Andronovo culture
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The Swat , Cemetery-H , Copper- Hort , and Painted-Gray-Ware cultures are candidates for the earliest Indo-Aryan cultures.
The Andronowo culture (scientifically Andronovo culture ) is an archaeological culture of the Bronze Age of southwest Siberia and Central Asia in the first half of the second millennium BC. Their area extended from the Ural River in the west to the Yenisei in the east and included both the southern area of the Siberian forest steppes and the Central Asian steppes. Due to the large spatial extent, it can be divided into several regional groups, which nevertheless have important cultural characteristics in common. It is therefore also referred to as the archaeological horizon from several related cultural groups. It is named after the town of Andronowo (or Andronovo | 55 ° 53 ′ N , 55 ° 42 ′ E ), in which several stool graves decorated with richly decorated ceramics were found in 1914 . The Andronowo culture is assigned by some researchers to the Indo-Iranian language group or the Ur-Indo-Iranian language. On the basis of about 2000 BC The people of this culture are considered to be the inventors of chariots with spoked wheels dating back to the 4th century BC .
Geographical location
The enormous geographical distribution of this cultural group can only be roughly determined. In the west it intersects between the rivers Volga and Urals with the area of the Srubna culture, which occurs almost simultaneously . To the east it extends into the lowlands of Minusinsk and is therefore partly in the area of the earlier Afanassjewo culture . Other settlements are scattered far to the south, such as B. in Kopet-Dag ( Turkmenistan ), Pamir ( Tajikistan ) or in Tian Shan ( Kyrgyzstan ). The northern border is roughly at the southern beginning of the taiga .
history
In the middle of the second millennium BC a strong eastward migration of the Andronowo culture began, during which one can distinguish between at least four subcultures, the chronological occurrence of which is only vaguely known:
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Sintaschta-Petrowka-Arkaim (2200–1600 BC) in the southern Urals and northern Kazakhstan , including:
- the fortified proto-urban settlement of Sintashta in Chelyabinsk Oblast around 1800 BC Chr.,
- the fortified settlement of Petrovka in present-day Kazakhstan as well
- the nearby settlement of Arkaim , dates back to the 17th century BC. Chr .;
- Alakul (2100–1400 BC) between Oxus and Syrdarja and in the desert of Kyzylkum ;
- Fedorowo (1400-1200 BC) in southern Siberia;
- Alexejewka (1200–1000 BC) in Eastern Kazakhstan.
Culture
| Prehistoric cultures of Russia | |
| Mesolithic | |
| Kunda culture | 7400-6000 BC Chr. |
| Neolithic | |
| Bug Dniester culture | 6500-5000 BC Chr. |
| Dnepr-Don culture | 5000-4000 BC Chr. |
| Sredny Stog culture | 4500-3500 BC Chr. |
| Ekaterininka culture | 4300-3700 BC Chr. |
| Fatyanovo culture | around 2500 BC Chr. |
| Copper Age | |
| North Caspian culture | |
| Spa culture | 5000-3000 BC Chr. |
| Samara culture | around 5000 BC Chr. |
| Chwalynsk culture | 5000-4500 BC Chr. |
| Botai culture | 3700-3100 BC Chr. |
| Yamnaya culture | 3600-2300 BC Chr. |
| Afanassjewo culture | 3500-2500 BC Chr. |
| Usatovo culture | 3300-3200 BC Chr. |
| Glaskovo culture | 3200-2400 BC Chr. |
| Bronze age | |
| Poltavka culture | 2700-2100 BC Chr. |
| Potapovka culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Catacomb tomb culture | 2500-2000 BC Chr. |
| Abashevo culture | 2500-1800 BC Chr. |
| Sintashta culture | 2100-1800 BC Chr. |
| Okunew culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Samus culture | around 2000 BC Chr. |
| Andronovo culture | 2000-1200 BC Chr. |
| Susgun culture | around 1700 BC Chr. |
| Srubna culture | 1600-1200 BC Chr. |
| Colchis culture | 1700-600 BC Chr. |
| Begasy Dandybai culture | around 1300 BC Chr. |
| Karassuk culture | around 1200 BC Chr. |
| Ust-mil culture | around 1200–500 BC Chr. |
| Koban culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Irmen culture | 1200-400 BC Chr. |
| Late corporate culture | around 1000 BC Chr. |
| Plate burial culture | around 1300–300 BC Chr. |
| Aldy Bel culture | 900-700 BC Chr. |
| Iron age | |
| Baitowo culture | |
| Tagar culture | 900-300 BC Chr. |
| Nosilowo group | 900-600 BC Chr. |
| Ananino culture | 800-300 BC Chr. |
| Tasmola culture | 700-300 BC Chr. |
| Gorokhovo culture | 600-200 BC Chr. |
| Sagly bashi culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Jessik Beschsatyr culture | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Pazyryk level | 500-300 BC Chr. |
| Sargat culture | 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Kulaika culture | 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD |
| Tes level | 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD |
| Shurmak culture | 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD |
| Tashtyk culture | 100–600 AD |
| Chernyakhov culture | AD 200–500 |
Characteristic for the ceramics of the Andronowo culture is the decoration with meander bands , hatched triangles, zigzag bands and herringbone patterns . So far only mostly small settlements have been found, which were rarely fortified with walls and ditches. The houses were mostly set in post structures , whereby a strong regional variation can be observed. Cattle breeding has demonstrably played an important role economically , hunting and fishing are also demonstrable to a lesser extent, while arable farming is suggested by appropriate equipment, but has not yet been clearly proven.
Ore mining was also carried out regionally. The graves are very diverse. As a rule, the dead were burned or buried in a crouching position; in most areas, a lower kurgan was piled up over one or more graves .
The Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranian group
For a long time, the possibility has been discussed in research that there could have been migrations from the Andronovo horizon to the south into the Iranian highlands , to northern India and initially also to Mitanni , through which the Indo-Iranian languages could then be assimilated with the linguistic assimilation of the Pre-residents in this region would have spread. In this context, archaeological connections to more southern cultures are also examined. In particular, the occurrence of chariots among the Indo-Aryans in India and Mitanni as well as in the Sintaschta culture , but not in the intermediate cultures of Mesopotamia or India, is an indication of a link between the first three cultural horizons.
There are no burials of the Andronowo culture south of the Oxus (today Amu Darya), and there are no or only very few finds south of Bactria . Sarianidi notes that "archaeological finds from Bactria and Margiana show without any doubt that Andronowo tribes only occasionally invaded Bactria and the oases of Margiana ."
Other scholars completely reject the connection between the Andronowo culture and the Indo-Aryan culture or that of the country of Mitanni , as this developed too late (around 1600 BC) and there are no traces of cultural exchange (e.g. Warrior burials or characteristic wooden frame constructions) with India or Mesopotamia . In Mitanni there are Indo-Aryan chariot peoples as early as 1500 BC. The presence of Indo-Aryans in the Middle East was documented in older literature as far back as around 1700 BC. Dated.
The archaeologist JP Mallory (1998) finds it “extremely difficult to propose a thesis for the expansion from the northern regions into northern India” and notes that the proposed emigration routes “ only led the Indo-Iranians to Central Asia, but not to the Medes , the Persians or the Indo-Aryans ”, but considers the identity of the Andronowo horizon with the early Indo-Iranians to be possible.
While there are discussions about the research of archaeological connections, the main argument for the hypothesis of the connection between early Indo-Iranian groups and Andronowo, which is considered plausible by many researchers, is the comparison between descriptions of the earlier area of life (e.g. Airyanem Vaejah ) and the living conditions of earlier figures in the oldest religious writings of India and Iran, in the Vedas and in the Avesta with the Andronowo culture. The relatively detailed descriptions found there of semi-sedentary, predominantly cattle-breeding societies in a much colder climate fit very well with the Andronowo horizon.
Succession cultures
In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was followed by the Karassuk culture , which is considered non-Indo-European. On the western borders, the Andronowo culture merged with the Srubna culture , which developed south of the Abashevo culture . In Assyrian archives, the oldest records will find people from the Andronovo region, including the Cimmerians and the Iranian- Saken and Scythians , after the collapse of the Alexeyevka culture from around v the 9th century. To the Ukraine , across the Caucasus to Anatolia , and in the late 8th century BC. BC to Assyria and possibly also to Southeast Europe when Thracians and Sigynnen emigrated. Herodotus locates the land of the Sigynnen beyond the Danube north of the Thracian lands, Strabo near the Caspian Sea. They both refer to them as Iranians.
See also
literature
- Marie-Henriette Alimen , Marie-Joseph Steve (ed.): World history. Volume 1: Prehistory. Weltbild, Augsburg 2000, ISBN 3-8289-0400-9 .
- Edwin Bryant: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate . Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2001, ISBN 0-19-516947-6 .
- Nicolo Di Cosmo: The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China . In: Cambridge History of Ancient China. From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B. C . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-47030-7 , pp. 885-966 .
- Gérard Fussman, Jean Kellens, Henri-Paul Francfort, Xavier Tremblay: Āryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale (= Publications de l'Institut de Civilization Indienne. Série in-8 ° . Volume 72 ). De Boccard, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-86803-072-6 .
- Karlene Jones-Bley, Dmitrij G. Zdanovich (Ed.): Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC. Regional Specifics in Light of Global Models (= Journal of Indo-European Studies. Monograph Series No. 45–46). Two volumes. The Institute for the Study of Man, Washington DC 2002.
- Volume 1: Ethnos, Language, Culture, General Problems, Studying Sintashta, The Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. ISBN 0-941694-83-6 .
- Volume 2: The Iron Age, Archeoecology, Geoarchaeology and Palaeogeography, Beyond Central Eurasia. ISBN 0-941694-86-0 .
- JP Mallory : Andronovo Culture . In: JP Mallory, DQ Adams (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture . Fitzroy Dearborn, London, et al. 1997, ISBN 1-884964-98-2 .
- Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. Vol. 1). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 .
- Hermann Parzinger, Nikolaus Boroffka : Where did the tin of the Bronze Age in Central Asia come from . In: Archeology in Germany . 2001, ISSN 0176-8522 , p. 12-17 .
Web links
- Tartas excavation site on the website of the German Archaeological Institute
- Excavation campaign in Askaraly on the Gerda Henkel Foundation website
Individual evidence
- ↑ James P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London and Chicago 1997 ( digitized as PDF document (194 MB) ).
- ↑ z. B. Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio (eds.): Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Linguistic and Archaeological considerations (= Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 242). Papers presented at an international Symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, January 8-10, 1999. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura , Helsinki 2001, ISBN 952-5150-59-3 .
- ^ Di Cosmo: The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China. In: Cambridge History of Ancient China. 1999, pp. 885–966, here p. 903, refers to finds from the Andronowo culture around 2026 BC. Chr.
- ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
- ↑ Kuzmina (1994), quoted from Edwin Bryant: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture , p. 206.
- ↑ a b Gérard Fussman: Entre fantasmes, science et politique: l'entrée en aryas of Inde. In: ders. Et al. (Ed.): Āryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Paris 2005, pp. 197–233, here 220.
- ^ Henri-Paul Francfort: Fouilles de Shortugai. Research on l'Asie centrale protohistorique. Paris 1989.
- ↑ Or south in the region between Kopet Dagh and Pamir - Karakorum , according to Henri-Paul Francfort: La civilization de l'Oxus et les Indo-Iraniens et Indoaryens. In: Gérard Fussman et al. (Ed.): Āryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale , pp. 253–328, here p. 268.
- ^ Viktor I. Sarianidi: Margiana in the Ancient Orient. In: International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia (Ed.): Information Bulletin , No. 19, 1993, ISSN 1012-6570 , pp. 5-28, quoted from Edwin Bryant: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001, p. 220: “Direct archaeological data from Bactria and Margiana show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases, not exceeding the limits of normal contacts so natural for tribes with different economic structures [...] ".
- ^ So Bosch-Gimpera (1973), Klejn (1974), Brentjes (1981), Francfort (1989), Lyonnet (1993), Sarianidi (1993) and Hiebert (1998), quoted from Edwin Bryant: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture , pp. 206 f.
- ↑ Mallory (1998), quoted from Edwin Bryant: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture , p. 216.
- ↑ There is a wide range of specialist literature that regards this connection as almost proven. See James Patrick Mallory : Article “Andronovo Culture”. In the S. and Douglas Q. Adams: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture . London 1997, p. 20 f.