Bakar (city)
| Bakar | |||
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| Basic data | |||
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| State : |
 Croatia
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| County : |
 Primorje-Gorski kotar
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| Height : | 0 m. i. J. | ||
| Residents : | 8,279 (2011) | ||
| Telephone code : | (+385) 051 | ||
| Postal code : | 51222 | ||
| License plate : | RI | ||
| Structure and administration (status: 2013, cf. ) |
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| Community type : | city | ||
| Mayor : | Tomislav Klarić ( HDZ ) | ||
| Website : | |||
 View of Bakar |
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Bakar ( Italian Buccari , Turkish Bakır ) is a town and municipality in northwestern Croatia not far from Rijeka in the Bakar Bay , which forms a fjord-like natural harbor in the Adriatic Sea . INA's Rijeka oil refinery is located in the municipality. The landmark of the place is the power plant TE Rijeka .
location
The small port town of Bakar with a semicircular floor plan belongs to the Primorje-Gorski kotar County and is located in the protected bay of Bakarski Zalvi. The place consists of the older settlement Grad on the steep slopes and the newer Primorye district on the coast. The industrial area with the refinery is located a few kilometers south of the village at the entrance to the bay.
Bakar is located at the far end of the bay and is about 15 km south of Rijeka. The area of the city stretches from Bakar Bay to Risnjak National Park and covers an area of 12,560 hectares. The municipality includes the place and hamlet Vitasevo, as well as Hreljin, Krasica, Kukuljanovo, Meja Gaj, Plosna, Ponikve, Praputnjak, Ružić Selo, Škrljevo and Zlobin. The Jadranska Magistrala (Adriatic Coastal Road) passes above the town. Due to its location in the sheltered bay, Bakar was an important trading port as well as a fishing, viticulture, shipbuilding and seafaring center at the time of sailing . The economic decline came with the development of steam shipping and the railroad, as the place was not connected to the railway line to Rijeka (1873). The Bakar-Škrljevo junction did not come until 1931.
From a geological point of view, Bakar lies in the Flysch trough of Vipava and Rijeka, the "drowned" northwestern end of the Vinodol.
history
The first mention of a Roman settlement associated with Bakar dates back to the 1st century under the name Volcera . In the Middle Ages, the city was an important place of rulership of the most famous Adriatic noble family, the Frankopans of Krk, who were originally vassals of the Republic of Venice and who extended their sphere of influence to the mainland. Bakar belonged to the Frankopan community of Vinodol (Novi Vinodolski) since 1225 . The city's earliest written mention to date is in the Vinodol Code of Law from 1288, which was one of the most progressive laws in feudal Europe, written in Croatian and written in Glagolitic script. A hospice was opened in 1526, when Bakar and the Kingdom of Hungary fell to the Habsburgs. A Glagolitic inscription on the rock fall of the castle shows that Jerolim Zadarski, a commander of the royal Hungarian army, ordered towers to protect the city from the attacks of the Ottomans who advanced towards Istria and Slovenia in 1530 . In disputes with the Habsburgs , the Frankopans lost their home island of Krk. After several changes of rule, Bakar belonged to the Counts Zrinski from 1550 , who built Bakar into the most important mainland port in the Kvarner Bay , as the natural port was very easy to control. After the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy , when Fran Krsto Frankopan and his relative Petar Zrinski rose against the Habsburg Emperor Leopold , they were executed in Wiener Neustadt in 1671 . The Croatian branch of the Frankopans thus died out in the male line. Bakar was directly subordinated to the Army of Austria-Hungary . Since 1749 the city belonged to the Austrian coastal region . Under Empress Maria Theresa it was emphasized that the Kvarner area was of particular importance for Hungary and on August 9, 1776, Rijeka, the Bakar district and Vinodol were officially declared as "port districts". In 1779 Bakar became a "free town". These economic policy efforts, from which ultimately only Rijeka benefited due to the rail connection, must be seen against the background of the discovery of the "new trade routes" to America and India, which are seen to result in an enormous loss of importance for shipping in the Mediterranean. With the expansion of the port of Rijeka, Bakar quickly lost its importance. In 1862, the later well-known politician, publicist and author Ante Starčević was elected to the Croatian parliament (Sabor) for the first time by the residents of Bakar. In 1882 Bakar was annexed to Croatia by Austria-Hungary.
The Bakar Naval Academy was established as a navigation school in 1849 . In the maritime school, thousands of seafarers have acquired their basic knowledge of nautical science and of the mechanical engineering necessary for seafaring. From this school the first university of applied sciences in Croatia emerged. The first Croatian scientific and oceanographic expedition was undertaken with the training ships of the Nautical School, the Bakar Margita and Vila Velebita . The first Croatian seafaring magazine was published in Bakar. There is also one of the oldest mareographic stations in the Mediterranean, which is the oldest in the Adriatic.
Bakar was a sleepy place around 1900. The harbor was only filled with ships for the three-day “Margarethen Market”, which is held once a year. “Two days later it is completely quiet again in the small town, for another week there is talk of all the glory, then everything sinks back into the dreamlike state, the bay, which could accommodate the largest fleet, is deserted again, the magazines are empty, the wide quays lonely, the houses continue to crumble and fall into disrepair ”. Nevertheless, Bakar was one of the first cities in Croatia to be supplied with electricity.
After the end of the Danube Monarchy, Bakar fell to the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918. In the early 1920s, the Yugoslav Communist Party gradually disintegrated as its leaders were imprisoned. In the shipyards and industrial areas around Kraljevica , Bakar and Hreljin, workers joined together in secret cells to defend themselves against the exploitation of the workers. The future Yugoslav head of state Josip Broz Tito , who had lost his job as a locksmith in the Kraljevica shipyard nine kilometers from Bakar, was arrested in Zagreb in 1927 on the basis of an arrest warrant from a judge from Bakar and sent to Bakar to the responsible court transferred to where other communists had been imprisoned in the fort.
The former export item "Bakarska Vodica" (Bakar water), a sparkling wine or "Bakarski baškot" is famous for its name. Around the city you can still see the terraces where the Belina vine was grown. They were created in the 18th century and were abandoned in the 1950s. Last but not least, the workplaces in industry were more convenient than working on the long, narrow terraces parallel to the slope. In the meantime the environment has recovered well, but the old winemaking tradition was no longer taken up. In 1972 the vineyards were entered in the list of cultural monuments. Another well-known food from Bakar is the "baškot", a toasted or fresh pastry in the shape of a hollow circle, which was eaten instead of bread and often dipped in wine. It was also used as provisions on longer fishing trips.
In the past, Bakar was a major center of tuna fishing in the northern Adriatic. In the village of Bakarac you can still see three restored, sloping wooden ladders that were set up on the bank and served as viewpoints for fishermen until the 1980s. Schools of tuna came into the bay in May and August / September. The water above the swarms rippled in a characteristic shape. The fishermen immediately blocked the bay, from which the tuna could no longer escape. At the best of times, Bakar's fishermen supplied not only nearby Rijeka, but also Trieste and even Venice with Thuna. The overfishing of the Mediterranean means that the effort is no longer worth it today.
After the Second World War , the systematic expansion of the port and industry led to a significant upswing in the port of Rijeka. Due to a lack of space directly in the port area, the port functions were divided into the surrounding area. In 1965, the Industrija nafte (INA) company built a refinery in the Bakar area . In 1969 the ore port and the coal port in 1978 were moved to Bakar Bay. The oil port came to the Omišalj Bay on Krk , from where a pipeline leads inland.
From 1976, as part of the Yugoslav planned economy, an oil refinery was built at the entrance to the bay and a coking plant (Koksara Bakar) in the port of Bakar. The coking plant has polluted the bay's ecosystem very heavily over the years through the emission of unfiltered exhaust gases and has colored the area brown. The coking plant was closed in 1994. The environment has since recovered well. The demolition of the plant began in 1995. The 250 m high chimney, the main symbol of the facility, was dismantled in 2005 by a specialist company from Germany. Since the bulk cargo port for coal is on the western side of the bay, on the road towards Kraljevica, but the site of the former coking plant is on the other side facing Rijeka, a connecting tunnel was built under the port, the entrances of which can still be visited. The demolition of the underwater tunnel, which is about 400 meters long in 10 meters water depth, is planned, although it is discussed whether it is an industrial monument worthy of protection or not.
economy
Due to the industrial environment, tourism does not play a major role today. In the course of the first development around 1900 as a popular area for summer vacation in the Austrian Empire, one of the first hotels in Croatia, the Jadran in Bakar, was built directly on the sea in 1903. The perspective as a tourist destination ended for the time being in 1967 with the construction of the coking plant.
There is currently a facility for loading bulk goods in the industrial port. A small shipyard in the port builds and repairs ships. Plans for greater tourist use will probably only be realized if the coal unloading point is also closed.
Attractions
The old district of Grad with its splendid old houses of merchants and captains with its many narrow staircases down to the harbor has preserved its medieval urban structure and is not characterized by tourist buildings. The city center was declared a cultural monument in 1968. Only the outer houses of the city are accessible by car. The core with the many small alleys and stairs is only open to pedestrians. The building structure is consistently good and shows the good workplace situation of the residents. Very few houses are abandoned and derelict.
The fort, built in 1530 at the highest point in Bakar, has been fortified at this place since prehistoric times, has a triangular floor plan and dates from the Frankopan era. It received new windows on the south side in the 18th century. and was converted into a palace facade. It is believed that the upper town includes the fort, the southwest tower Turan and the southeast tower Fortica, which were connected by city walls. After the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy of 1671, the looted castle became increasingly dilapidated. After two earthquakes in the 18th century, the fortress walls were lowered and the roof trusses adjusted, giving the building its present-day appearance. In 1848 a new gate was broken out on the east side. The basement rooms below the residential wing, which is on the side facing the city, long served as Bakar's prison.
The three-aisled parish church of St. Andrew has baroque altars made of marble and is the third largest church in Croatia. A painting of the Holy Trinity by Giovanni da Santacroce can be seen on a side altar. There are also Glagolitic inscriptions. The church treasures include a Romanesque cross from the 14th century and the reliquary of St. Ursula from the 16th century. The church of St. Margaretha at the harbor was designed by Count Zrinski, who built it for his wife in 1668. In the town museum in a building erected in 1690 you can find portraits of former Lords of Bakar, Glagolitic inscriptions, archaeological finds from the area and navigation instruments. Other interesting buildings are the rectory (1514), the hospice (1526) and the bishop's palace with the bishop's coat of arms (1494). In the upper town there is the "Turkish House" by an unknown architect, possibly from the 14th century, which is similar to Ottoman architecture. In 1965 the house was restored and now serves as an artistic studio. The "Roman House", a former monastery from the 18th century, is not far from the fort. Some fresh water springs emerge in the port just above sea level.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Regional Didactic Center for Geography and Economics in Graz: 3rd day of the excursion: From Krk to Istria ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.8 MB), accessed May 21, 2017
- ↑ Information board at the entrance to the fort, as of July 28, 2010
- ↑ Elmar Oberegger: Rijeka Railway Port , 2006, accessed on May 21, 2017
- ↑ Bakar Municipality: Bakar City , accessed on May 21, 2017.
- ↑ Dragutin Hirc: The croatian coastal region . In: Hungary 7. - Vienna 1902 (Austria-Hungary in words and pictures) , p. 326 f. quoted from Oberegger, 2006
- ↑ Bakar Municipality: Bakar City , accessed on May 21, 2017.
- ↑ Regional Didactic Center for Geography and Economics in Graz: 3rd day of the excursion: From Krk to Istria ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.8 MB), accessed on July 27, 2010
- ^ Robert Gratzer: Croatian Adriatic Coast , Dumont, 2001, p. 112
- ↑ City Museum currently closed (summer 2010)
Cities: Bakar | Cres | Crikvenica | Čabar | Delnice | Kastav | Kraljevica | Krk | Mali Lošinj | Novi Vinodolski | Opatija | Rab | Rijeka | Vrbovsko
Municipalities: Baška | Brod Moravice | Čavle | Dobrinj | Fužine | Jelenje | Klana | Kostrena | Lokve | Lopar | Lovran | Malinska-Dubašnica | Matulji | Mošćenička Draga | Mrkopalj | Omišalj | Punat | Ravna Gora | Skrad | Vinodolska općina | Viškovo | Vrbnik