.

Marija Gimbutas identified the Yamnaja culture in her Kurgan hypothesis as a candidate for the original home of the Indo-European languages , together with the preceding Sredny-Stog culture on the central Dnepr and the Chwalynsk culture on the central Volga . This view follows u. a. David W. Anthony with the argument of the linguistically proven long-term contacts of the Indo-European with the Uralic languages.

A genetic study by Haak et al. a. (2015) substantiates this thesis. According to this, the genetic Jamnaja share in corded ceramics is 75%. Another large-scale genetic study by Allentoft et al. a. (2015) also comes to the conclusion that there was a massive migration of carriers of the Yamnaya culture in the Bronze Age, with two main directions: a movement in a north-westerly direction, i.e. to Northern Europe, and a movement to the east, towards the Altai - Sayan region. The study also concludes that in contrast to eastern migration, there was significant genetic exchange with the already resident population in northwest migration, and hypothesizes that eastern migrants are ancestors of the Tocharians (and other eastern Indo-Europeans ) could act.

In the west it was followed by the catacomb tomb culture , in the east the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture .

Yamnaja culture and the early spread of the plague, Yersina pestis

The oldest records of Yersinia pestis come from skeletons up to 5000 years old from the Pontic steppe . The plague already affected late Neolithic societies; its pathogen could be detected in skeletons from all over Europe in a period “from 4800 to around 3800 years ago”. Kristian Kristiansen (2018) showed in his paleogenetic analyzes that around 5,000 years ago not only the culture in Central Europe changed, but also the genetic composition of the population. Almost the entire DNA of the Cord Ceramists showed connections to the Yamnaja ethnic group. One hypothesis of how the genetic traits from the Yamnaja culture could prevail in the Central European population would have been introduced epidemics, in this case the plague in particular . Because around the time of the Yamnaja immigration, according to further genetic studies, the population density among the Neolithic farmers in Central Europe fell significantly. The steppe nomads found large areas with only a low settlement density. The haplogroup R1b is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup that occurs both among the Yamnaja and among today's Western Europeans.

Settlement and economy

The culture was essentially nomadic , with isolated agriculture practiced near rivers and some hill fortes. The settlements of Michailovka (II and III) have pit houses . Recent studies show that the Yamnaya culture played an important role in the domestication of the horse .

Burials

Kurgane are characteristic of the culture , under which the deceased was buried in the supine position with knees drawn up. The bodies were covered with ocher . Such kurgan often contain subsequent burials .

Bones of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses were found in the graves, indicating the custom of giving meat for the afterlife. This custom was also practiced by later Indo-European tribes such as the Indo-Iranians . Early remains of over 100 wagons (e.g. in the “Storoschowa mohyla” Kurgan Dnipro , Ukraine , excavated by AI Terenozhkin) are attributed to the Yamnaja culture. However, the bike finds of the Maykop culture in the region are older .

Yamnaya Tomb, Volgograd Oblast


Found objects

From the collections of the Hermitage (Saint Petersburg)
Yamna02.jpg
Yamna03.jpg
Yamna04.jpg
Yamna05.jpg

literature

  • Alexander Häusler: The graves of the older ocher grave culture between the Dnepr and the Carpathian Mountains (= scientific contributions from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Series L: Prehistoric and early historical contributions. 1976, 1). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1976.
  • James P. Mallory : Yamna Culture. In: James P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London et al. 1997, ISBN 1-884964-98-2 .
  • Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 .
  • Wolfgang Haak , Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland et al .: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages ​​in Europe. Nature. 2015 June 11; 522 (7555): 207-211. doi: 10.1038 / nature14317. [9] on www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
  • Elke Kaiser : The third millennium in the Eastern European steppe area, cultural-historical studies on prehistoric subsistence farming and interaction with neighboring areas. Edition Topoi / Cluster of Excellence Topoi of the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 2019 ISBN 978-3-9819685-1-4 ( [10] to download from refubium.fu-berlin.de)

Web links

Commons : Yamnaja culture  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
  2. ^ A b Hermann Parzinger: The early peoples of Eurasia. CH Beck, Munich 2006, p. 241.
  3. ↑ Julius Pokorny: Indo-European etymological dictionary. Volume 1. Francke, Bern and Munich 1959, page 502. Reprints: 1969, ISBN 0-8288-6602-3 ; Francke, fourth edition 2002, fifth edition 2005, ISBN 3-7720-0947-6 .
  4. ^ JP Mallory: In Search of the Indo-Europeans. (1999)
  5. ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, The Wheel and Language. (2007)
  6. ↑ Allentoft et al .: Population genomics of bronze Age Eurasia. Nature, (2015) 11 June 2015, vol. 522
  7. ↑ David W. Anthony: Persisted Identity and Indo-European Archeology in the western Steppes. In: Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio (eds.): Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations (= Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 242). Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura , Helsinki 2001, ISBN 952-515059-3 , pp. 11–35, here p. 18.
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages ​​in Europe. In: Nature , 2015.
  9. ↑ Morten E. Allentoft et al .: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. In: Nature , 2015.
  10. ↑ Simon Rasmussen et al .: Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago. In: Cell . Volume 163, No. 3, 2015, pp. 571-582, doi: 10.1016 / j.cell.2015.10.009
  11. ↑ Pest reached Central Europe and parts of Germany as early as the Stone Age. Max Planck Institute for the History of Human History, November 22, 2017 [1]
  12. ↑ Johannes Krause , Thomas Trappe : The journey of our genes. A story about us and our ancestors. Propylaea, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-549-10002-8 , p. 183 ff.
  13. ↑ Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Eske Willerslev: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature (2015), Volume 522, pp. 167–172 [2] and [3]
  14. ↑ Kristian Kristiansen: Invasion from the steppe. Der Spiegel , Wissenschaft, May 12, 2018, pp. 105–109 ( [4] at www.academia.edu)
  15. ↑ Wolfgang Haak , Iosif Lazaridis, David Reich: Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages ​​in Europe. Nature (2015), Volume 522, pp. 207-211
  16. ^ Graphic of the spread of the Yamnaya culture in Western Europe ( [5] on National Geographic, Andrew Curry: Who were the first Europeans? Genetic tests on ancient bones prove that Europe is a melting pot of different cultures from Africa, the Middle East and Russia. Tuesday July 30, 2019)
  17. ↑ Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Eske Willerslev: Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature (2015), Volume 522, Issue 7555, pp. 167-172 [6]
  18. ↑ Antoine Fages, Kristian Hanghøj, Naveed Khan, Alan K. Outram, Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando: Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series. Cell, Vol 177, Issue 6, May 30, 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049 ( [7] on www.cell.com) (automatic translation under [8] )
  19. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson: Indo-European Language and Culture. An Introduction (= Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics. Vol. 19). Blackwell Publishing, Malden / MA et al. 2004, ISBN 1-405-10316-7 , p. 43: "The Yamna culture certainly fits the bill of the late Proto-Indo-European culture".
  20. ↑ "that the Indo-European languages ​​... came to Central Europe ... with the next big wave about 4500 years ago. These people came from the Yamnaya culture in what is now southern Russia. The archaeologist Sandra Pichler from the University of Basel involved. " In accordance with the report by Carl Zimmer in the NYT, first web link above.