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| birth_name = Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
| birth_name = Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mårbacka]], [[Sweden]]
| birth_place = [[Mårbacka]], Sweden
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|3|16|1858|11|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|3|16|1858|11|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mårbacka]], [[Sweden]]
| death_place = Mårbacka, Sweden
| occupation = Writer
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Swedish
| nationality = Swedish
| signature = Selma Lagerlöf signature.svg
| awards = {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1909}}<!-- do not add image icons such as nobel peace, see [[:Template:Infobox writer]] -->
| awards = {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1909}}<!-- do not add image icons such as nobel peace, see [[:Template:Infobox writer]] -->
}}
}}
'''Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|ɡ|ər|l|əː|f|,_|-|l|ɜː|v}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|l|ʌ|v|,_|-|l|ə|v}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Lagerlöf|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Lagerlöf,+Selma "Lagerlöf, Selma"]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lagerl%C3%B6f,+Selma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235027/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lagerlof,_selma |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-21 |title=Lagerlöf, Selma |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-sv|ˈsɛ̂lːma ˈlɑ̂ːɡɛˌɭøːv|lang|sv-Selma Lagerlöf.ogg}}; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. She published her first novel, ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]]'', at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the [[1909 Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize in Literature]], which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in the [[Swedish Academy]] in 1914.<ref name=Forsas>{{Cite book|title=Swedish Women's Writing 1850–1995|last=Forsas-Scott|first=Helena|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1997|isbn=0485910039|location=London|pages=63}}</ref>
'''Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|ɡ|ər|l|əː|f|,_|-|l|ɜː|v}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|l|ʌ|v|,_|-|l|ə|v}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Lagerlöf|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Lagerlöf,+Selma "Lagerlöf, Selma"]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lagerl%C3%B6f,+Selma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235027/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lagerlof,_selma |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-21 |title=Lagerlöf, Selma |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-sv|ˈsɛ̂lːma ˈlɑ̂ːɡɛˌɭøːv|lang|sv-Selma Lagerlöf.ogg}}; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish writer. She published her first novel, ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]]'', at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the [[1909 Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize in Literature]], which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in the [[Swedish Academy]] in 1914.<ref name=Forsas>{{Cite book|title=Swedish Women's Writing 1850–1995|last=Forsas-Scott|first=Helena|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1997|isbn=0485910039|location=London|pages=63}}</ref>


==Life==
== Life ==
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===Early years===
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[[File:Selma Lagerlofs Marbacka at Sunne.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lagerlöf family home at [[Mårbacka]], [[Värmland]]]]
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[[File:Selma Lagerlöf in 1881.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Lagerlöf, 1881]]


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=== Early years ===
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Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was born on 20 November 1858 at [[Mårbacka]],<ref>{{citation|author=H. G. L.|title=The American-Scandinavian review|volume=4|page=36|year=1916|editor=Henry Goddard Leach|chapter=Miss Lagerlöf at Marbacka|publisher=American-Scandinavian Foundation|editor-link=Henry Goddard Leach}}</ref> [[Värmland]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway]]. Lagerlöf was the daughter of Erik Gustaf Lagerlöf, a lieutenant in the Royal Värmland Regiment, and Louise Lagerlöf (''née'' Wallroth), whose father was a well-to-do merchant and a [[foundry]] owner ({{Lang|sv|brukspatron}}).<ref name=Saga>{{Cite book |last= Lagerlöf |first= Selma |last2= Schoolfield |first2= George |title= The Saga of Gösta Berling |publisher= Penguin Classics |year=2009 |isbn= 9781101140482 |location= New York}}</ref> Lagerlöf was the couple's fifth child out of six. She was born with a [[Hip dysplasia (human)|hip injury]], which was caused by detachment in the hip joint. At the age of three and a half, a sickness left her lame in both legs, although she later recovered.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


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[[File:Selma Lagerlofs Marbacka at Sunne.jpg|thumb|Lagerlöf family home at [[Mårbacka]], [[Värmland]]]]
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She was a quiet, serious child with a deep love of [[Reading (process)|reading]]. She wrote poetry but did not publish anything until later in life. Her grandmother helped raise her, often telling stories of fairytales and fantasy. Growing up, she was plain and slightly lame, and an account stated that the cross-country wanderings of Margarethe and Elisabet in ''Gösta Berling's Saga'' could be the author's compensatory fantasies.<ref name=Saga/> She received her schooling at home since the [[Volksschule|''Folkskola'']] compulsory education system was not [[Education in Sweden#History of education in Sweden|fully developed yet]]. She studied English and French. After reading ''Osceola'' by [[Thomas Mayne Reid]] at the age of seven, she decided she would be a writer when she grew up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marbacka.com/selma_lagerlof.php|title=Selma Lagerlöf – författaren|website=www.marbacka.com|access-date=2019-10-18|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911164922/http://www.marbacka.com/selma_lagerlof.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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[[File:Selma Lagerlöf in 1881.jpg|thumb|upright|Lagerlöf in 1881]]


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Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was born on 20 November 1858 at [[Mårbacka]],<ref>{{citation|author=H. G. L.|title=The American-Scandinavian review|volume=4|page=36|year=1916|editor=Henry Goddard Leach|chapter=Miss Lagerlöf at Marbacka|publisher=American-Scandinavian Foundation|editor-link=Henry Goddard Leach}}</ref> [[Värmland]], [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway]]. Lagerlöf was the daughter of [[Erik Gustaf Lagerlöf]], a lieutenant in the Royal Värmland Regiment, and Louise Lagerlöf (''née'' Wallroth), whose father was a well-to-do merchant and a [[foundry]] owner ({{Lang|sv|brukspatron}}).<ref name=Saga>{{Cite book |last1= Lagerlöf |first1= Selma |last2= Schoolfield |first2= George |title= The Saga of Gösta Berling |publisher= Penguin Classics |year=2009 |isbn= 9781101140482 |location= New York}}</ref> Lagerlöf was the couple's fifth child out of six. She was born with a [[Hip dysplasia (human)|hip injury]], which was caused by detachment in the hip joint. At the age of three and a half, a sickness left her lame in both legs, although she later recovered.<ref name="mbforlag.se">{{cite web |title=Svenska deckare: Selma Lagerlöf |url=https://mbforlag.se/selma-lagerlof/ |website=mbforlag.se |date=7 January 2020 |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>
In 1868, at the age of 10, Selma began reading the [[Bible]]. At this time her father was very ill, and she hoped that God would heal him if she read the Bible from cover to cover. Her father lived for another 17 years. In this manner, Lagerlöf became accustomed to the language of Scripture.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


⚫
She was a quiet, serious child with a deep love of [[Reading (process)|reading]]. She wrote poetry but did not publish anything until later in life. Her grandmother helped raise her, often telling stories of fairytales and fantasy. Growing up, she was plain and slightly lame, and an account stated that the cross-country wanderings of Margarethe and Elisabet in ''Gösta Berling's Saga'' could be the author's compensatory fantasies.<ref name=Saga/> She received her schooling at home since the [[Volksschule|''Folkskola'']] compulsory education system was not [[Education in Sweden#History|fully developed yet]]. She studied English and French. After reading ''Osceola'' by [[Thomas Mayne Reid]] at the age of seven, she decided she would be a writer when she grew up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marbacka.com/selma_lagerlof.php|title=Selma Lagerlöf – författaren|website=www.marbacka.com|access-date=2019-10-18|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911164922/http://www.marbacka.com/selma_lagerlof.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The sale of {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka|italic=no}} in 1884 had a serious impact on her development. Selma's father is said to have been an alcoholic, something she rarely discussed.<ref name=Depth>{{Cite web|url=http://publicdomainreview.org/2012/01/11/selma-lagerlof-surface-and-depth/|title=Selma Lagerlöf: Surface and Depth|website=The Public Domain Review|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> Her father did not want Selma to continue her education or remain involved with the women's movement.{{Clarify|reason=How did this involvement start?|date=September 2018}} Later in life, she would buy back her father's estate with the money she received for her Nobel Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Selma-Lagerlof|title=Selma Lagerlof {{!}} Swedish author|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> Lagerlöf lived there for the rest of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1909/lagerlof/facts/|title=Selma Lagerlöf - Facts - NobelPrize.org|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref> She also completed her studies at the [[Royal Seminary]] to become a teacher the same year as her father died.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


In 1875, Lagerlöf lived in the [[Karlskoga Church Rectory]] alongside [[Erik Tullius Hammargren]] and his wife, Ottiliana Lagerlöf, who was her aunt, during which time she was one of Hammargren's confirmation students.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/stf/1928/0149.html |title=Svenska Turistföreningens årsskrift |year=1928 |page=107 |language=sv |via=[[Project Runeberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gröna Promenadens historia – Karlskoga Naturskyddsförening |url=https://karlskoga.naturskyddsforeningen.se/grona-promenaden-komplett/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=sv-SE}}</ref>
In her early life she supposedly was on very good terms with [[Lovisa Larsson]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}


⚫
The sale of the Lagerlöf family's {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka|italic=no}} estate in 1884 had a serious impact on her development. Selma's father is said to have been an alcoholic, something she rarely discussed.<ref name=Depth>{{Cite web|url=http://publicdomainreview.org/2012/01/11/selma-lagerlof-surface-and-depth/|title=Selma Lagerlöf: Surface and Depth|website=The Public Domain Review|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> Her father did not want Selma to continue her education or be involved with the women's movement. Later in life, she bought back her father's estate with the money she received for her Nobel Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Selma-Lagerlof |title=Selma Lagerlof {{!}} Swedish author |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> Lagerlöf lived there for the rest of her life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1909/lagerlof/facts/|title=Selma Lagerlöf - Facts - NobelPrize.org |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref>
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===Teaching life===
Lagerlöf studied at the [[Högre lärarinneseminariet]] in Stockholm from 1882 to 1885. She worked as a country schoolteacher at a high school for girls in [[Landskrona]] from 1885 to 1895,<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lagerlof, Ottilia Lovisa Selma}}</ref> while honing her story-telling skills, with particular focus on the legends she had learned as a child. She liked the teaching profession and appreciated her students. She had a talent for capturing the children's attention through telling them stories about the different countries about which they were studying or stories about [[Jesus]] and his disciples. During this period of her life, Selma lived with her aunt Lovisa Lagerlöf.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


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=== Teaching life ===
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Through her studies at the Royal Women's Superior Training Academy in [[Stockholm]], Lagerlöf reacted against the realism of contemporary Swedish-language writers such as [[August Strindberg]]. She began her first novel, ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]],'' while working as a teacher in Landskrona. Her first break as a writer came when she submitted the first chapters to a literary contest in the magazine'' [[Idun (magazine)|Idun]]'', and won a publishing contract for the whole book. At first, her writing only received mild reviews from critics. Once a popular male critic, [[Georg Brandes]], gave her positive reviews of the Danish translation, her popularity soared.<ref name=XII>{{Cite web|url=http://authorscalendar.info/lagerlof.htm|title=Selma Ottiliana Lovisa Lagerlöf (1858–1940)|website=authorscalendar.info|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> She received financial support of [[Fredrika Limnell]], who wished to enable her to concentrate on her writing.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Selma Lagerlof Megapack: 31 Classic Novels and Stories|last=Lagerlof|first=Selma|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|year=2013|isbn=9781434443441|location=Rockville|pages=20}}</ref>


⚫
Lagerlöf studied at the [[Högre lärarinneseminariet]] in Stockholm from 1882 to 1885. She worked as a country schoolteacher at a high school for girls in [[Landskrona]] from 1885 to 1895.<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lagerlof, Ottilia Lovisa Selma}}</ref> Through her studies at the Royal Women's Superior Training Academy in [[Stockholm]], Lagerlöf reacted against the realism of contemporary Swedish-language writers such as [[August Strindberg]]. She began her first novel, ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]],'' while working as a teacher in Landskrona. Her first break as a writer came when she submitted the first chapters to a literary contest in the magazine'' [[Idun (magazine)|Idun]]'', and won a publishing contract for the whole book. At first, her writing only received mild reviews from critics. Once a popular critic, [[Georg Brandes]], had given her positive reviews of the Danish translation, her popularity soared.<ref name=XII>{{Cite web|url=http://authorscalendar.info/lagerlof.htm|title=Selma Ottiliana Lovisa Lagerlöf (1858–1940)|website=authorscalendar.info|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> She received financial support from [[Fredrika Limnell]], who wished to enable her to concentrate on her writing.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Selma Lagerlof Megapack: 31 Classic Novels and Stories|last=Lagerlof|first=Selma|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|year=2013|isbn=9781434443441|location=Rockville|pages=20}}</ref>
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==Literary career==

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A visit in 1900 to the [[American Colony (Jerusalem)|American Colony]] in [[Jerusalem]] became the inspiration for Lagerlöf's book by that name.<ref name=change>{{citation |url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/TimesOfChange/book_ch1_3.html |title=Times of Change |first=Heike |last=Zaun-Goshen |year=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617050146/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/TimesOfChange/book_ch1_3.html |archive-date=17 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The royal family and the Swedish Academy gave her substantial financial support to continue her passion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-bio.html|title=Selma Lagerlöf – Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> ''Jerusalem'' was also acclaimed by critics, who began comparing her to [[Homer]] and [[Shakespeare]], so that she became a popular figure both in Sweden and abroad.<ref name=Forsas/> By 1895, she gave up her teaching to devote herself to her writing. With the help of proceeds from ''Gösta Berling's Saga'' and a scholarship and grant, she made two journeys, which were largely instrumental in providing material for her next novel. With her close friend [[Sophie Elkan]], she traveled to Italy, and she also traveled to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and other parts of the East.<ref>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Lagerlöf, Selma}}</ref> In Italy, a legend of a Christ Child figure that had been replaced with a false version inspired Lagerlöf's novel {{Lang|sv|Antikrists mirakler}} (''The Miracles of the Antichrist''). Set in [[Sicily]], the novel explores the interplay between Christian and socialist moral systems. However, most of Lagerlöf's stories were set in Värmland.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
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== Literary career ==

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A visit in 1900 to the [[American Colony (Jerusalem)|American Colony]] in [[Jerusalem]] became the inspiration for Lagerlöf's book by that name.<ref name=change>{{citation |url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/TimesOfChange/book_ch1_3.html |title=Times of Change |first=Heike |last=Zaun-Goshen |year=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617050146/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/TimesOfChange/book_ch1_3.html |archive-date=17 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The royal family and the Swedish Academy gave her substantial financial support to continue her passion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-bio.html|title=Selma Lagerlöf – Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> ''Jerusalem'' was also acclaimed by critics, who began comparing her to [[Homer]] and [[Shakespeare]], so that she became a popular figure both in Sweden and abroad.<ref name=Forsas/> By 1895, she gave up her teaching to devote herself to her writing. With the help of proceeds from ''Gösta Berling's Saga'' and a scholarship and grant, she made two journeys, which were largely instrumental in providing material for her next novel. With her close friend [[Sophie Elkan]], she traveled to Italy, and also to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and other parts of the East.<ref>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Lagerlöf, Selma}}</ref> In Italy, a legend of a Christ Child figure that had been replaced with a false version inspired Lagerlöf's novel {{Lang|sv|Antikrists mirakler}} (''The Miracles of the Antichrist''). Set in [[Sicily]], the novel explores the interplay between Christian and socialist moral systems. However, most of Lagerlöf's stories were set in Värmland.<ref name="Nobel 1909 biog">{{cite web |title=Selma Lagerlöf Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1909/lagerlof/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>


In 1902, Lagerlöf was asked by the National Teachers' Association to write a geography book for children. She wrote {{Lang|sv|Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige}} (''[[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils]]''), a novel about a boy from the southernmost part of Sweden, who had been shrunk to the size of a thumb and who travelled on the back of a goose across the country. Lagerlöf mixed historical and geographical facts about the provinces of Sweden with the tale of the boy's adventures until he managed to return home and was restored to his normal size.<ref name=Depth/> The novel is one of Lagerlöf's most well-known books, and it has been translated into more than 30 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ub.lu.se/en/sites/ub.lu.se.en/files/2006_nils_holgersson_100_ar.pdf |title=100 år med Nils Holgersson |publisher=Lund University Library |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>
In 1902, Lagerlöf was asked by the National Teachers' Association to write a geography book for children. She wrote {{Lang|sv|Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige}} (''[[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils]]''), a novel about a boy from the southernmost part of Sweden, who had been shrunk to the size of a thumb and who travelled on the back of a goose across the country. Lagerlöf mixed historical and geographical facts about the provinces of Sweden with the tale of the boy's adventures until he managed to return home and was restored to his normal size.<ref name=Depth/> The novel is one of Lagerlöf's most well-known books, and it has been translated into more than 30 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ub.lu.se/en/sites/ub.lu.se.en/files/2006_nils_holgersson_100_ar.pdf |title=100 år med Nils Holgersson |publisher=Lund University Library |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Atelje Jaeger - Selma Lagerlöf 1928.jpeg|thumb|Lagerlöf in 1928]]


[[File:S Lagerloef-Valborg Olander.jpg|thumb|upright|Lagerlöf with her friend and literary assistant [[Valborg Olander]]. Elkan was jealous of the relationship. ]]
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She moved in 1897 to [[Falun]], and met [[Valborg Olander]], who became her literary assistant and friend, but Elkan's jealousy of Olander was a complication in the relationship. Olander, a teacher, was also active in the growing [[women's suffrage movement]] in Sweden. Selma Lagerlöf herself was active as a speaker for the [[National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)|National Association for Women's Suffrage]], which was beneficial for the organisation because of the great respect which surrounded Lagerlöf, and she spoke at the International Suffrage Congress in Stockholm in June 1911, where she gave the opening address, as well as at the victory party of the Swedish suffrage movement after women suffrage had been granted in May 1919.<ref>Hedwall, Barbro (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red. ''Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt''. (Our Rightful Place. About women's struggle for suffrage) Förlag Bonnier. {{ISBN|978-91-7424-119-8}} (Swedish)</ref>

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She moved in 1897 to [[Falun]], and met [[Valborg Olander]], who became her literary assistant and friend, but Elkan's jealousy of Olander was a complication in the relationship. Olander, a teacher, was also active in the growing [[women's suffrage movement]] in Sweden. Selma Lagerlöf herself was active as a speaker for the [[National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)|National Association for Women's Suffrage]], which was beneficial for the organisation because of the great respect which surrounded Lagerlöf, and she spoke at the International Suffrage Congress in Stockholm in June 1911, where she gave the opening address, as well as at the victory party of the Swedish suffrage movement after women suffrage had been granted in May 1919.<ref>Hedwall, Barbro (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red. ''Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt''. (Our Rightful Place. About women's struggle for suffrage) [[Albert Bonniers Förlag]]. {{ISBN|978-91-7424-119-8}} (Swedish)</ref>


Selma Lagerlöf was a friend of the German-Jewish writer [[Nelly Sachs]]. Shortly before her death in 1940, Lagerlöf intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure the release of Sachs and Sachs' aged mother from Nazi Germany, on the last flight from Germany to Sweden, and their lifelong asylum in Stockholm.<ref name=Sachs>{{Cite web |title= Nelly Sachs |website= www.nobel-winners.com |url= http://www.nobel-winners.com/Literature/nelly_sachs.html |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
Selma Lagerlöf was a friend of the German-Jewish writer [[Nelly Sachs]]. Shortly before her death in 1940, Lagerlöf intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure the release of Sachs and Sachs' aged mother from Nazi Germany, on the last flight from Germany to Sweden, and their lifelong asylum in Stockholm.<ref name=Sachs>{{Cite web |title= Nelly Sachs |website= www.nobel-winners.com |url= http://www.nobel-winners.com/Literature/nelly_sachs.html |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
===Relationships===
=== Relationships ===
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[[File:Sophie Elkan & Selma Lagerlöf.jpg|thumb|Sophie Elkan (right) and Selma Lagerlöf (left)]]


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[[File:Sophie Elkan & Selma Lagerlöf.jpg|thumb|upright|Lagerlöf with the writer [[Sophie Elkan]] (right)]]
⚫
In 1894, she met the Swedish writer Sophie Elkan, who became her friend and companion.<ref name=glbtq>{{citation|last=Munck|first=Kerstin|title=Lagerlöf, Selma|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lagerlof_s.html|periodical=[[glbtq.com]]|df=dmy-all|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116195125/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lagerlof_s.html|archive-date=16 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over many years, Elkan and Lagerlöf critiqued each other's work. Lagerlöf wrote that Elkan strongly influenced her work and that she often disagreed sharply with the direction Lagerlöf wanted to take in her books. Selma's letters to Sophie were published in 1993, titled {{Lang|sv|Du lär mig att bli fri}} ('You Teach me to be Free').<ref name=XII/> Beginning in the 1900s, she also had a close relationship with [[Valborg Olander]], who had some influence as a literary adviser, agent and secretary of sorts as well; their correspondence was published in 2006 as {{Lang|sv|En riktig författarhustru}} ('A Proper Writer's Wife').<ref>Toijer-Nilsson, Ying (2006). ''En riktig författarhustru: Selma Lagerlöf skriver till Valborg Olander'' (A Proper Writer's wife: Selma Lagerlöf to Valborg Olander). Bonnier</ref> There appears to have been a strong rivalry between Elkan and Olander while both lived (Elkan died approximately twenty years before the other two women). Both relationships were close, emotional, exclusive and described in terms suggestive of love, the boundary between expressions of friendship and love being somewhat vague at the time. Still, it is primarily the surviving correspondence with Olander that contains passages implying decidedly erotic and physical passion, even though Lagerlöf took care to destroy many of the letters she found too risky.<ref>[https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:740353/FULLTEXT01.pdf Sundberg, Björn. 1996. Recension av Reijo Rüster Lars Westman: Selma på Mårbacka. Bonniers 1996. Tidskrift för svensk litteraturvetenskaplig forskning. Årgång 117 1996.]</ref> Homosexual relations between women were taboo as well as illegal in Sweden at the time, so none of the women involved ever revealed such a thing publicly.<ref name=glbtq/>

⚫
In 1894, she met the Swedish writer [[Sophie Elkan]], who became her friend and companion.<ref name=glbtq>{{citation|last=Munck|first=Kerstin|title=Lagerlöf, Selma|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lagerlof_s.html|periodical=[[glbtq.com]]|df=dmy-all|year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116195125/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lagerlof_s.html|archive-date=16 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over many years, Elkan and Lagerlöf critiqued each other's work. Lagerlöf wrote that Elkan strongly influenced her work and that she often disagreed sharply with the direction Lagerlöf wanted to take in her books. Selma's letters to Sophie were published in 1993, titled {{Lang|sv|Du lär mig att bli fri}} ('You Teach me to be Free').<ref name=XII/> Beginning in the 1900s, she also had a close relationship with [[Valborg Olander]], who had some influence as a literary adviser, agent and secretary of sorts as well; their correspondence was published in 2006 as {{Lang|sv|En riktig författarhustru}} ('A Proper Writer's Wife').<ref>Toijer-Nilsson, Ying (2006). ''En riktig författarhustru: Selma Lagerlöf skriver till Valborg Olander'' (A Proper Writer's wife: Selma Lagerlöf to Valborg Olander). Bonnier</ref> There appears to have been a strong rivalry between Elkan and Olander while both lived (Elkan died approximately twenty years before the other two women). Both relationships were close, emotional, exclusive and described in terms suggestive of love, the boundary between expressions of friendship and love being somewhat vague at the time. Still, it is primarily the surviving correspondence with Olander that contains passages implying decidedly erotic and physical passion, even though Lagerlöf took care to destroy many of the letters she found too risky.<ref>[https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:740353/FULLTEXT01.pdf Sundberg, Björn. 1996. Recension av Reijo Rüster Lars Westman: Selma på Mårbacka. Bonniers 1996. Tidskrift för svensk litteraturvetenskaplig forskning. Årgång 117 1996.]</ref> Homosexual relations between women were taboo as well as illegal in Sweden at the time, so none of the women involved ever revealed such a thing publicly.<ref name=glbtq/>


==Literary adaptations==
==Literary adaptations==
[[File:Selma Lagerlof.jpg|thumb|A stairway in [[Jerusalem]] named for Lagerlöf]]


In 1919, Lagerlöf sold all the movie rights to all of her as-yet unpublished works to Swedish Cinema Theatre ({{lang-sv|Svenska Biografteatern}}), so over the years, many movie versions of her works were made. During the era of Swedish silent cinema, her works were used in film by [[Victor Sjöström]], [[Mauritz Stiller]], and other Swedish film makers.<ref>Furhammar, Leif (2010), "Selma Lagerlöf and Literary Adaptations", Mariah Larsson and Anders Marklund (eds), "Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader", Lund: Nordic Academic Press, pp. 86–91.</ref> Sjöström's retelling of Lagerlöf's tales about rural Swedish life, in which his camera recorded the detail of traditional village life and the Swedish landscape, provided the basis of some of the most poetic and memorable products of silent cinema. ''[[Jerusalem (Lagerlöf novel)|Jerusalem]]'' was adapted in 1996 into the internationally acclaimed film [[Jerusalem_(1996_film)|''Jerusalem'']].
In 1919, Lagerlöf sold all the movie rights to all of her as-yet unpublished works to Swedish Cinema Theatre ({{lang-sv|Svenska Biografteatern}}), so over the years, many movie versions of her works were made. During the era of Swedish silent cinema, her works were used in film by [[Victor Sjöström]], [[Mauritz Stiller]], and other Swedish film makers.<ref>Furhammar, Leif (2010), "Selma Lagerlöf and Literary Adaptations", Mariah Larsson and Anders Marklund (eds), "Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader", Lund: Nordic Academic Press, pp. 86–91.</ref> Sjöström's retelling of Lagerlöf's tales about rural Swedish life, in which his camera recorded the detail of traditional village life and the Swedish landscape, provided the basis of some of the most poetic and memorable products of silent cinema. The [[The Phantom Carriage|1921 film adaptation]] of ''[[Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness!|Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness!]]'' (''Körkarlen'') was critically acclaimed and influential within cinema. ''[[Jerusalem (Lagerlöf novel)|Jerusalem]]'' was adapted in 1996 into the internationally acclaimed [[Jerusalem_(1996_film)|film of the same name]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}


==Awards and commemoration==
==Awards and commemoration==
[[File:1959 CPA 2284.jpg|right|thumb|Selma Lagerlöf on a 1959 [[postage stamp]] of the [[Soviet Union]]]]
[[File:1959 CPA 2284.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Lagerlöf on a 1959 [[postage stamp]] of the [[Soviet Union]] ]]
[[File:Selma Lagerlof nobel prize illustration.png|thumb|Lagerlöf receives the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], illustration from [[Svenska Dagbladet]], December 1909]]


On 10 December 1909,<ref>{{cite web |last= Lagerlöf |first= Selma |title= Banquet Speech |publisher= Nobel Prize |date= 10 December 1909 |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-speech.html |access-date= 9 December 2016}}</ref> Selma Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize "in appreciation of the [[lofty idealism]], vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings",<ref name=nobel>{{citation |title= Literature 1909 |website= NobelPrize.org |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/index.html |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the [[Swedish Academy]], the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature.<ref>{{cite news |title= Våldsam debatt i Akademien när Lagerlöf valdes |newspaper= Svenska Dagbladet |date=25 September 2009 |language= sv |url=http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/valdsam-debatt-i-akademien-nar-lagerlof-valdes_3569005.svd}}</ref> During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she 'visited him in heaven'. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career.<ref name=Depth/> In 1904, the academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored.<ref name=ea /> She was awarded the [[Litteris et Artibus]] in 1909 and the [[Illis quorum]] in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stenberg |first=Lisbeth |others=Translated by Alexia Grosjean |title=Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf |url=http://skbl.se/en/article/SelmaLagerlof |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=[[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]]}}</ref> In 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released.<ref>[http://www.worldbanknotescoins.com/2015/04/20-swedish-krona-banknote-2008-selma-lagerlof.html 20 Swedish Krona banknote 2008 Selma Lagerlöf]. worldbanknotescoins.com (20 April 2015)</ref>
On 10 December 1909,<ref>{{cite web |last= Lagerlöf |first= Selma |title= Banquet Speech |publisher= Nobel Prize |date= 10 December 1909 |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-speech.html |access-date= 9 December 2016}}</ref> Selma Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize "in appreciation of the [[lofty idealism]], vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings",<ref name=nobel>{{citation |title= Literature 1909 |website= NobelPrize.org |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/index.html |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the [[Swedish Academy]], the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature.<ref>{{cite news |title= Våldsam debatt i Akademien när Lagerlöf valdes |newspaper= Svenska Dagbladet |date=25 September 2009 |language= sv |url=http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/valdsam-debatt-i-akademien-nar-lagerlof-valdes_3569005.svd}}</ref> During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she 'visited him in heaven'. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career.<ref name=Depth/> In 1904, the academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored.<ref name=ea /> She was awarded the [[Litteris et Artibus]] in 1909 and the [[Illis quorum]] in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stenberg |first=Lisbeth |others=Translated by Alexia Grosjean |title=Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf |url=http://skbl.se/en/article/SelmaLagerlof |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=[[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]]}}</ref> In 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released.<ref>[http://www.worldbanknotescoins.com/2015/04/20-swedish-krona-banknote-2008-selma-lagerlof.html 20 Swedish Krona banknote 2008 Selma Lagerlöf]. worldbanknotescoins.com (20 April 2015)</ref>


In 1907, she received the honorary degree of [[LL.D.|doctor of letters]] (''filosofie hedersdoktor'') from Uppsala University.<ref>[https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/10922 [[National Archives of Sweden]]. Accessed 30 December 2022]</ref> In 1928, she received an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Greifswald]]'s [[University of Greifswald Faculty of Arts|Faculty of Arts]]. At the start of [[World War II]]{{clarify|date=December 2020}}<!--The Winter War or the "Continuation War"? The Winter War isn't usually considered part of World War II.-->, she sent her Nobel Prize medal and gold medal from the Swedish Academy to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=zone>{{citation |page=36 |title=The magic zone: sketches of the Nobel Laureates |first=Ralph |last=Gunther |periodical=Scripta Humanistica |year=2003 |volume=150 |isbn=1-882528-40-9}}</ref> The Finnish government was so touched that it raised the necessary money by other means and returned her medal to her.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
In 1907, she received the honorary degree of [[LL.D.|doctor of letters]] (''filosofie hedersdoktor'') from Uppsala University.<ref>[https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/mobil/Artikel/10922 "Selma O L Lagerlöf"], [[National Archives of Sweden]]. Accessed 30 December 2022</ref> In 1928, she received an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Greifswald]]'s [[University of Greifswald Faculty of Arts|Faculty of Arts]]. At the start of [[World War II]]{{clarify|date=December 2020}}<!--The Winter War or the "Continuation War"? The Winter War isn't usually considered part of World War II.-->, she sent her Nobel Prize medal and gold medal from the Swedish Academy to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=zone>{{citation |page=36 |title=The magic zone: sketches of the Nobel Laureates |first=Ralph |last=Gunther |periodical=Scripta Humanistica |year=2003 |volume=150 |isbn=1-882528-40-9}}</ref> The Finnish government was so touched that it raised the necessary money by other means and returned her medal to her.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


Two hotels are named after her in Östra Ämtervik in Sunne, and her home, {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka|italic=no}}, is preserved as a museum.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
Two hotels are named after her in Östra Ämtervik in Sunne, and her home, {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka|italic=no}}, is preserved as a museum.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


==Published works==
==Works==
Original Swedish-language publications are listed primarily.<ref name=biblio>{{citation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-bibl.html |title=Selma Lagerlöf – Bibliography |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lagerlof.htm |title=Selma Lagerlöf |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126070305/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lagerlof.htm |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Original Swedish-language publications are listed primarily.<ref name=biblio>{{citation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/lagerlof-bibl.html |title=Selma Lagerlöf – Bibliography |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lagerlof.htm |title=Selma Lagerlöf |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126070305/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lagerlof.htm |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


The popularity of Lagerlöf in the United States was due in part to Velma Swanston Howard, or V. S. Howard (1868–1937, a suffragette and Christian scientist)<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/n85237306 "Howard, Velma Swanston, 1868–1937"]. Library of Congress Authorities (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2019-09-30.</ref> – who was an early believer in her appeal to Americans and who carefully translated many of her books.<ref name=ea />
The popularity of Lagerlöf in the United States was due in part to Velma Swanston Howard, or V. S. Howard (1868–1937, a suffragette and Christian scientist)<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/n85237306 "Howard, Velma Swanston, 1868–1937"]. Library of Congress Authorities (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2019-09-30.</ref> – who was an early believer in her appeal to Americans and who carefully translated many of her books.<ref name=ea />


* {{Lang|sv|Gösta Berlings saga}} (1891; novel). Translated as ''The Story of Gösta Berling'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach, 1898), ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]]'' (V.S. Howard and Lillie Tudeer, 1898), ''The Story of Gösta Berling'' (R. Bly, 1962)
* {{Lang|sv|Gösta Berlings saga}} (1891; novel). Translated as ''The Story of Gösta Berling'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach, 1898), ''[[Gösta Berling's Saga]]'' (V.S. Howard and Lillie Tudeer, 1898), ''The Story of Gösta Berling'' ([[Robert Bly]], 1962), ''The Saga of Gosta Berling'' (Paul Norlen, 2009)
* {{Lang|sv|Osynliga länkar}} (1894; short stories). Translated as ''Invisible Links'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach, (1869–1966) 1899)
* {{Lang|sv|Osynliga länkar}} (1894; short stories). Translated as ''Invisible Links'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach, (1869–1966) 1899)
* {{Lang|sv|Antikrists mirakler}} (1897; novel). Translated as ''The Miracles of Antichrist'' (Selma Ahlström Trotz, 1899) and ''The Miracles of Antichrist'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach (1869–1966), 1899)
* {{Lang|sv|Antikrists mirakler}} (1897; novel). Translated as ''The Miracles of Antichrist'' (Selma Ahlström Trotz, 1899) and ''The Miracles of Antichrist'' (Pauline Bancroft Flach (1869–1966), 1899)
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* {{Lang|sv|Dunungen: Lustspel i fyra akter}} (1914; play)
* {{Lang|sv|Dunungen: Lustspel i fyra akter}} (1914; play)
* {{Lang|sv|Silvergruvan och andra berättelser}} (1915; short stories)
* {{Lang|sv|Silvergruvan och andra berättelser}} (1915; short stories)
* {{Lang|sv|Troll och Människor}} (1915, 1921; novel). Translated as ''The Changeling (Lagerlöf novel)'' (Susanna Stevens, 1992)
* {{Lang|sv|Troll och Människor}} (1915, 1921; novel). Translated as ''The Changeling'' (Susanna Stevens, 1992)
* {{Lang|sv|Bannlyst}} (1918; novel). Translated as ''The Outcast (Lagerlöf novel)'' (W. Worster, 1920/22)
* {{Lang|sv|Bannlyst}} (1918; novel). Translated as ''The Outcast'' (W. Worster, 1920/22)
* {{Lang|sv|Kavaljersnoveller}} (1918; novel), with illustrations by [[Einar Nerman]]
* {{Lang|sv|Kavaljersnoveller}} (1918; short stories), with illustrations by [[Einar Nerman]]
* {{Lang|sv|Zachris Topelius utveckling och mognad}} (1920; non-fiction), biography of [[Zachris Topelius]]
* {{Lang|sv|Zachris Topelius utveckling och mognad}} (1920; non-fiction), biography of [[Zachris Topelius]]
* {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka}} (1922; memoir). Translated as ''Marbacka: The Story of a Manor'' (V.S. Howard, 1924) and ''Memories of Marbacka'' (Greta Andersen, 1996) – named for the estate [[Mårbacka]] where Lagerlöf was born and raised
* {{Lang|sv|Mårbacka}} (1922; memoir). Translated as ''Marbacka: The Story of a Manor'' (V.S. Howard, 1924) and ''Memories of Marbacka'' (Greta Andersen, 1996) – named for the estate [[Mårbacka]] where Lagerlöf was born and raised
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* {{Lang|sv|En Herrgårdssägen: Skådespel i fyra akter}} (1929; play), based on 1899 work {{Lang|sv|En herrgårdssägen}}
* {{Lang|sv|En Herrgårdssägen: Skådespel i fyra akter}} (1929; play), based on 1899 work {{Lang|sv|En herrgårdssägen}}
* {{Lang|sv|Mors porträtt och andra berättelser}} (1930; short stories)
* {{Lang|sv|Mors porträtt och andra berättelser}} (1930; short stories)
* {{Lang|sv|Ett barns memoarer: Mårbacka}} (1930; memoir). Translated as ''Memories of My Childhood (Lagerlöf) Further Years at Mårbacka'' (V.S. Howard, 1934)
* {{Lang|sv|Ett barns memoarer: Mårbacka}} (1930; memoir). Translated as ''Memories of My Childhood: Further Years at Mårbacka'' (V.S. Howard, 1934)
* {{Lang|sv|Dagbok för Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf}} (1932; memoir). Translated as ''The Diary of Selma Lagerlöf'' (V.S. Howard, 1936)
* {{Lang|sv|Dagbok för Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf}} (1932; memoir). Translated as ''The Diary of Selma Lagerlöf'' (V.S. Howard, 1936)
* {{Lang|sv|Höst}} (1933; short stories). Translated as ''Harvest (book)'' (Florence and Naboth Hedin, 1935)
* {{Lang|sv|Höst}} (1933; short stories). Translated as ''Harvest'' (Florence and Naboth Hedin, 1935)
* {{Lang|sv|Julberättelser}} (1936)
* {{Lang|sv|Julberättelser}} (1936)
* {{Lang|sv|Gösta Berlings saga: Skådespel i fyra akter med prolog och epilog efter romanen med samma namn}} (1936)
* {{Lang|sv|Gösta Berlings saga: Skådespel i fyra akter med prolog och epilog efter romanen med samma namn}} (1936)
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* {{Lang|sv|Dockteaterspel}} (1959)
* {{Lang|sv|Dockteaterspel}} (1959)
* {{Lang|sv|Madame de Castro: En ungdomsdikt}} (1984)
* {{Lang|sv|Madame de Castro: En ungdomsdikt}} (1984)

===Works about Selma Lagerlöf===
⚫
*Berendsohn, Walter A., ''Selma Lagerlöf: Her Life and Work'' (adapted from the German by George F. Timpson) – London : Nicholson & Watson, 1931
⚫
*[[Elin Wagner|Wägner, Elin]], ''Selma Lagerlöf I'' (1942) and ''Selma Lagerlöf II'' (1943)<ref name=sss>{{Cite web|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/wagner-elin-3/|title=Wägner, Elin|website=Nordic Women's Literature|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
⚫
*Vrieze, Folkerdina Stientje de, ''Fact and Fiction in the Autobiographical Works of Selma Lagerlof'' – Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum, 1958
⚫
*Nelson, Anne Theodora, ''The Critical Reception of Selma Lagerlöf in France'' – Evanston, Ill., 1962
⚫
*[[Victor Folke Nelson]], ''The Mårbacka Edition of the Works of Selma Lagerlöf'' in ''[[The Saturday Review of Literature]]'', 1929.<ref name=SRL> "The Mårbacka Edition". ''The Saturday Review of Literature''. January 19, 1929. Retrieved on February 1, 2022.</ref>
⚫
*Olson-Buckner, Elsa, ''The epic tradition in Gösta Berlings saga'' – Brooklyn, N.Y. : Theodore Gaus, 1978
⚫
*Edström, Vivi, ''Selma Lagerlöf'' (trans. by Barbara Lide) – Boston : Twayne Publishers, 1984
⚫
*Madler, Jennifer Lynn, ''The Literary Response of German-language Authors to Selma Lagerlöf'' – Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois, 1998
⚫
*De Noma, Elizabeth Ann, ''Multiple Melodrama: the Making and Remaking of Three Selma Lagerlöf Narratives in the Silent Era and the 1940s'' – Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, cop. 2000
⚫
*Watson, Jennifer, ''Swedish Novelist Selma Lagerlöf, 1858–1940, and Germany at the Turn of the Century: O du Stern ob meinem Garten'' – Lewiston, NY : Edwin Mellen Press, 2004
⚫
* {{cite book |editor= Robert Aldrich |editor2= Garry Wotherspoon |title= Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II 2nd ed. |publisher= Routledge; London |year= 2002 |isbn= 0-415-15983-0}}


==See also==
==See also==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
* {{cite book |editor1-first= Robert |editor1-last=Aldrich |editor2-first=Garry |editor2-last=Wotherspoon |title= Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II |edition=2 |publisher= Routledge |location=London |year= 2002 |isbn= 0-415-15983-0 |ref=none}}
⚫
* Berendsohn, Walter A. ''Selma Lagerlöf: Her Life and Work''. (adapted from the German by George F. Timpson) London: Nicholson & Watson, 1931.
⚫
* De Noma, Elizabeth Ann. ''Multiple Melodrama: The Making and Remaking of Three Selma Lagerlöf Narratives in the Silent Era and the 1940s''. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 2000.
⚫
* Edström, Vivi. ''Selma Lagerlöf''. (trans. by Barbara Lide) Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
⚫
* Madler, Jennifer Lynn. ''The Literary Response of German-language Authors to Selma Lagerlöf''. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois, 1998.
⚫
* Nelson, Anne Theodora. ''The Critical Reception of Selma Lagerlöf in France''. Evanston, Ill., 1962.
⚫
* [[Victor Folke Nelson|Nelson, Victor Folke]]. "The Mårbacka Edition of the Works of Selma Lagerlöf". ''[[The Saturday Review of Literature]]'', January 19, 1929.<ref name=SRL>Retrieved on 1 February 2022.</ref>
⚫
* Olson-Buckner, Elsa. ''The Epic Tradition in Gösta Berlings Saga''. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Theodore Gaus, 1978.
⚫
* Vrieze, Folkerdina Stientje de. ''Fact and Fiction in the Autobiographical Works of Selma Lagerlof''. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1958.
⚫
* [[Elin Wagner|Wägner, Elin]]. ''Selma Lagerlöf I'' (1942) and ''Selma Lagerlöf II''. (1943)<ref name=sss>{{Cite web |url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/wagner-elin-3/ |title=Wägner, Elin |website=Nordic Women's Literature |language=en-GB |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
⚫
* Watson, Jennifer. ''Swedish Novelist Selma Lagerlöf, 1858–1940, and Germany at the Turn of the Century: O du Stern ob meinem Garten''. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.

* {{SKBL|name=Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf}}
* {{SKBL|name=Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf}}


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{{EB1922 Poster|Lagerlöf, Selma|Selma Lagerlöf}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Lagerlöf, Selma|Selma Lagerlöf}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=7392519}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=7392519}}
*[http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/selma-lagerloef-swedish-writer-the-first-woman-who-won-the-nobel-in-picture-id56466120?s=594x594 portrait in old age]
*[http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/selma-lagerloef-swedish-writer-the-first-woman-who-won-the-nobel-in-picture-id56466120?s=594x594 portrait in old age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807031949/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/selma-lagerloef-swedish-writer-the-first-woman-who-won-the-nobel-in-picture-id56466120?s=594x594 |date=7 August 2020 }}


===Resources===
===Resources===
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===Works online===
===Works online===
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/selma-lagerlof}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/selma-lagerlof}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Lagerlöf,+Selma |name= Selma Lagerlöf}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1717|name= Selma Lagerlöf}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Lagerlöf, Selma|name=Selma Lagerlöf|author=yes}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Lagerlöf, Selma|name=Selma Lagerlöf|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Selma Lagerlöf |sopt=w}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Selma Lagerlöf |sopt=w}}
* {{Librivox author}}
* {{Librivox author}}
* [http://runeberg.org/authors/lagerlof.html Works by Selma Lagerlöf] at [[Project Runeberg]] {{in lang|sv}}
* [https://runeberg.org/authors/lagerlof.html Works by Selma Lagerlöf] at [[Project Runeberg]] {{in lang|sv}}
* [http://litteraturbanken.se/#!/forfattare/LagerlofS/titlar Works by Selma Lagerlöf] at [[Swedish Literature Bank]] {{in lang|sv}}
* [http://litteraturbanken.se/#!/forfattare/LagerlofS/titlar Works by Selma Lagerlöf] at [[Swedish Literature Bank]] {{in lang|sv}}


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[[Category:LGBT Lutherans]]
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[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Women Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Swedish children's writers]]
[[Category:Swedish children's writers]]

Latest revision as of 09:52, 29 April 2024

Selma Lagerlöf
Lagerlöf in 1909
Lagerlöf in 1909
BornSelma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
(1858-11-20)20 November 1858
Mårbacka, Sweden
Died16 March 1940(1940-03-16) (aged 81)
Mårbacka, Sweden
OccupationWriter
NationalitySwedish
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature
1909
Signature

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (/ˈlɑːɡərlɜːf, -lɜːv/, US also /-lʌv, -ləv/,[1][2] Swedish: [ˈsɛ̂lːma ˈlɑ̂ːɡɛˌɭøːv] ⓘ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish writer. She published her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in the Swedish Academy in 1914.[3]

Life[edit]

Early years[edit]

Lagerlöf family home at Mårbacka, Värmland
Lagerlöf in 1881

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was born on 20 November 1858 at Mårbacka,[4] Värmland, Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Lagerlöf was the daughter of Erik Gustaf Lagerlöf, a lieutenant in the Royal Värmland Regiment, and Louise Lagerlöf (née Wallroth), whose father was a well-to-do merchant and a foundry owner (brukspatron).[5] Lagerlöf was the couple's fifth child out of six. She was born with a hip injury, which was caused by detachment in the hip joint. At the age of three and a half, a sickness left her lame in both legs, although she later recovered.[6]

She was a quiet, serious child with a deep love of reading. She wrote poetry but did not publish anything until later in life. Her grandmother helped raise her, often telling stories of fairytales and fantasy. Growing up, she was plain and slightly lame, and an account stated that the cross-country wanderings of Margarethe and Elisabet in Gösta Berling's Saga could be the author's compensatory fantasies.[5] She received her schooling at home since the Folkskola compulsory education system was not fully developed yet. She studied English and French. After reading Osceola by Thomas Mayne Reid at the age of seven, she decided she would be a writer when she grew up.[7]

In 1875, Lagerlöf lived in the Karlskoga Church Rectory alongside Erik Tullius Hammargren and his wife, Ottiliana Lagerlöf, who was her aunt, during which time she was one of Hammargren's confirmation students.[8][9]

The sale of the Lagerlöf family's Mårbacka estate in 1884 had a serious impact on her development. Selma's father is said to have been an alcoholic, something she rarely discussed.[10] Her father did not want Selma to continue her education or be involved with the women's movement. Later in life, she bought back her father's estate with the money she received for her Nobel Prize.[11] Lagerlöf lived there for the rest of her life.[12]

Teaching life[edit]

Lagerlöf studied at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1882 to 1885. She worked as a country schoolteacher at a high school for girls in Landskrona from 1885 to 1895.[13] Through her studies at the Royal Women's Superior Training Academy in Stockholm, Lagerlöf reacted against the realism of contemporary Swedish-language writers such as August Strindberg. She began her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, while working as a teacher in Landskrona. Her first break as a writer came when she submitted the first chapters to a literary contest in the magazine Idun, and won a publishing contract for the whole book. At first, her writing only received mild reviews from critics. Once a popular critic, Georg Brandes, had given her positive reviews of the Danish translation, her popularity soared.[14] She received financial support from Fredrika Limnell, who wished to enable her to concentrate on her writing.[15]

Literary career[edit]

A visit in 1900 to the American Colony in Jerusalem became the inspiration for Lagerlöf's book by that name.[16] The royal family and the Swedish Academy gave her substantial financial support to continue her passion.[17] Jerusalem was also acclaimed by critics, who began comparing her to Homer and Shakespeare, so that she became a popular figure both in Sweden and abroad.[3] By 1895, she gave up her teaching to devote herself to her writing. With the help of proceeds from Gösta Berling's Saga and a scholarship and grant, she made two journeys, which were largely instrumental in providing material for her next novel. With her close friend Sophie Elkan, she traveled to Italy, and also to Palestine and other parts of the East.[18] In Italy, a legend of a Christ Child figure that had been replaced with a false version inspired Lagerlöf's novel Antikrists mirakler (The Miracles of the Antichrist). Set in Sicily, the novel explores the interplay between Christian and socialist moral systems. However, most of Lagerlöf's stories were set in Värmland.[19]

In 1902, Lagerlöf was asked by the National Teachers' Association to write a geography book for children. She wrote Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (The Wonderful Adventures of Nils), a novel about a boy from the southernmost part of Sweden, who had been shrunk to the size of a thumb and who travelled on the back of a goose across the country. Lagerlöf mixed historical and geographical facts about the provinces of Sweden with the tale of the boy's adventures until he managed to return home and was restored to his normal size.[10] The novel is one of Lagerlöf's most well-known books, and it has been translated into more than 30 languages.[20]

Lagerlöf with her friend and literary assistant Valborg Olander. Elkan was jealous of the relationship.

She moved in 1897 to Falun, and met Valborg Olander, who became her literary assistant and friend, but Elkan's jealousy of Olander was a complication in the relationship. Olander, a teacher, was also active in the growing women's suffrage movement in Sweden. Selma Lagerlöf herself was active as a speaker for the National Association for Women's Suffrage, which was beneficial for the organisation because of the great respect which surrounded Lagerlöf, and she spoke at the International Suffrage Congress in Stockholm in June 1911, where she gave the opening address, as well as at the victory party of the Swedish suffrage movement after women suffrage had been granted in May 1919.[21]

Selma Lagerlöf was a friend of the German-Jewish writer Nelly Sachs. Shortly before her death in 1940, Lagerlöf intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure the release of Sachs and Sachs' aged mother from Nazi Germany, on the last flight from Germany to Sweden, and their lifelong asylum in Stockholm.[22]

Personal life[edit]

Relationships[edit]

Lagerlöf with the writer Sophie Elkan (right)

In 1894, she met the Swedish writer Sophie Elkan, who became her friend and companion.[23] Over many years, Elkan and Lagerlöf critiqued each other's work. Lagerlöf wrote that Elkan strongly influenced her work and that she often disagreed sharply with the direction Lagerlöf wanted to take in her books. Selma's letters to Sophie were published in 1993, titled Du lär mig att bli fri ('You Teach me to be Free').[14] Beginning in the 1900s, she also had a close relationship with Valborg Olander, who had some influence as a literary adviser, agent and secretary of sorts as well; their correspondence was published in 2006 as En riktig författarhustru ('A Proper Writer's Wife').[24] There appears to have been a strong rivalry between Elkan and Olander while both lived (Elkan died approximately twenty years before the other two women). Both relationships were close, emotional, exclusive and described in terms suggestive of love, the boundary between expressions of friendship and love being somewhat vague at the time. Still, it is primarily the surviving correspondence with Olander that contains passages implying decidedly erotic and physical passion, even though Lagerlöf took care to destroy many of the letters she found too risky.[25] Homosexual relations between women were taboo as well as illegal in Sweden at the time, so none of the women involved ever revealed such a thing publicly.[23]

Literary adaptations[edit]

In 1919, Lagerlöf sold all the movie rights to all of her as-yet unpublished works to Swedish Cinema Theatre (Swedish: Svenska Biografteatern), so over the years, many movie versions of her works were made. During the era of Swedish silent cinema, her works were used in film by Victor Sjöström, Mauritz Stiller, and other Swedish film makers.[26] Sjöström's retelling of Lagerlöf's tales about rural Swedish life, in which his camera recorded the detail of traditional village life and the Swedish landscape, provided the basis of some of the most poetic and memorable products of silent cinema. The 1921 film adaptation of Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (Körkarlen) was critically acclaimed and influential within cinema. Jerusalem was adapted in 1996 into the internationally acclaimed film of the same name.[citation needed]

Awards and commemoration[edit]

Lagerlöf on a 1959 postage stamp of the Soviet Union

On 10 December 1909,[27] Selma Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings",[28] but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the Swedish Academy, the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature.[29] During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she 'visited him in heaven'. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career.[10] In 1904, the academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored.[13] She was awarded the Litteris et Artibus in 1909 and the Illis quorum in 1926.[30] In 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released.[31]

In 1907, she received the honorary degree of doctor of letters (filosofie hedersdoktor) from Uppsala University.[32] In 1928, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Greifswald's Faculty of Arts. At the start of World War II[clarification needed], she sent her Nobel Prize medal and gold medal from the Swedish Academy to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the Soviet Union.[33] The Finnish government was so touched that it raised the necessary money by other means and returned her medal to her.[citation needed]

Two hotels are named after her in Östra Ämtervik in Sunne, and her home, Mårbacka, is preserved as a museum.[citation needed]

Works[edit]

Original Swedish-language publications are listed primarily.[34][35]

The popularity of Lagerlöf in the United States was due in part to Velma Swanston Howard, or V. S. Howard (1868–1937, a suffragette and Christian scientist)[36] – who was an early believer in her appeal to Americans and who carefully translated many of her books.[13]

  • Gösta Berlings saga (1891; novel). Translated as The Story of Gösta Berling (Pauline Bancroft Flach, 1898), Gösta Berling's Saga (V.S. Howard and Lillie Tudeer, 1898), The Story of Gösta Berling (Robert Bly, 1962), The Saga of Gosta Berling (Paul Norlen, 2009)
  • Osynliga länkar (1894; short stories). Translated as Invisible Links (Pauline Bancroft Flach, (1869–1966) 1899)
  • Antikrists mirakler (1897; novel). Translated as The Miracles of Antichrist (Selma Ahlström Trotz, 1899) and The Miracles of Antichrist (Pauline Bancroft Flach (1869–1966), 1899)
  • Drottningar i Kungahälla (1899; short stories). Translated as The Queens of Kungahälla and Other Sketches From a Swedish Homestead (Jessie Bröchner, 1901; C. Field, 1917)
  • En herrgårdssägen (1899; short stories). Translated as The Tale of a Manor and Other Sketches (C. Field, 1922)
  • Jerusalem: två berättelser. 1, I Dalarne (1901; novel). Translated as Jerusalem (Jessie Bröchner, 1903; V.S. Howard, 1914)
  • Jerusalem: två berättelser. 2, I det heliga landet (1902; novel). Translated as The Holy City : Jerusalem II (V.S. Howard, 1918)
  • Herr Arnes penningar (1903; novel). Translated as Herr Arne's Hoard (Arthur G. Chater, 1923; Philip Brakenridge, 1952) and The Treasure (Arthur G. Chater, 1925) – adapted as the 1919 film Sir Arne's Treasure.
  • Kristuslegender (1904; short stories). Translated as Christ Legends and Other Stories (V,S. Howard, 1908)
  • Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (1906–07; novel). Translated as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1907; Richard E. Oldenburg, 1967) and Further Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1911)
  • En saga om en saga och andra sagor (1908; short stories). Translated as The Girl from the Marsh Croft (V.S. Howard, 1910) and Girl from the Marsh Croft and Other Stories (edited by Greta Anderson, 1996)
  • Hem och stat: Föredrag vid rösträttskongressen den 13 juni 1911 (1911; non-fiction). Translated as Home and State: Being an Address Delivered at Stockholm at the Sixth Convention of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, June 1911 (C. Ursula Holmstedt, 1912)
  • Liljecronas hem (1911; novel). Translated as Liliecrona's Home (Anna Barwell, 1913)
  • Körkarlen (1912; novel). Translated as Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (William Frederick Harvey, 1921). Filmed as The Phantom Carriage, The Phantom Chariot, The Stroke of Midnight.
  • Stormyrtossen: Folkskädespel i 4 akter (1913) with Bernt Fredgren
  • Astrid och andra berättelser (1914; short stories)
  • Kejsarn av Portugallien (1914; novel). Translated as The Emperor of Portugallia (V.S. Howard, 1916)
  • Dunungen: Lustspel i fyra akter (1914; play)
  • Silvergruvan och andra berättelser (1915; short stories)
  • Troll och Människor (1915, 1921; novel). Translated as The Changeling (Susanna Stevens, 1992)
  • Bannlyst (1918; novel). Translated as The Outcast (W. Worster, 1920/22)
  • Kavaljersnoveller (1918; short stories), with illustrations by Einar Nerman
  • Zachris Topelius utveckling och mognad (1920; non-fiction), biography of Zachris Topelius
  • Mårbacka (1922; memoir). Translated as Marbacka: The Story of a Manor (V.S. Howard, 1924) and Memories of Marbacka (Greta Andersen, 1996) – named for the estate Mårbacka where Lagerlöf was born and raised
  • The Ring trilogy – published in 1931 as The Ring of the Löwenskölds, containing the Martin and Howard translations, LCCN 31-985
    • Löwensköldska ringen (1925; novel). Translated as The General's Ring (Francesca Martin, 1928) and as The Löwensköld Ring (Linda Schenck, 1991)
    • Charlotte Löwensköld (1925; novel). Translated as Charlotte Löwensköld (V.S. Howard)
    • Anna Svärd (1928; novel). Translated as Anna Svärd (V.S. Howard, 1931)
  • En Herrgårdssägen: Skådespel i fyra akter (1929; play), based on 1899 work En herrgårdssägen
  • Mors porträtt och andra berättelser (1930; short stories)
  • Ett barns memoarer: Mårbacka (1930; memoir). Translated as Memories of My Childhood: Further Years at Mårbacka (V.S. Howard, 1934)
  • Dagbok för Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (1932; memoir). Translated as The Diary of Selma Lagerlöf (V.S. Howard, 1936)
  • Höst (1933; short stories). Translated as Harvest (Florence and Naboth Hedin, 1935)
  • Julberättelser (1936)
  • Gösta Berlings saga: Skådespel i fyra akter med prolog och epilog efter romanen med samma namn (1936)
  • Från skilda tider: Efterlämnade skrifter (1943–45)
  • Dockteaterspel (1959)
  • Madame de Castro: En ungdomsdikt (1984)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Lagerlöf". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  2. ^ "Lagerlöf, Selma"[dead link] (US) and "Lagerlöf, Selma". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b Forsas-Scott, Helena (1997). Swedish Women's Writing 1850–1995. London: The Athlone Press. p. 63. ISBN 0485910039.
  4. ^ H. G. L. (1916), "Miss Lagerlöf at Marbacka", in Henry Goddard Leach (ed.), The American-Scandinavian review, vol. 4, American-Scandinavian Foundation, p. 36
  5. ^ a b Lagerlöf, Selma; Schoolfield, George (2009). The Saga of Gösta Berling. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 9781101140482.
  6. ^ "Svenska deckare: Selma Lagerlöf". mbforlag.se. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  7. ^ "Selma Lagerlöf – författaren". www.marbacka.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  8. ^ Svenska Turistföreningens årsskrift (in Swedish). 1928. p. 107 – via Project Runeberg.
  9. ^ "Gröna Promenadens historia – Karlskoga Naturskyddsförening" (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "Selma Lagerlöf: Surface and Depth". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  11. ^ "Selma Lagerlof | Swedish author". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  12. ^ "Selma Lagerlöf - Facts - NobelPrize.org". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  13. ^ a b c Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lagerlof, Ottilia Lovisa Selma" . Encyclopedia Americana.
  14. ^ a b "Selma Ottiliana Lovisa Lagerlöf (1858–1940)". authorscalendar.info. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  15. ^ Lagerlof, Selma (2013). The Selma Lagerlof Megapack: 31 Classic Novels and Stories. Rockville: Wildside Press LLC. p. 20. ISBN 9781434443441.
  16. ^ Zaun-Goshen, Heike (2002), Times of Change, archived from the original on 17 June 2010
  17. ^ "Selma Lagerlöf – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  18. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Lagerlöf, Selma" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
  19. ^ "Selma Lagerlöf Biographical". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  20. ^ "100 år med Nils Holgersson" (PDF). Lund University Library. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  21. ^ Hedwall, Barbro (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt. (Our Rightful Place. About women's struggle for suffrage) Albert Bonniers Förlag. ISBN 978-91-7424-119-8 (Swedish)
  22. ^ "Nelly Sachs". www.nobel-winners.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  23. ^ a b Munck, Kerstin (2002), "Lagerlöf, Selma", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 16 November 2007
  24. ^ Toijer-Nilsson, Ying (2006). En riktig författarhustru: Selma Lagerlöf skriver till Valborg Olander (A Proper Writer's wife: Selma Lagerlöf to Valborg Olander). Bonnier
  25. ^ Sundberg, Björn. 1996. Recension av Reijo Rüster Lars Westman: Selma på Mårbacka. Bonniers 1996. Tidskrift för svensk litteraturvetenskaplig forskning. Årgång 117 1996.
  26. ^ Furhammar, Leif (2010), "Selma Lagerlöf and Literary Adaptations", Mariah Larsson and Anders Marklund (eds), "Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader", Lund: Nordic Academic Press, pp. 86–91.
  27. ^ Lagerlöf, Selma (10 December 1909). "Banquet Speech". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  28. ^ "Literature 1909", NobelPrize.org, retrieved 6 March 2010
  29. ^ "Våldsam debatt i Akademien när Lagerlöf valdes". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 25 September 2009.
  30. ^ Stenberg, Lisbeth. "Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Translated by Alexia Grosjean. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  31. ^ 20 Swedish Krona banknote 2008 Selma Lagerlöf. worldbanknotescoins.com (20 April 2015)
  32. ^ "Selma O L Lagerlöf", National Archives of Sweden. Accessed 30 December 2022
  33. ^ Gunther, Ralph (2003), "The magic zone: sketches of the Nobel Laureates", Scripta Humanistica, vol. 150, p. 36, ISBN 1-882528-40-9
  34. ^ "Selma Lagerlöf – Bibliography", NobelPrize.org, retrieved 6 March 2010
  35. ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Selma Lagerlöf". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015.
  36. ^ "Howard, Velma Swanston, 1868–1937". Library of Congress Authorities (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2019-09-30.

Further reading[edit]

  • Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2002). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II (2 ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15983-0.
  • Berendsohn, Walter A. Selma Lagerlöf: Her Life and Work. (adapted from the German by George F. Timpson) London: Nicholson & Watson, 1931.
  • De Noma, Elizabeth Ann. Multiple Melodrama: The Making and Remaking of Three Selma Lagerlöf Narratives in the Silent Era and the 1940s. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 2000.
  • Edström, Vivi. Selma Lagerlöf. (trans. by Barbara Lide) Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
  • Madler, Jennifer Lynn. The Literary Response of German-language Authors to Selma Lagerlöf. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois, 1998.
  • Nelson, Anne Theodora. The Critical Reception of Selma Lagerlöf in France. Evanston, Ill., 1962.
  • Nelson, Victor Folke. "The Mårbacka Edition of the Works of Selma Lagerlöf". The Saturday Review of Literature, January 19, 1929.[1]
  • Olson-Buckner, Elsa. The Epic Tradition in Gösta Berlings Saga. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Theodore Gaus, 1978.
  • Vrieze, Folkerdina Stientje de. Fact and Fiction in the Autobiographical Works of Selma Lagerlof. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1958.
  • Wägner, Elin. Selma Lagerlöf I (1942) and Selma Lagerlöf II. (1943)[2]
  • Watson, Jennifer. Swedish Novelist Selma Lagerlöf, 1858–1940, and Germany at the Turn of the Century: O du Stern ob meinem Garten. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selma Lagerlöf.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Selma Lagerlöf.
Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about "Selma Lagerlöf".
Library resources about
Selma Lagerlöf
By Selma Lagerlöf

Resources[edit]

Works online[edit]

Cultural offices
Preceded by Swedish Academy,
Seat No.7
1914–1940 		Succeeded by

  1. ^ Retrieved on 1 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Wägner, Elin". Nordic Women's Literature. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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