Solvay GmbH

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Solvay GmbH

logo
legal form GmbH
founding 1880
Seat Hanover , Germany
management Sylvio Montag (Chairman), Stephan Ahrens, Wolfgang Hackelbörger
Number of employees around 2500 (beginning of 2016)
sales approx. EUR 1 billion (2015)
Branch Chemical industry
Website www.solvay.de

Headquarters in Hanover

The Solvay GmbH is a German chemical company based in Hanover , which the international Solvay Group is headquartered in Brussels heard.

The consolidated (pro forma) turnover of the group in 2015 was around 1 billion euros; it employs around 2500 people. The history of Solvay in Germany goes back to 1880, when the oldest German factory for the production of soda using the Solvay process started operations in Wyhlen, Baden .

organization

Organs of Solvay GmbH

The management of Solvay consists of Andreas Meier (Chairman) and Axel Tegge. In the Supervisory Board sit Gérard Collette, Benfeld / France (Chairman); Edeltraud Glänzer, Hanover (deputy chairwoman); Erich Barke , Hanover; Alexis Brouhns, Rixensart / Belgium; Francine Delplanque-Janssens, Vilvoorde / Belgium; Kerstin Eichholz, Langenhagen; Cornelia Kainz, Rheinfelden; Gerhard Kristen, Rheinberg; Burkhardt Meister, Frankfurt am Main; Wilfried Penshorn, Waldkirch; Jürgen Ulrich, Rheinberg; Bernd Pfaffenbach, Wachtberg

Major subsidiaries and associated companies

  • Salzwohnungsgesellschaft Westfalen mbH & Co.KG
  • Solvay Acetow GmbH
  • Solvay Chemicals GmbH
  • Solvay & CPC Barium Strontium GmbH & Co. KG
  • Solvay Fluor GmbH
  • Solvay Flux GmbH
  • Solvay P&S GmbH
  • Solvay Specialty Polymers Germany GmbH
  • Inovyn, a joint venture with Ineos , 50%

Operation of substitute fuel heating power plants

Solvay's companies and plants in Germany are assigned to the global business units (GBU) of the international Solvay Group. The Wimpfen plant, for example, belongs to GBU Special Chem. The group-wide organizational structure of the GBU was introduced on January 1, 2013.

history

Timetable

The development of Solvay in Germany is also shaped by company takeovers, company mergers and divestments of business areas. For the sake of clarity, the following time table focuses on important dates from the history of Deutsche Solvay Werke (DSW) and Kali-Chemie AG ; DSW acquired the majority stake in this company in 1954.

Business areas such as the catalytic converters , carbon dioxide , wood preservatives and whey proteins divisions , which were sold in the mid-1990s, are not included in the overview because they are not relevant to the current picture of Solvay in Germany. Solvay's brief involvement with the European Salt Company (esco) from 2002 to 2004 was also not reported.

1880-1933

1880 In Wyhlen (today Baden-Württemberg) a soda factory of Solvay & Cie. the operation. The daily production was 20 tons. In 1883, soda production began at the Bernburg plant . All activities of Solvay & Cie. in Germany were combined in 1885 in the Deutsche Solvay-Werke Actiengesellschaft (DSW) with headquarters in Bernburg. In the Solvayhall potash plant near Bernburg , the extraction of potash salt began in 1890 . In 1896 the company acquired the salt works and the Chateau Salins soda factory in Alsace-Lorraine and opened a second soda factory in Bernburg. In Osternienburg 1898 was one of Germany's first plants for chlor-alkali electrolysis in operation. In 1899 the Kaliwerke Friedrichshall AG were founded; In 1954, DSW acquired the majority stake in the company, which was renamed Kali-Chemie AG (KC) in 1927/28 following a merger with the Rhenania-Kunheim Verein Chemischer Fabriken AG. In 1900 the DSW produced 175,000 tons of soda - almost 60% of the total amount produced in Germany. In 1907 the soda factory in Rheinberg was put into operation. In 1908/1910 four salt pits were sunk in Borth near Rheinberg using the freeze shaft method that was new at the time . In 1930 a central laboratory was established in Bernburg.

1933-1945

In 1933 the production of vacuum salt was started in Rheinberg. Six years later the Consolidierte Alkaliwerke Westeregeln AG were acquired. DSW's soda production reaches 725,000 t, which is over 80% of total German production. In 1940, the Bernburg plant was placed under Nazi administration as "hostile property". During the time of National Socialism , concentration camp prisoners were used, for example from the early Thuringian concentration camp Buchenau . In the last years of the war, the Solvayhall shaft was the relocation site for art treasures (such as the Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie from Dessau ), most of which were brought to the Soviet Union as booty in 1945/1946 . In 1945, the almost complete dismantling of the factory facilities in Bernburg began. All KC and Solvay plants in East and Central Germany were placed under trust management. In the same year, the reconstruction in West Germany began. Production at the Wyhlen, Rheinberg and Borth plants was resumed in autumn.

1946-1989

In 1948 the headquarters of DSW was relocated from Bernburg to Solingen (North Rhine-Westphalia). Four years later, Deutsche Solvay-Werke Actiengesellschaft was converted into a GmbH. In 1951 the KC relocated its head office to Hanover (Lower Saxony). In 1954 the majority stake in Kali-Chemie AG was acquired by DSW. The PVC production in Rheinberg was started 1958th One year later, Kali-Chemie Engelhard catalysts GmbH was founded. At the beginning of the 1960s, the production of insoluble sulfur CRYSTEX began. Acquisition of the majority of shares in Saline Ludwigshalle AG, Bad Wimpfen (Baden-Württemberg) began.

In 1966 the pharmaceutical research center in Hanover was inaugurated. The production of precipitated calcium carbonate began in 1967 in Rheinberg. Diaphragm electrolysis began two years later . The next step was the production of allyl chloride (3-chloropropene), epichlorohydrin and glycerine as well as chlorine in Rheinberg in 1971 . In 1972 Miles Kali-Chemie GmbH & Co. KG became a biochemical plant, Nienburg. Establishment of the subsidiary Kali-Chemie Pharma GmbH. A year later the entire share capital of the Saline Ludwigshalle AG; Acquisition of continuation of the company under the name Kali-Chemie Fluor GmbH Bad Wimpfen.

In 1973, the salt extraction company of Westphalia mbH, a joint subsidiary with Bayer AG and Hüls AG in Ahaus, began to extract brine . Production facilities in Marl and Rheinberg as well as in Jemeppe and Couillet in Belgium are supplied via a pipeline system. Start of vinyl chloride (VC) production in Rheinberg. The majority stake in the Alkor Group was acquired in 1977. Two years later, the 1979 acquisition of Draka-Plast GmbH was acquired. SOLTRONIC Chemicals for Electronics GmbH was founded in 1985 by Solvay & Cie., Deutsche Solvay-Werke and Kali-Chemie. In the 1986/87 financial year, the sales, procurement and engineering of Deutsche Solvay-Werke and Kali-Chemie were merged. At the same time, the soda activities of Kali-Chemie were taken over.

1990-2003

In 1990 the parent company Solvay Deutschland GmbH was founded with headquarters in Hanover. The productive business is transferred to independent companies. A year later, the Bernburg soda factory became part of the Solvay Group; Start of operations again as Solvay Alkali Bernburg GmbH. In 1992 a new heavy soda plant was put into operation in Bernburg. In 1994 the foundation stone was laid for a pharmaceutical research center in Hanover. The newly built hydrogen peroxide factory was put into operation in Bernburg. In 1998 the fluorine products division of Hoechst AG was acquired. In the pharmaceutical sector, the name was changed to Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH and Solvay Arzneimittel GmbH was created. The Recycling Prize was awarded in 1997 for the SF6 ReUse concept by Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH. In the same year, a plant for high-purity hydrogen peroxide went into operation in Bernburg. Before the turn of the millennium , SolVin GmbH & Co. KG was founded together with BASF for the PVC and PVDC products.

In 2001 Ausimont Deutschland GmbH was acquired. In the same year, construction of a PVC recycling plant based on vinyloop technology began by SolVin, a 75/25 joint venture between Solvay and BASF in Ferrara (Italy). The Les Petons limestone quarry was acquired in 2003 to supply the Rheinberg plant

2004-2011

In the next year Solvay Deutschland GmbH was renamed Solvay GmbH. Solvay Chemicals GmbH was also founded through the merger of Solvay Soda Germany, Solvay Elektrolysespezialitäten and Solvay Interox. Construction of a production plant for sodium hydrogen carbonate (BICAR) at the Bernburg plant started in 2005. The 50/50 joint venture Solvicore GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 2006 together with the Belgian Umicore AG & Co. KG. He is the subject of the joint venture, headquartered in Hanau development, production and distribution of so-called membrane electrode assemblies (membrane electrode assembly MEA) for fuel cell applications. In the same year, a new BICAR system was put into operation in Bad Wimpfern. The fluorine compound with the abbreviation F1EC increases the service life of lithium-ion batteries . In 2007 a monofluoroethylene carbonate plant in Bad Wimpfen; put the fluorine compound with the abbreviation F1EC into operation and increases the service life of lithium-ion batteries . Construction of a production facility for Solkane 227 at the Wimpfen plant began in 2008. Commissioning is planned for the first quarter of 2009. On September 28, 2009, Solvay published a press release regarding the agreed sale of the pharmaceuticals division to Abbott.

In 2009 the location in the chemical park Bitterfeld-Wolfen was closed. 54 jobs were lost. Hydrogen peroxide has been produced at the Bitterfeld site since 1995.

On February 15, 2010, Solvay completed the sale of its pharmaceuticals business to Abbott Laboratories following approval by the EU antitrust authorities.

In April 2011, the Solvay Group announced the friendly takeover of Rhodia . The European Commission approved the takeover in August 2011.

From 2012

In May 2012 Solvay sold its 50 percent stake in the Pipelife joint venture to the joint venture partner Wienerberger.

In September 2014, a newly built plant for specialty surfactants will be opened in Genthin . The surfactants are used in cleaning and care products such as shampoos.

The Solvay plant in Frankfurt will be sold to the Japanese company Daikin at the beginning of 2015 together with the refrigerants and propellants for aerosols business areas. The approximately 75 employees move to Daikin.

Show trial in the GDR

Show trial against the Solvay group from 14. – 20. December 1950 in the Bernburg Kurhaus

Under the direction of the Central Commission for State Control , formed in 1948, four major political show trials were held in the GDR before the Supreme Court of the GDR . The GDR justice processes were extremely arbitrary, the allegations were largely implausible and the judgments were draconian. Among these Stalinist show trials was the Bernburg trial against former directors and executives of the Deutsche Solvay-Werke (DSW) for "industrial espionage", "promoting systematic mismanagement" and "concealing the influence of the IG Farben industry on the DSW" . The partisan indictment was examined and approved by SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht , one of the main German actors in show trials. The presiding judge in the process of the economic purge justice was Hilde Benjamin . The judge and the prosecutor were supported by claqueurs in the audience. The defense attorneys supported the indictment more than defended their clients. The accused were sentenced to long prison terms, Otto Bökelmann in absentia to 15 years, Albert Werner to ten years.

The aim of the process was evidently to convert foreign capital still available in the GDR economy into public property. As a subsidiary of the Belgian group, DSW fell under the status of foreign assets protected from public ownership, which it lost through the process. The mock trial was the subject of 1952 turned DEFA - Propaganda Films secret files Solvay .

Locations

Ahaus

Ahaus - Graes / Epe , in the western Münsterland near the border with the Netherlands, is the location of the Salzwohnungsgesellschaft Westfalen mbH & Co. KG (SGW). The main business purpose of the company is salt mining. Over two million tons of table salt are extracted in Gronau Epe every year. The Solvay factories in Rheinberg and Jemeppe-sur-Sambre (Belgium) are supplied with the raw material. The owners of SWG are Solvay GmbH (65%), Vestolit GmbH & Co. KG (25%) and Bayer MaterialScience AG (10%).

Bad Hönningen

The Bad Hönningen plant, founded in 1890 by the chemist Walther Feld, was acquired by Kali-Chemie AG in 1928 and expanded to its present size. The plant has been 100% integrated into the Solvay Group's chemicals sector since 1992. The main products are barium and strontium carbonate (raw materials for the production of screen glass for TV and PC monitors as well as electromagnets for DC motors) and so-called detergents. This refers to the substances used in detergents and cleaning agents to improve cleaning performance. The calcium peroxide produced by Solvay Chemicals GmbH under the brand name IXPER in Hönningen is used, among other things, in toothpastes, baked goods, cosmetics, seeds and in soil remediation.

Solvaywerk in Bad Hönningen

Bad Wimpfen

Solvay in Bad Wimpfen

The origins of the Solvay factory in Wimpfen go back to the founding of the Ludwigshall salt works at the beginning of the 19th century, which produced salt for a century. From 1921, chemical products were also made from the brine. The first of these products - still in the range today - was cryolite, a melting flux for the emerging aluminum industry. In 1960, Kali-Chemie AG acquired a stake in Saline and in 1973 had the majority of the shares. In 1982 the plant was incorporated into Kali-Chemie AG and greatly expanded. A number of organic fluorides were added to products of inorganic fluoride chemistry such as hydrogen fluoride , hydrofluoric acid and cryolite.

Since the production of CFCs and halogenated hydrocarbons (halons) was discontinued on November 30, 1991, the Wimpfen plant has been manufacturing successor products, for example Solkane as a refrigerant and blowing agent for foamed plastics. Further products are sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a dielectric for high-voltage systems and patented CF2 / CF3 synthesis components for the production of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The range of inorganic fluorine products has also been expanded; For example, potassium bifluoride is used to matt glass. With the branded product NOCOLOK, Solvay claims to be the world market leader in fluxes for aluminum soldering, for example in the manufacture of radiators and air conditioning systems for cars.

Together with other Solvay companies and plants, the Wimpfen plant is part of the "Strategic Business Unit Fluor Chemicals" of the international Solvay Group. In Wimpfen, for example, processes for the production of fluorine specialties are being developed and tested in the Solvay factory Onsan (South Korea).

Bernburg

Bernburg limestone quarry near Zickzackhausen with the Schwenk company's cement works in the background

Until the outbreak of the Second World War, Solvay accounted for 82% of German soda production. The plant in Bernburg , where Solvay has been producing soda since 1883, played a significant role in this . In 1940 the plant was placed under compulsory administration by the National Socialists, dismantled after the end of the war and taken to the Soviet Union. The company archive remained in place for reasons that remained unexplained, and thus all construction documents were also available. The GDR government used this to rebuild the plant, because soda was essential as a raw material for the development of the GDR. In 1952, production was resumed as a state-owned enterprise (VEB) of the GDR. In 1991 the Bernburg plant was privatized by the Treuhandanstalt and reintegrated into the Solvay Group. Since then, the site has been modernized and expanded with an investment volume of around 500 million euros (as of 2008).

Solvay Chemicals GmbH in Bernburg produces soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate , high-purity hydrogen peroxide and high-purity phosphoric acid for the production of computer chips. The soda production has a capacity of around 600,000 t per year; the annual production of sodium hydrogen carbonate (brand name BICAR) in Bernburg is around 100,000 t. Similar to the Rheinberg site, the Solvay site in Bernburg also serves as an industrial park. Here, too, resident companies can use the existing infrastructure (energy supply, water network, transport facilities, etc.) as well as related services offered by Solvay. All Solvay companies producing at the Bernburg site are member companies of the Saxony-Anhalt Environmental Alliance, which was founded in 1999. A prerequisite for participating in the environmental alliance is the obligation to take one or more voluntary environmental protection measures that go beyond the legal requirements.

The Bernburg plant obtains limestone from the mining area between Bernburg and the Strenzfeld district via its own works railway . The sodium chloride , which is also required for the production of soda, is obtained by leaching out boreholes south of Bernburg, which reach several hundred meters deep into salt deposits. Many of these caverns that were created in the past are now used by Verbundnetz Gas AG as underground storage for natural gas.

16,000 m³ of wastewater are produced in Bernburg every day during the production of soda. This contains up to 2,000 m³ of calcium chloride sludge. The wastewater is led through pipelines to Latdorf , where the lime sludge settles and the so-called lime ponds form. The wastewater that has been cleaned of the solid suspended matter is discharged into the hall.

In 2008, Solvay and the waste disposal company Tönsmeier began building a substitute fuel cogeneration plant on the factory premises in order to make production more independent of crude oil and natural gas, according to its own statements. While politicians and the corporate board see the industrial site secured by this investment, there is criticism from the population against the construction of this waste-to-energy plant .

Freiburg

At the end of August 2011, the Solvay Group took over Rhodia , which has its only German location in Freiburg im Breisgau . Around 850 employees work here in the areas of Rhodia Acetow (since April 2013 Solvay Acetow), Solvay P&S and Solvay Holding Freiburg. The Solvay Acetow division produces cellulose acetate fibers that are further processed into cigarette filters. Solvay Engineering Plastics operates a technical center to support customers, among others from the automotive industry in Freiburg. The P&S division operates a polymerisation plant in Freiburg in which the plastics polyamide 6.6 and 66/6 are produced.

Genthin

At the Solvay site in the Genthin industrial park, special surfactants for detergents, cleaning agents and cleaning agents as well as for personal care products have been produced since autumn 2014. The plant is part of the global Novecare business unit and employs 30 people.

Hanover

Hanover is the seat of the German Solvay GmbH. Around 240 employees work here in marketing and administration as well as research and development. The worldwide business with fluorine products as well as barium and strontium compounds are controlled from Hanover. In the research center of the Global Business Unit Special Chem, new fluorine compounds for different applications are developed.

Oestringen

The plant in Östringen in Baden, around 30 kilometers south of Heidelberg, is the tenth and youngest Solvay location in Germany. With the takeover of the US chemical company Cytec Industries, the plant, which was founded in 1989, has been part of Solvay's Composite Materials business unit since the beginning of 2016.

With around 200 employees, Solvay produces high-performance composite materials for the aerospace industry. Aircraft components such as landing flaps, spoilers or wings are made thinner and lighter thanks to the special carbon fiber products - with the same performance.

Thin synthetic resins form another pillar of the plant. They are injected into prefabricated carbon fiber fabrics using a special process. Advantages: high strength and dimensional stability with low weight. Aircraft manufacturers such as Airbus, Boeing or Bombardier can reduce the fuel consumption of their machines with the extremely light and high-performance materials. In addition, the innovative materials are also suitable for the manufacture of fan blades for jet engines.

The sustained high demand from manufacturers of commercial and military aircraft - in the civilian sector increasingly also from Russia and China - made it possible to steadily expand capacities in Östringen. This is how additional production, storage, laboratory and office space was last created in 2015.

Rheinberg

The Solvay plant in Rheinberg , Germany's largest Solvay production site, has been in existence since 1906. Starting with chlor-alkali electrolysis, basic chemical products such as soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, caustic soda or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), but also the special plastic polyarylamide (brand name IXEF) are manufactured ). Marketing and sales activities for the products hydrogen peroxide and persalts are also managed from the Rheinberg plant.

The plant is supplied with the most important raw materials from the surrounding area: Salt comes in dissolved form via a brine pipeline from Epe , about 60 km to the north, and limestone comes from Belgium by rail. An essential feature of the Rheinberg plant is the network economy, which uses secondary materials as far as possible on site for the production of new materials and helps to reduce the generation of waste materials.

In addition to companies from the German Solvay Group, other companies are located in the Solvay Rheinberg industrial park, for example Kemira Germany GmbH, a subsidiary of a Finnish chemical specialist, or Praxair . The esco -Werk Borth finally meets its demand for demineralized water from above the Solvay production.

literature

  • Adolf Eser: The chemical industry in Zscherndorf , contributions to industrial history, issue 10, 2009
  • Edgar Fischer: Tradition and High-Chem - a history rich in chlorine in the Bitterfeld Wolfen area , 2004, there
  • Christel Dauster: The Solvay Process , dissertation, Stuttgart, 2004, DNB 972130896

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ solvay.de: Solvay in Germany (as of May 2016).
  2. ↑ solvay.de: Management and Supervisory Board (as of May 2016)
  3. ↑ The timetable is based on the following publications: Werner Offermann: 100 years of DEUTSCHE SOLVAY-WERKE 1880–1980 , pages 46 ff. Special edition SOLVAY-Report, publisher: Deutsche Solvay-Werke GmbH, 1980, as well as on the commemorative publication 125 years · 125 years of the future - SOLVAY in Germany , published by SOLVAY GmbH, 2005
  4. ↑ Thuringian Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime - Association of Antifascists and Study Group of German Resistance 1933–1945 (Ed.): Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933–1945, series: Heimatgeschichtliche Wegweiser Volume 8 Thüringen, Erfurt 2003, ISBN 3- 88864-343-0
  5. ↑ Solvay closes its plant in Bitterfeld. Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, April 2, 2009, accessed May 27, 2014 . Reference
  6. ↑ solvay.com: Solvay completes the sale to Wienerberger of its stake in Pipelife (as of May 25, 2012)
  7. ↑ solvay.de: New Solvay location in Genthin: Inauguration of a plant for specialty surfactants
  8. ↑ Solvay sells refrigerant and pharmaceutical aerosol businesses to Daikin
  9. ↑ Roger Engelmann: Blood justice as a political lesson . In: Listen and Look . No. 1 , 2008 ( online ).
  10. ^ A b c d Thomas Horstmann: Logic of arbitrariness: the Central Commission for State Control in the Soviet Zone / GDR from 1948 to 1958 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-412-07401-2 , p. 238 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ Jutta Braun, Nils Klawitter, Falco Werkentin: The backstage of political criminal justice in the early years of the Soviet occupation zone, GDR . 4th edition. tape 4 . The Berlin State Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service, the former. DDR, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-934085-00-8 , p. 15 ff . ( PDF ).
  12. ↑ a b Roger Engelmann . In: Klaus Marxen , Annette Weinke (eds.): Staging of the law: show trials, media trials and trial films in the GDR. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2006, p. 88 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  13. ↑ Jutta Braun: The Central Commission for State Control - Economic Criminal Law and Expropriation Policy in the Founding and Early Phase of the GDR . In: The last year of the Soviet occupation zone: Political course setting and continuities in the process of founding the GDR. Publications on SBZ / GDR research in the Institute for Contemporary History . Oldenbourg Verlag, 2000, ISBN 978-3-486-59371-6 , pp. 182 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  14. ^ Anne Kaminsky (Ed.): Places of Remembrance: Memorial signs, memorials and museums on the dictatorship in the Soviet occupation zone and GDR . 2nd Edition. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-443-3 , p. 392 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  15. ↑ Fritz Lange: Soviet Zone: Expropriated the Soda King . In: Der Spiegel . No. 28 , 1950 ( online ).
  16. ↑ Kenneth Bertrams, Nicolas Coupain, Ernst Homburg: Solvay: History of a Multinational Family Firm . Cambridge University Press, New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-02480-9 , pp. 320 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  17. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Ahaus (accessed July 27, 2012)
  18. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Bad Hönningen (accessed July 27, 2012)
  19. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Bad Wimpfen (accessed July 27, 2012)
  20. ↑ solvay.de: Solvay strengthens Bernburg plant: new plant for high-purity phosphoric acid put into operation , accessed on September 27, 2013.
  21. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Bernburg (accessed July 27, 2012).
  22. ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung : The hook of “Franks 900” holds 500 meters of drill rods . Article about two new holes. Released July 3, 2009.
  23. ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: Investigation of the deposit  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Released July 3, 2009@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / archiv.mz-web.de  
  24. ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: Thick clouds of fog waft around the Sweden camp. Article about new lime pond. Released November 27, 2008.
  25. ↑ Cogeneration plant to supply energy to production. Retrieved November 2, 2011 .
  26. ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: Power plant operators are looking for a conversation . Article dated September 10, 2008
  27. ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: Environmental experts criticize the “embellished” pollutant balance ( memento from February 7, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ). Article of August 20, 2008.
  28. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Freiburg (accessed July 27, 2012)
  29. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Genthin (accessed July 27, 2012)
  30. ↑ solvay.de: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Solvay in Germany  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed September 27, 2013).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.solvay.de@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.solvay.de  
  31. ↑ solvay.de: Locations: Rheinberg (accessed July 27, 2012)
  32. ↑ Solvay Rheinberg industrial park. Info brochure from Solvay Chemicals GmbH, February 2010
  33. ↑ Brief portrait of Solvay in Rheinberg. Info flyer from Solvay GmbH o. J.

Coordinates: 52 ° 22 ′ 13.4 "  N , 9 ° 46 ′ 24.2"  E