-ing

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-ing as Old High German - Germanic suffix denotes belonging to the preceding word part, which is usually a personal name . The suffix thus has the meaning "child (ren), descendants, people, clan [of the person whose name is mentioned in the foreground]". Wordswith the suffix -ingen , on the other hand, can be both personal names and place names.

The main variants are -ang (en), -engo, -in (c) k, -ing (en / er), -ongen, -ung (e / en) .

The word part -ing , which occurs in English word formations, such as framing , jogging , stalking , walking etc., is not related to this German suffix, but arose from a coincidence of endings, the German -ung (nominalization) or - end (present participle).

Personal names

Probably the earliest forms are used to designate group affiliations using a first name , probably the leader or ancestor of the respective group. While this derivation disappears in the south in Old High German times, it lasts much longer in the north ( Netherlands , Friesland , tribal duchy of Saxony , Mecklenburg , Pomerania ). She fulfills the function “is the son of” as patronymic .

Examples:

Belonging to a family can also be denoted by it, especially in history before surnames were created. A testimony from the field of mythology is the name of the Nibelungs , which also appears as a part of the Arnulfinger line , one of the lineage of the Carolingians , Karl Martell's children and grandchildren (similar to Merovingians ).

Place names

The ending -ingen is a word ending in many place names in German-speaking countries. As with family names, affiliation is expressed, usually the preceding part of the word is a place or a person. The locative dative plural -ingen ( old Franconian -ingan ) initially serves as a job name, which can then be transferred to an actual place name. These place names often go back to a personal name and thus relate the settlement to a local leader (e.g. Mainflingen <Mainolf). In addition, a reference to the geographic features of the settlement is possible (e.g. Göttingen <Old Saxon gota ' Bach ').

Occurrence

The place name type occurs in all areas that were or were Germanic colonized from the migration to the early Middle Ages (around 6th – 9th centuries). Local historians like to associate the ending with specific phases or groups, such as the Franconian conquest or - especially in contrast to Franconian settlements - with the Alemanni . In Austria and Old Bavaria , the -ing names explicitly mark the area and the time of the successive Bavarian conquest of the Slavic Alpine region from the 7th to the 9th century, where characteristic mosaic areas of a mixed population emerge on the south-eastern edges. On the other hand, they are extremely rare in the area of ​​the high medieval German eastern settlements ( e.g. Gräningen in Havelland).

variants

Some modifications with the same meaning have arisen through sound shifts :

  • A phonetic variation is -ing / -inge / -ingen or -in for short .
    • Here can be found -ing especially in England (about Reading ), in Denmark ( Kolding , Jelling ) and the to the 19th century with Denmark related Duchy of Schleswig .
    • Also in the southern German-speaking countries there is -ing . East of the Lech , in the Bavarian language area , is written like spoken -ing (e.g. Tutzing , Haiming , Petting , Fucking ). West of the Lech, on the other hand, in the Swabian language area, the written form is -ingen (Swabian pronounced -enga or, more rarely, -ig ) and is particularly common (e.g. Esslingen , Tübingen , Überlingen , Sigmaringen ).
    • In the Netherlands and Lower Saxony ( Scheveningen , Groningen , Selsingen ) is -ingen also common.
    • The shortened variant -in ( Reblin , Rärin ) is restricted to the Märkischer Kreis .
    • The variant -inge can be found e.g. B. at Blekinge , a Swedish province.
    • Even in northern Italy place names exist in -ingen , accumulated in Lombardy between Milan and Turin on both sides of the Po, which go back to the Longobards and in the course of Lombard integration into Italian end in -engo (cf. the municipality of Marengo near Alessandria, see. the battle of Napoleon at Marengo). In contrast, the Austrian South Tyrolean communities up to 1920 were called "-ing" such as B. Hafling and Marling, which do not owe their names to the Lombards but to Bavarian settlers, only after the Italianization of the names in South Tyrol after the First World War in Italian Havelengo and Marlengo.

Also in Burgundy, especially in Franche-Comté, between Besançon and Dole there are concentrated and frequent occurrences of villages with the suffixes “-ange” and “-ans”; east of Geneva villages with the ending “-inge” and “-inges” appear, such as puplings. In the Burgundian-Alemannic mixed area near Biel and Freiburg in Üchtland (Friborg) there are many places on "-ingen", but also north of Lake Biel z. B. Macolin, also officially called "Magglingen" by the majority German-speaking population there.

The ending -ing (en) has sometimes been abraded to -en or has been omitted entirely (cf. Walsrode < [Walenis] Roding ). It also appears in various connections:

Fake -ing names

There is an abundance of current names in -ing that cannot be meaningfully traced back to a personal name or other toponym, and which do not go back to the founding of courts in the early Middle Ages. These are called bogus -ing names and their origin and age are often unclear. Partly it is a later conversion of other name endings, which were adapted to the common ending -ing . Some are traced back to adjectives with the suffix -ic or -ig . Others emerged from the affiliation -ar (e) n / -er (e) n to a corridor or activity ( Fisching in der Steiermark von Uissern, Viscaern 'bei den Fischern'). They could even be Germanizations of Slavic or even older names (for example to the suffix -iče , perhaps Faning in Carinthia, cf. Slov. Baniče to Avar ban , prince '). The latter group also includes the frequent river names -ing , which are associated with the Slavic watershed -ika and the like; here the identical -ing settlement names are usually derived from the names of the waters ( Liesing, Vienna from * lěsьnika , Waldbach '; Kößing in der Oberpfalz from kozina ' Ziegenbach '), to which a tautologically clarifying -bach was sometimes added later (e.g. B. . Lassing and Lassingbach ).

Web links

Wiktionary: -ing  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary sv -ing
  2. ^ Konrad Kunze : dtv-Atlas onenology. P. 79.
  3. ^ Jürgen Schrader: The place Calvörde. A 1200 year history. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2011, p. 70.
  4. ^ A b Konrad Kunze: dtv-Atlas onenology. P. 91.
  5. ^ B. Lex: place names of the Thuringian country chronicle (Codex Gothanus Chart. B 180). Master's thesis, Jena 2001.
  6. ↑ Otto Michael Schinko: From Achner to Zugal. Mountain, water, house, reed and settlement names in the upper Murtal . disserta Verlag, Hamburg 2015, p. 33 ( online ).
  7. ↑ a b H. D. Pohl: Slavic and Slovenian (Alpine Slavonic) place names in Austria (web article, overview).