List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry: Difference between revisions

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| [[Image:Adolf von Baeyer (Nobel 1905).jpg|75px]]
| [[Image:Adolf von Baeyer (Nobel 1905).jpg|75px]]
|[[Adolf von Baeyer|Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
|[[Adolf von Baeyer|Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his work on organic dyes and hydro[[aromatic]] compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on organic dyes and hydro[[aromatic]] compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
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| [[Image:Eduardbuchner.jpg|75px]]
| [[Image:Eduardbuchner.jpg|75px]]
|[[Eduard Buchner]]
|[[Eduard Buchner]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
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|[[Image:Ernest Rutherford2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Ernest Rutherford2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ernest Rutherford]]
|[[Ernest Rutherford]]
|[[New Zealand]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]
|[[New Zealand]]<br>United Kingdom
|"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of [[radioactivity|radioactive substances]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of [[radioactivity|radioactive substances]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
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|[[Image:Wilhelm ostwald.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Wilhelm ostwald.jpg|75px]]
|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
|[[Germany]]<br>[[Latvia]]
|Germany<br>[[Latvia]]
|"his work on [[catalysis]] and for his investigations into [[chemical equilibrium|chemical equilibria]] and rates of [[chemical reaction|reaction]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"his work on [[catalysis]] and for his investigations into [[chemical equilibrium|chemical equilibria]] and rates of [[chemical reaction|reaction]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
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| [[Image:Otto Wallach.jpg|75px]]
| [[Image:Otto Wallach.jpg|75px]]
|[[Otto Wallach]]
|[[Otto Wallach]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|75px]]
|[[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]]
|[[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]]
|[[Poland]]<br>[[France]]
|[[Poland]]<br>France
|"for her discovery of [[radium]] and [[polonium]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for her discovery of [[radium]] and [[polonium]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
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| [[Image:Viktor-grignard.jpg|75px]]
| [[Image:Viktor-grignard.jpg|75px]]
|[[Victor Grignard]]
|[[Victor Grignard]]
|[[France]]
|France
|"for his the discovery of the [[Grignard reagent]]"<ref name=n1912>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his the discovery of the [[Grignard reagent]]"<ref name=n1912>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Sabatier.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Sabatier.jpg|75px]]
|[[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]]
|[[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]]
|[[France]]
|France
|"for his method of [[hydrogenation|hydrogenating]] organic compounds"<ref name=n1912/>
|"for his method of [[hydrogenation|hydrogenating]] organic compounds"<ref name=n1912/>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Richard Willstätter.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Richard Willstätter.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Martin Willstätter]]
|[[Richard Martin Willstätter]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his research on plant [[pigment]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research on plant [[pigment]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Fritz Haber.png|75px]]
|[[Image:Fritz Haber.png|75px]]
|[[Fritz Haber]]
|[[Fritz Haber]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his synthesis of [[ammonia]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his synthesis of [[ammonia]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Walther Nernst 2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Walther Nernst 2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Walther Hermann Nernst]]
|[[Walther Hermann Nernst]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his work in [[thermodynamics|thermochemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work in [[thermodynamics|thermochemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Frederick Soddy (Nobel 1922).png|75px]]
|[[Image:Frederick Soddy (Nobel 1922).png|75px]]
|[[Frederick Soddy]]
|[[Frederick Soddy]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into [[Radionuclide|isotopes]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into [[Radionuclide|isotopes]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Francis William Aston.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Francis William Aston.jpg|75px]]
|[[Francis William Aston]]
|[[Francis William Aston]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his discovery of [[Stable isotope|isotopes]] in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his discovery of [[Stable isotope|isotopes]] in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:1zsigmondy.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:1zsigmondy.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]
|[[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of [[colloid]] solutions and the methods used"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of [[colloid]] solutions and the methods used"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
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|[[Image:The-svedberg-1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:The-svedberg-1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Theodor Svedberg]]
|[[Theodor Svedberg]]
|[[Sweden]]
|Sweden
|"for his work on [[colloid|disperse systems]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[colloid|disperse systems]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Heinrich-wieland-2.JPG|75px]]
|[[Image:Heinrich-wieland-2.JPG|75px]]
|[[Heinrich Otto Wieland]]
|[[Heinrich Otto Wieland]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his investigations of the [[bile acid]]s and related substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his investigations of the [[bile acid]]s and related substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Windaus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Windaus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]
|[[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his research into [[sterol]]s and their connection with [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research into [[sterol]]s and their connection with [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Arthur Harden]]
|[[Arthur Harden]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their investigations on the [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] of sugar and fermentative [[enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their investigations on the [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] of sugar and fermentative [[enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Hans von Euler-Chelpin|Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]
|[[Hans von Euler-Chelpin|Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]
|[[Sweden]]
|Sweden
|-
|-
|1930
|1930
|
|
|[[Hans Fischer]]
|[[Hans Fischer]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his research into [[haemin]] and [[chlorophyll]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research into [[haemin]] and [[chlorophyll]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Friedrich-Bergius.jpg|75px|Friedrich Bergius]]
|[[Image:Friedrich-Bergius.jpg|75px|Friedrich Bergius]]
|[[Friedrich Bergius]]
|[[Friedrich Bergius]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions to chemical [[high pressure]] methods"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions to chemical [[high pressure]] methods"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Carl Bosch]]
|[[Carl Bosch]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|-
|-
|1932
|1932
|[[Image:Langmuir-sitting.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Langmuir-sitting.jpg|75px]]
|[[Irving Langmuir]]
|[[Irving Langmuir]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work in [[surface chemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work in [[surface chemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Harold Urey.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Harold Urey.jpg|75px]]
|[[Harold Clayton Urey]]
|[[Harold Clayton Urey]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his discovery of [[deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his discovery of [[deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[Frédéric Joliot]]
|[[Frédéric Joliot]]
|[[France]]
|France
|rowspan=2|"for their synthesis of new [[radionuclide|radioactive]] elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their synthesis of new [[radionuclide|radioactive]] elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Irène Joliot-Curie.jpg|75px|Irene Joliot-Curie]]
|[[Image:Irène Joliot-Curie.jpg|75px|Irene Joliot-Curie]]
|[[Irene Joliot-Curie]]
|[[Irene Joliot-Curie]]
|[[France]]
|France
|-
|-
|1936
|1936
|[[Image:Debye100.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Debye100.jpg|75px]]
|[[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]
|[[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|Netherlands
|"for his work on molecular structure through investigations on [[dipole]] moments and the [[X-ray crystallography| diffraction of X-rays]] and electrons in gases"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on molecular structure through investigations on [[dipole]] moments and the [[X-ray crystallography| diffraction of X-rays]] and electrons in gases"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[Walter Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]]
|[[Walter Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on [[carbohydrate]]s and [[vitamin C]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[carbohydrate]]s and [[vitamin C]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Paul Karrer]]
|[[Paul Karrer]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|Switzerland
|"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s, [[flavin]]s and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B2]]"
|"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s, [[flavin]]s and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B2]]"
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[Richard Kuhn]]
|[[Richard Kuhn]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s and [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s and [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[Adolf Butenandt]]
|[[Adolf Butenandt]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his work on [[sex hormone]]s"<ref name="n1939">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[sex hormone]]s"<ref name="n1939">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Lavoslav Ružička|Leopold Ružička]]
|[[Lavoslav Ružička|Leopold Ružička]]
|[[Yugoslavia]]<br />[[Switzerland]]
|[[Yugoslavia]]<br />Switzerland
|"for his work on polymethylenes and higher [[terpene]]s"<ref name="n1939"/>
|"for his work on polymethylenes and higher [[terpene]]s"<ref name="n1939"/>
|-
|-
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|[[Image:Otto Hahn portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Otto Hahn portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Otto Hahn]]
|[[Otto Hahn]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his discovery of the [[nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his discovery of the [[nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
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|
|
|[[James B. Sumner|James Batcheller Sumner]]
|[[James B. Sumner|James Batcheller Sumner]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his discovery that [[enzyme]]s can be crystallized"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his discovery that [[enzyme]]s can be crystallized"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[John Howard Northrop]]
|[[John Howard Northrop]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their preparation of enzymes and [[molecular virology|virus proteins]] in a pure form"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their preparation of enzymes and [[molecular virology|virus proteins]] in a pure form"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Wendell M. Stanley ca.1955.jpg|75px|Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
|[[Image:Wendell M. Stanley ca.1955.jpg|75px|Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
|[[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
|[[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|1947
|1947
|
|
|[[Robert Robinson (scientist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
|[[Robert Robinson (scientist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his investigations on plant products, especially the [[alkaloid]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his investigations on plant products, especially the [[alkaloid]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 310: Line 310:
|
|
|[[Arne Tiselius|Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius]]
|[[Arne Tiselius|Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius]]
|[[Sweden]]
|Sweden
|"for his research on [[electrophoresis]] and adsorption analysis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research on [[electrophoresis]] and adsorption analysis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 316: Line 316:
|
|
|[[William Giauque|William Francis Giauque]]
|[[William Giauque|William Francis Giauque]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his contributions in the field of [[Thermochemistry|chemical thermodynamics]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his contributions in the field of [[Thermochemistry|chemical thermodynamics]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 326: Line 326:
|-
|-
|[[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]
|[[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1951
|rowspan=2|1951
|
|
|[[Edwin McMillan|Edwin Mattison McMillan]]
|[[Edwin McMillan|Edwin Mattison McMillan]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their discoveries in the chemistry of [[transuranium elements]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their discoveries in the chemistry of [[transuranium elements]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Image:Seaborg Lab Portrait.jpg|75px|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]]
| [[Image:Seaborg Lab Portrait.jpg|75px|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]]
| [[Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]]
| [[Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1952
|rowspan=2|1952
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Archer John Porter Martin]]
|[[Archer John Porter Martin]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their invention of partition [[chromatography]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their invention of partition [[chromatography]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]
|[[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|1953
|1953
|
|
|[[Hermann Staudinger]]
|[[Hermann Staudinger]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|"for his discoveries in the field of [[macromolecular chemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his discoveries in the field of [[macromolecular chemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 356: Line 356:
|[[Image:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
|[[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]]
|[[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his research into the nature of the [[chemical bond]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research into the nature of the [[chemical bond]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 362: Line 362:
|[[Image:Vincent du Vigneaud 1955.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Vincent du Vigneaud 1955.jpg|75px]]
|[[Vincent du Vigneaud]]
|[[Vincent du Vigneaud]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work on [[sulfur|sulphur]] compounds, especially the first synthesis of a [[polypeptide]] [[hormone]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[sulfur|sulphur]] compounds, especially the first synthesis of a [[polypeptide]] [[hormone]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 368: Line 368:
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]]
|Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their research into the mechanism of [[chemical reaction]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their research into the mechanism of [[chemical reaction]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 377: Line 377:
|
|
|[[Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd|Sir Alexander Todd]]
|[[Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd|Sir Alexander Todd]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on [[nucleotide]]s and nucleotide [[co-enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[nucleotide]]s and nucleotide [[co-enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 383: Line 383:
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on the [[primary structure|structure]] of proteins, especially [[insulin]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on the [[primary structure|structure]] of proteins, especially [[insulin]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 395: Line 395:
|
|
|[[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]]
|[[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his method to use [[carbon dating|carbon-14]] for age determination"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his method to use [[carbon dating|carbon-14]] for age determination"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 401: Line 401:
|[[Image:Melvin Calvin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Melvin Calvin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Melvin Calvin]]
|[[Melvin Calvin]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his research on [[carbon dioxide]] assimilation in [[plant]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his research on [[carbon dioxide]] assimilation in [[plant]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 407: Line 407:
|[[Image:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg|75px|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|[[Image:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg|75px|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|[[John Kendrew|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|[[John Kendrew|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their studies of the structures of [[myoglobin|globular proteins]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their studies of the structures of [[myoglobin|globular proteins]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Max Perutz|Max Ferdinand Perutz]]
|[[Max Perutz|Max Ferdinand Perutz]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1963
|rowspan=2|1963
Line 422: Line 422:
|
|
|[[Karl Ziegler]]
|[[Karl Ziegler]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|-
|-
|1964
|1964
|[[Image:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]
|[[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for her determinations by [[crystallography|X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for her determinations by [[crystallography|X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 433: Line 433:
|
|
|[[Robert Burns Woodward]]
|[[Robert Burns Woodward]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his achievements in [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his achievements in [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 439: Line 439:
|
|
|[[Robert S. Mulliken|Robert Sanderson Mulliken]]
|[[Robert S. Mulliken|Robert Sanderson Mulliken]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work concerning [[chemical bond]]s and the electronic structure of molecules"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work concerning [[chemical bond]]s and the electronic structure of molecules"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 445: Line 445:
|rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|
|[[Manfred Eigen]]
|[[Manfred Eigen]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|rowspan=3|"for their studies of extremely fast [[chemical reaction]]s, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their studies of extremely fast [[chemical reaction]]s, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish|Ronald G. W. Norrish]]
|[[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish|Ronald G. W. Norrish]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|[[George Porter]]
|[[George Porter]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|1968
|1968
|
|
|[[Lars Onsager]]
|[[Lars Onsager]]
|[[Norway]]<br>[[United States]]
|[[Norway]]<br>United States
|"for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations]] bearing his name"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations]] bearing his name"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 463: Line 463:
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Derek Barton|Derek H. R. Barton]]
|[[Derek Barton|Derek H. R. Barton]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[conformational isomerism|conformation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[conformational isomerism|conformation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Odd Hassel]]
|[[Odd Hassel]]
|[[Norway]]
|Norway
|-
|-
|1970
|1970
Line 484: Line 484:
|[[Image:Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg|75px]]
|[[Christian B. Anfinsen]]
|[[Christian B. Anfinsen]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work on [[ribonuclease]], especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"<ref name="n1972">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on [[ribonuclease]], especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"<ref name="n1972">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Stanford Moore]]
|[[Stanford Moore]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and [[catalysis|catalytic activity]] of the active centre of the [[ribonuclease]] molecule"<ref name="n1972"/>
|rowspan=2|"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and [[catalysis|catalytic activity]] of the active centre of the [[ribonuclease]] molecule"<ref name="n1972"/>
|-
|-
|[[William Howard Stein|William H. Stein]]
|[[William Howard Stein|William H. Stein]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1973
|rowspan=2|1973
|
|
|[[Ernst Otto Fischer]]
|[[Ernst Otto Fischer]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|rowspan=2|"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Geoffrey Wilkinson]]
|[[Geoffrey Wilkinson]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|1974
|1974
|
|
|[[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]]
|[[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[macromolecule]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[macromolecule]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 514: Line 514:
|
|
|[[John Cornforth|John Warcup Cornforth]]
|[[John Cornforth|John Warcup Cornforth]]
|[[Australia]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Australia]]<br>United Kingdom
|"for his work on the [[stereochemistry]] of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"<ref name="n1975">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on the [[stereochemistry]] of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"<ref name="n1975">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Vladimir Prelog]]
|[[Vladimir Prelog]]
|[[Croatia]]<br>[[Switzerland]]
|[[Croatia]]<br>Switzerland
|"for his research into the [[chirality (chemistry)|stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions"<ref name="n1975"/>
|"for his research into the [[chirality (chemistry)|stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions"<ref name="n1975"/>
|-
|-
Line 525: Line 525:
|
|
|[[William Lipscomb|William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.]]
|[[William Lipscomb|William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his studies on the structure of [[borane]]s illuminating problems of chemical bonding"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his studies on the structure of [[borane]]s illuminating problems of chemical bonding"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 537: Line 537:
|
|
|[[Peter D. Mitchell]]
|[[Peter D. Mitchell]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 543: Line 543:
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Herbert C. Brown]]
|[[Herbert C. Brown]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their development of the use of [[boron]]- and [[phosphorus]]-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their development of the use of [[boron]]- and [[phosphorus]]-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Georg Wittig]]
|[[Georg Wittig]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1980
|rowspan=3|1980
|[[Image:Paul Berg in 1980.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Paul Berg in 1980.jpg|75px]]
|[[Paul Berg]]
|[[Paul Berg]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his fundamental studies of the [[biochemistry]] of [[nucleic acid]]s, with particular regard to [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant-DNA]]"<ref name="n1980">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his fundamental studies of the [[biochemistry]] of [[nucleic acid]]s, with particular regard to [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant-DNA]]"<ref name="n1980">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:WalterGilbert2.jpg|75px|Walter Gilbert]]
|[[Image:WalterGilbert2.jpg|75px|Walter Gilbert]]
|[[Walter Gilbert]]
|[[Walter Gilbert]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions concerning the determination of [[DNA sequence|base sequences]] in [[nucleic acid]]s"<ref name="n1980"/>
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions concerning the determination of [[DNA sequence|base sequences]] in [[nucleic acid]]s"<ref name="n1980"/>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px|Frederick Sanger]]
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px|Frederick Sanger]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1981
|rowspan=2|1981
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Roald Hoffmann]]
|[[Roald Hoffmann]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 576: Line 576:
|
|
|[[Aaron Klug]]
|[[Aaron Klug]]
|[[South Africa]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]
|[[South Africa]]<br>United Kingdom
|"for his development of [[crystallography|crystallographic]] [[electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his development of [[crystallography|crystallographic]] [[electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 582: Line 582:
|
|
|[[Henry Taube]]
|[[Henry Taube]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work on the mechanisms of [[electron transfer]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on the mechanisms of [[electron transfer]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 588: Line 588:
|[[Image:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg|75px]]
|[[Robert Bruce Merrifield]]
|[[Robert Bruce Merrifield]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a [[Peptide synthesis#Solid-phase synthesis|solid matrix]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a [[Peptide synthesis#Solid-phase synthesis|solid matrix]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 594: Line 594:
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
|[[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their achievements in developing [[crystallography|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their achievements in developing [[crystallography|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Jerome Karle]]
|[[Jerome Karle]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|rowspan=3|1986
|[[Image:Herschbach.JPG|75px|Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|[[Image:Herschbach.JPG|75px|Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|[[Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|[[Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their contributions concerning the [[Quantum chemistry#Chemical dynamics|dynamics]] of chemical elementary processes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their contributions concerning the [[Quantum chemistry#Chemical dynamics|dynamics]] of chemical elementary processes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Yuan T. Lee]]
|[[Yuan T. Lee]]
|[[Republic of China|Taiwan]]<br>[[United States]]
|[[Republic of China|Taiwan]]<br>United States
|-
|-
|[[John C. Polanyi]]
|[[John C. Polanyi]]
|[[Canada]]
|Canada
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|rowspan=3|1987
|
|
|[[Donald J. Cram]]
|[[Donald J. Cram]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their development and use of molecules with [[Carcerand|structure-specific interactions]] of high selectivity"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their development and use of molecules with [[Carcerand|structure-specific interactions]] of high selectivity"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg|75px|Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|[[Image:Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg|75px|Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|[[Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|[[Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|[[France]]
|France
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Charles J. Pedersen]]
|[[Charles J. Pedersen]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|rowspan=3|1988
|
|
|[[Johann Deisenhofer]]
|[[Johann Deisenhofer]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|rowspan=3|"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a [[photosynthetic reaction center|photosynthetic reaction centre]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a [[photosynthetic reaction center|photosynthetic reaction centre]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Robert Huber.JPG|75px|Robert Huber]]
|[[Image:Robert Huber.JPG|75px|Robert Huber]]
|[[Robert Huber]]
|[[Robert Huber]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Hartmut Michel]]
|[[Hartmut Michel]]
|[[West Germany]]
|West Germany
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|rowspan=2|1989
|[[Image:Sid Photo.jpg|75px|Sidney Altman]]
|[[Image:Sid Photo.jpg|75px|Sidney Altman]]
|[[Sidney Altman]]
|[[Sidney Altman]]
|[[Canada]]<br>[[United States]]
|Canada<br>United States
|rowspan=2|"for their discovery of catalytic properties of [[RNA]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their discovery of catalytic properties of [[RNA]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Thomas r. cech.jpg|75px|Thomas R. Cech]]
|[[Image:Thomas r. cech.jpg|75px|Thomas R. Cech]]
|[[Thomas Cech|Thomas R. Cech]]
|[[Thomas Cech|Thomas R. Cech]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|1990
|1990
|
|
|[[Elias James Corey]]
|[[Elias James Corey]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his development of the theory and methodology of [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his development of the theory and methodology of [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 660: Line 660:
|
|
|[[Richard R. Ernst]]
|[[Richard R. Ernst]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|Switzerland
|"for his contributions to the development of high resolution [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) spectroscopy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his contributions to the development of high resolution [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) spectroscopy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 666: Line 666:
|[[Image:Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Rudolph A. Marcus]]
|[[Rudolph A. Marcus]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 672: Line 672:
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Kary Mullis|Kary B. Mullis]]
|[[Kary Mullis|Kary B. Mullis]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his invention of the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) method"<ref name="n1993">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his invention of the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) method"<ref name="n1993">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]]
|[[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]]
|[[Canada]]
|Canada
|"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"<ref name="n1993"/>
|"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"<ref name="n1993"/>
|-
|-
Line 682: Line 682:
|
|
|[[George Andrew Olah|George A. Olah]]
|[[George Andrew Olah|George A. Olah]]
|[[Hungary]]<br>[[United States]]
|Hungary<br>United States
|"for his contribution to [[carbocation]] chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his contribution to [[carbocation]] chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 688: Line 688:
|[[Image:Paul J. Crutzen.jpg|75px|Paul J. Crutzen]]
|[[Image:Paul J. Crutzen.jpg|75px|Paul J. Crutzen]]
|[[Paul J. Crutzen]]
|[[Paul J. Crutzen]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|Netherlands
|rowspan=3|"for their work in [[atmospheric chemistry]], in particular [[ozone depletion]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their work in [[atmospheric chemistry]], in particular [[ozone depletion]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 697: Line 697:
|[[Image:F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg|75px]]
|[[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F. Sherwood Rowland]]
|[[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F. Sherwood Rowland]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1996
|rowspan=3|1996
|
|
|[[Robert Curl]]
|[[Robert Curl]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery of [[fullerene]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery of [[fullerene]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Harold Kroto 2007.jpg|75px|Harold Kroto]]
|[[Image:Harold Kroto 2007.jpg|75px|Harold Kroto]]
|Sir [[Harold Kroto]]
|Sir [[Harold Kroto]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Richard Smalley]]
|[[Richard Smalley]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|1997
|rowspan=3|1997
|rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|
|[[Paul D. Boyer]]
|[[Paul D. Boyer]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of [[adenosine triphosphate]]"<ref name="n1997">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of [[adenosine triphosphate]]"<ref name="n1997">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[John E. Walker]]
|[[John E. Walker]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|-
|[[Jens Christian Skou|Jens C. Skou]]
|[[Jens Christian Skou|Jens C. Skou]]
Line 729: Line 729:
|
|
|[[Walter Kohn]]
|[[Walter Kohn]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his development of the [[density functional theory]]"<ref name="n1998">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his development of the [[density functional theory]]"<ref name="n1998">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[John Pople|John A. Pople]]
|[[John Pople|John A. Pople]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his development of computational methods in [[quantum chemistry]]"<ref name="n1998"/>
|"for his development of computational methods in [[quantum chemistry]]"<ref name="n1998"/>
|-
|-
Line 740: Line 740:
|
|
|[[Ahmed Zewail|Ahmed H. Zewail]]
|[[Ahmed Zewail|Ahmed H. Zewail]]
|[[Egypt]]<br>[[United States]]
|[[Egypt]]<br>United States
|"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using [[femtosecond]] [[spectroscopy]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using [[femtosecond]] [[spectroscopy]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 746: Line 746:
|rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|
|[[Alan J. Heeger]]
|[[Alan J. Heeger]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery and development of [[conductive polymer]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery and development of [[conductive polymer]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Alan MacDiarmid|Alan G MacDiarmid]]
|[[Alan MacDiarmid|Alan G MacDiarmid]]
|[[New Zealand]]<br>[[United States]]
|New Zealand<br>United States
|-
|-
|[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
|[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
|[[Japan]]
|Japan
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|2001
|rowspan=3|2001
|
|
|[[William S. Knowles]]
|[[William S. Knowles]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their work on [[chirality (chemistry)|chirally]] catalysed [[hydrogenation]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their work on [[chirality (chemistry)|chirally]] catalysed [[hydrogenation]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Noyori small.jpg|75px|Ryoji Noyori]]
|[[Image:Noyori small.jpg|75px|Ryoji Noyori]]
|[[Ryoji Noyori]]
|[[Ryoji Noyori]]
|[[Japan]]
|Japan
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Karl Barry Sharpless|K. Barry Sharpless]]
|[[Karl Barry Sharpless|K. Barry Sharpless]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his work on chirally catalysed [[oxidation]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his work on chirally catalysed [[oxidation]] reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 773: Line 773:
|[[Image:John B Fenn01.jpg|75px|John B. Fenn]]
|[[Image:John B Fenn01.jpg|75px|John B. Fenn]]
|[[John Bennett Fenn|John B. Fenn]]
|[[John Bennett Fenn|John B. Fenn]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"<ref name="n2002">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"<ref name="n2002">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Koichi Tanaka]]
|[[Koichi Tanaka]]
|[[Japan]]
|Japan
|-
|-
|[[Image:Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg|75px|Kurt Wüthrich]]
|[[Image:Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg|75px|Kurt Wüthrich]]
|[[Kurt Wüthrich]]
|[[Kurt Wüthrich]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|Switzerland
|"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"<ref name="n2002"/>
|"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"<ref name="n2002"/>
|-
|-
Line 788: Line 788:
|
|
|[[Peter Agre]]
|[[Peter Agre]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for the discovery of [[Aquaporin|water channels]]"<ref name="n2003">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for the discovery of [[Aquaporin|water channels]]"<ref name="n2003">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Image:Roderick MacKinnon 2007.jpg|75px|Roderick MacKinnon]]
|[[Image:Roderick MacKinnon 2007.jpg|75px|Roderick MacKinnon]]
|[[Roderick MacKinnon]]
|[[Roderick MacKinnon]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"<ref name="n2003"/>
|"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"<ref name="n2003"/>
|-
|-
Line 804: Line 804:
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg|75px]]
|[[Avram Hershko]]
|[[Avram Hershko]]
|[[Israel]]
|Israel
|-
|-
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg|75px]]
|[[Irwin Rose]]
|[[Irwin Rose]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|2005
|rowspan=3|2005
|[[Image:Robert Grubbs.jpg|75px|Robert Grubbs]]
|[[Image:Robert Grubbs.jpg|75px|Robert Grubbs]]
|[[Robert H. Grubbs|Robert Grubbs]]
|[[Robert H. Grubbs|Robert Grubbs]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for the development of the [[olefin metathesis|metathesis]] method in [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for the development of the [[olefin metathesis|metathesis]] method in [[organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|[[Richard R. Schrock|Richard Schrock]]
|[[Richard R. Schrock|Richard Schrock]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|-
|-
|[[Yves Chauvin]]
|[[Yves Chauvin]]
|[[France]]
|France
|-
|-
|2006
|2006
|[[Image:Roger.Kornberg.JPG|75px]]
|[[Image:Roger.Kornberg.JPG|75px]]
|[[Roger D. Kornberg]]
|[[Roger D. Kornberg]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|"for his studies of the molecular basis of [[Transcription (genetics)#Eukaryotic transcription|eukaryotic transcription]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his studies of the molecular basis of [[Transcription (genetics)#Eukaryotic transcription|eukaryotic transcription]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 832: Line 832:
|[[Image:Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Image:Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gerhard Ertl]]
|[[Gerhard Ertl]]
|[[Germany]]
|Germany
|"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 838: Line 838:
|rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|
|[[Martin Chalfie]]
|[[Martin Chalfie]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for the discovery and development of the [[green fluorescent protein]], GFP"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for the discovery and development of the [[green fluorescent protein]], GFP"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Osamu Shimomura]]
|[[Osamu Shimomura]]
|[[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008&ndash;Press Release| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html|accessdate=2008-10-08|date=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|Japan<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008&ndash;Press Release| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html|accessdate=2008-10-08|date=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Roger Y. Tsien]]
|[[Roger Y. Tsien]]
|[[United States]]
|United States
|}
|}


Revision as of 00:43, 10 October 2008

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2007, the prize was awarded to Gerhard Ertl (of Germany), who was awarded the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).[4] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[6] Two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is the only laureate to win the prize twice, in 1958 and 1980. Two others also won Nobel Prizes in other subjects: Marie Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Carl Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[7] Three women have won the prize: Marie Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964).[8] Scientists from the United States have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 59 times, more than any other nation.[6] As of 2008, the Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to 153 individuals. There have been eight years in which the Prize in Chemistry was not awarded.

Laureates

Year Name Country Rationale
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Netherlands "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[9]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[10]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "for his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[11]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[12]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[13]
1906 Henri Moissan France "for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace named after him"[14]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[15]
1908 Ernest Rutherford New Zealand
United Kingdom 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[16]
1909 File:Wilhelm ostwald.jpg Wilhelm Ostwald Germany
Latvia 		"his work on catalysis and for his investigations into chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[17]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[18]
1911 Maria Skłodowska-Curie Poland
France 		"for her discovery of radium and polonium"[19]
1912 Victor Grignard France "for his the discovery of the Grignard reagent"[20]
Paul Sabatier France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds"[20]
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules"[21]
1914 Theodore William Richards United States "for his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements"[22]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his research on plant pigments"[23]
1916 Not awarded
1917 Not awarded
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "for his synthesis of ammonia"[24]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "for his work in thermochemistry"[25]
1921 File:Frederick Soddy (Nobel 1922).png Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes"[26]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule"[27]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[28]
1924 Not awarded
1925 File:1zsigmondy.jpg Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used"[29]
1926 Theodor Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"[30]
1927 File:Heinrich-wieland-2.JPG Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances"[31]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins"[32]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[33]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Sweden
1930 Hans Fischer Germany "for his research into haemin and chlorophyll"[34]
1931 Friedrich Bergius Friedrich Bergius Germany "for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods"[35]
Carl Bosch Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir United States "for his work in surface chemistry"[36]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[37]
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "for their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[38]
Irene Joliot-Curie Irene Joliot-Curie France
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye Netherlands "for his work on molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[39]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his work on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[40]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his work on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[41]
1939 Adolf Butenandt Germany "for his work on sex hormones"[42]
Leopold Ružička Yugoslavia
Switzerland 		"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[42]
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers to study chemical processes"[43]
1944 File:Otto Hahn portrait.jpg Otto Hahn Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[44]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[45]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[46]
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[47]
Wendell Meredith Stanley Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products, especially the alkaloids"[48]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis"[49]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics"[50]
1950 Kurt Alder West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction."[51]
Otto Paul Hermann Diels West Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[52]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography"[53]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[54]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond"[55]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on sulphur compounds, especially the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[56]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[57]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov Soviet Union
1957 Sir Alexander Todd United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[58]
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin"[59]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[60]
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination"[61]
1961 Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[62]
1962 John Cowdery Kendrew John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[63]
Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom
1963 Giulio Natta Italy "for their discoveries relating to high polymers"[64]
Karl Ziegler West Germany
1964 File:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.jpg Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[65]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his achievements in organic synthesis"[66]
1966 Robert Sanderson Mulliken United States "for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules"[67]
1967 Manfred Eigen West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[68]
Ronald G. W. Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager Norway
United States 		"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name"[69]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation"[70]
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[71]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[72]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[73]
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[73]
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[74]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[75]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[76]
Vladimir Prelog Croatia
Switzerland 		"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[76]
1976 William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[77]
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[78]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[79]
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis"[80]
Georg Wittig West Germany
1980 Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[81]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[81]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Roald Hoffmann United States "for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions"[82]
Kenichi Fukui Japan
1982 Aaron Klug South Africa
United Kingdom 		"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[83]
1983 Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions"[84]
1984 File:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[85]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[86]
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[87]
Yuan T. Lee Taiwan
United States
John C. Polanyi Canada
1987 Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[88]
Jean-Marie Lehn Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[89]
Robert Huber Robert Huber West Germany
Hartmut Michel West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Sidney Altman Canada
United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[90]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[91]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[92]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[93]
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[94]
Michael Smith Canada "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[94]
1994 George A. Olah Hungary
United States 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[95]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen Paul J. Crutzen Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, in particular ozone depletion"[96]
Mario J. Molina Mario J. Molina Mexico
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert Curl United States "for their discovery of fullerenes"[97]
Harold Kroto Sir Harold Kroto United Kingdom
Richard Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate"[98]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase"[98]
1998 Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density functional theory"[99]
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[99]
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[100]
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[101]
Alan G MacDiarmid New Zealand
United States
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[102]
Ryoji Noyori Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[103]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn United States "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[104]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[104]
2003 Peter Agre United States "for the discovery of water channels"[105]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon United States "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[105]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[106]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2005 Robert Grubbs Robert Grubbs United States "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[107]
Richard Schrock United States
Yves Chauvin France
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[108]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[109]
2008 Martin Chalfie United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[110]
Osamu Shimomura Japan[111]
Roger Y. Tsien United States

See also

References

General
  • "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  • "Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
Specific
  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  6. ^ a b Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (2001-12-03). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  8. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  9. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  10. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  11. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  13. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  14. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  15. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  16. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  17. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  20. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  23. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  24. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  26. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  28. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  29. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  30. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  31. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  32. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  34. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  38. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  39. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  41. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  42. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  43. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  44. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  45. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  46. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  47. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  48. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  49. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  50. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  51. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  52. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  53. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  55. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  56. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  58. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  59. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  60. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  61. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  62. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  63. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  64. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  65. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  67. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  69. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  70. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  71. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  72. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  73. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  74. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  75. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  76. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  77. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  78. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  79. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  80. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  81. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  83. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  85. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  87. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  89. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  90. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  92. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  93. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  94. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  95. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  96. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  97. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  98. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  99. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  100. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  101. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  102. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  103. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  104. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  105. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  106. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  107. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  108. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  109. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  111. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

External links

  • Nobel Prize – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation
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