Erromintxela

Erromintxela
Spoken in	Spain France Basque Country ; Language possibly already extinct (2010) Number of speakers = approx. 500–1000 (1997)
speaker	Erromintxela (own name)
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan ROMANI-DOMARI Romani Iberian group Mixed language , Basque grammar with Romani Lexik = Para-Romani / Pararomani also: Errumantxela
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	NV
ISO 639 -2	-
ISO 639-3	emx

Basque-speaking area on the Bay of Biscay

Erromintxela erominˈtʃela is the language of a group of Roma (from the Romani subgroup) who live in the Basque Country and are also known under the name Errumantxela. It is sometimes called the Basque Caló ; caló vasco, romaní vasco, or errominchela in Spanish; and euskado-rromani or euskado-romani in French. Although detailed information on the language dates back to the late 19th century, linguistic research did not begin until the 1990s.

Erromintxela language is a hybrid language that the majority of their vocabulary from the Kalderash - Romani concerns and also the Basque applies grammar, similar to the Anglo-Romani Roma in England mixes the Romani vocabulary of English grammar. The development of this mixed language was facilitated by the unusually deep integration of the Erromintxela people into Basque society and the resulting bilingualism in Basque. Language is slowly dying out; most of the perhaps 1,000 remaining speakers live on the coast of Labourd and in the mountainous regions of Soule , Navarra , Gipuzkoa and Biscay . The Erromintxela are descendants of the Kalderash Roma immigration in the 15th century who came to the Basque Country via France. They differ both ethnically and linguistically from the (Spanish-Romani) -speaking Roma in Spain and the Cascarot- Roma of the northern Basque Country .

Surname

The origin of the name Erromintxela is unclear and may be of relatively recent origin; Basques used to have the Erromintxela with more general terms for Roma such as B. ijitoak "Egyptians", ungrianok "Hungarians", or buhameak " denotes Bohemia ", a name that is prevalent near the Pyrenees and particularly in the northern Basque Country . Romanichel , on the other hand, is a French rendering of the Romani idiom Romani čel "Romani person". Although this name is now uncommon in France, it can be found in the names of the British Ròmanichal . as well as the Scandinavian , Romanisæl , all descendants such as the Erromintxela, a group of Roma who had migrated to France.

Early references to the name in Basque include Errama-itçéla, Erroumancel, later errumanzel and erremaitzela. The initial E- is the Basque prosthetic vowel added because no Basque word can begin with an R-, and the ending -a is the absolute suffix used when quoting a name. If this etymology is correct, this is the rare case of an original Romani self-name ( endonym ) borrowed from another language.

The people call themselves ijitoak Basque for English: "gypsies", or more precisely as Erromintxela in contrast to Caló Romani, which they call xango-gorriak, Basque for English "red-legs" (German: "Rotbeinige").

State of the language

There are currently an estimated 500 speakers in the southern Basque Country in Spain, around 2% of the population of 21,000 Roma , plus an estimated 500 in France. In Spain the remaining fluent speakers are older people, mostly over 80 years old; some speak Spanish, Basque or Caló (Spanish-Romani) just as fluently . Middle-aged Erromintxela are mostly passively bilingual and the youngest only speak Basque or Spanish. In the northern Basque Country, the language is still passed on to children. The percentage of speakers among the Spanish Erromintxela is greater than 2%, as large numbers of Caló-speaking Roma moved to the Basque Country during the heavy industrialization of the 20th century.

Literature in Erromintxela

Little literature has been written in this language to date. The most notable work is a poem by Jon Mirande , who published the poem entitled Kama-goli in his 1997 anthology Orhoituz . and the 1999 novella Agirre zaharraren kartzelaldi berriak by Koldo Izagirre Urreaga with a hero who uses the language.

history

The Erromintxela reached the Basque Country in the 15th century, as speakers of the Kalderash Romani. They integrated themselves into Basque society much more than other Roma groups. During this process they learned the Basque language and adapted aspects of Basque culture such as: B. more rights for women and important traditions eg bertsolaritza (improvised poetic singing) and pelota (national Basque ball game). Muñoz and Lopez de Mungia suggest that the morphological and phonological similarities between Romani and Basque made it much easier for bilingual Roma to adapt Basque grammar.

It seems that many Roma are determined to stay in the Basque Country to avoid persecution elsewhere in Europe. Nonetheless, even here they were not always safe from persecution. So issued z. For example, the Royal Council of Navarre issued an edict in 1602 to round up all "vagabonds" (pronounced Roma) who were then to be sentenced to 6 years galley . By the 18th century, however, attitudes had changed and the emphasis shifted towards integration. For example, in the years 1780–1781, the Navarre Courts of Justice enacted Law No. 23, which "called on the authorities to look after them, obtain settlement areas for them, and enable them to live and work respectably ..."

research

The oldest description of the language dates back to 1855, when the French ethnographer Justin Cenac-Moncaut described that Erromintxela is mainly found in the northern Basque Country. The oldest coherent text in Erromintxela, a poem entitled Kama-goli, was published in a collection of Basque poetry by Jon Mirande (circa 1960).

The 40-page study by Alexandre Baudrimont Vocabulaire de la langue des Bohémiens habitant les pays basques français (German: "Vocabulary of the language of the Bohemians living in the French Basque Country") from 1862, is one of the most extensive early evidence and includes both vocabulary as also grammatical aspects. Baudrimont worked with two informants, a mother and her daughter from Uhart-Mixe , an area near Saint-Palais , both of whom he describes as "fluent speakers". Unfortunately, he was only able to hold a single session when the women were told not to work with him any longer for fear of outsiders spying on Romani's secrets. Baudrimont's publication is in part problematic - he himself notes that he could not always be sure whether the correct forms were collected. For example, most of the verb forms he tried to raise lacked the expected verb ending -tu and instead appeared to be participles .

The French sociologist Victor de Rochas refers to the Roma in the northern Basque Country who spoke Basque instead of French, in his 1876 book Les Parias de France et d'Espagne (cagots et bohémiens) (German: Die Paria Frankreichs und Spaniens ( Cagots and Gypsies / Bohemians)). The canons Jean-Baptiste Daranatz published a list of words in the periodical Eskualdun Ona in 1906 and in 1921 Berraondo and Oyarbide did some investigations on the subject. Although often labeled as gitano (Spanish for Roma) or bohémien / gitan (French for Bohemian / Bohemian / Gypsy ), some dates are in Resurrección María de Azkues (an influential Basque priest, musician, poet, writer, boatman and academic, (* August 5, 1864; † November 9, 1951)) dictionary published in 1905 and Pierre Lhandes (Basque-French priest; July 9, 1877; † April 17, 1957) dictionary published in 1926.

Until the late 20th century, there was little further research into the language. In 1986, Federico Krutwig published a short article in the Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos (German: International Journal for Basque Studies) entitled "Los gitanos vascos" ("The Basque Gypsies") with a short list of words and a brief analysis of the morphology the language. Be that as it may, the most detailed study to date was published by the Basque philologist Josune Muñoz and the historian Elias Lopez de Mungia, which was carried out in the southern Basque Country in 1996 at the request of the Roma organization Kalé Dor Kayiko , with the support of Euskaltzaindia and the University of the Basque Country, started their work. Kalé Dor Kayiko, an organization that campaigns for the Spanish Caló and Romani, had learned of the existence of the Erromintxela in the 1990s through an article by the historian Alizia Stürtze entitled Agotak, juduak eta ijitoak Euskal Herrian (German: Agotes , Jews and Gypsies in the Basque Country). Kalé Dor Kayiko intends to continue the study of the language, behavior, identity and history of the Erromintxela in the less well-studied provinces of Navarre and the northern Basque Country.

Linguistic features

The research by Muñoz and Lopez de Mungia has confirmed that Erromintxela is not derived from Caló (Spanish Romani) spoken throughout Spain, but is instead based on Kalderash Romani and Basque. The vocabulary seems to be almost entirely of Romani origin; however, the grammar, both morphology and syntax, is derived from various Basque dialects. Only a few traces of the Romani grammar structures seem to have remained. The language is incomprehensible to both Basque and Caló speakers.

Typologically, Erromintxela has the same characteristics as the Basque dialects from which it derives its grammatical structures. Their case marking follows the ergative-absolutive pattern, where the subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolute (which is not marked) and which is also used for the direct object ( patient ) of a transitive verb . The subject ( agent (linguistics) ) of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative . Similarly, auxiliary verbs also match the subject and any direct and indirect object and verb forms present are allocated allocatively (i.e., a marker is used to indicate the gender of the addressee).

Since both Erromintxela and Caló are derived from Romani, many Erromintxela words are similar to the Spanish and Catalan caló.

Erromintxela	Caló	Stem	meaning
baro	varó / baró	baró	big
dui (l)	dui	dúj	two
Guruni	guruñí	gurumni	Cow f.
kani (a)	casní, caní	khajní	Hen f., Chicken n.
latxo, latxu	lachó (fem. lachí)	lačhó	Well
mandro (a)	manró, marró	manró	Bread n.
nazaro, lazaro	nasaló (fem. nasalí)	nasvalí	Bread n.
panin (a)	pañí	paní	Water n.
pinro (a), pindru (a)	pinrró	punró	Foot m.
trin, tril	trin	trin	Tree m.
zitzai (a)	chichai	čičaj	big

Phonology

According to Baudrimont's description from 1862 and also according to modern southern sources, the Erromintxela seems to have at most the following sound system. Southern officials have apparently not the rounded vowel / ⁠ y ⁠ / or the consonant / ⁠ .theta ⁠ / , in accordance with North Südunterschieden in Basque and it is unclear whether the distinction between northern / ⁠ ɡ ⁠ / and / ⁠ ɣ ⁠ / is also present in the south.

Consonant system

Table of consonant phonemes in Erromintxela

		Labial consonants				Coronal consonants								Dorsal (phonetic) consonants				Glottal consonants
		Bilabial		Labio-dental		Dental		Lamino- dental		Apiko - alveolar		Post-alveolar		Palatal		Velare
Nasals Consonants		m / ⁠ m ⁠ /								n / ⁠ n ⁠ /				ñ / ⁠ ɲ ⁠ /
Plosives Consonants		p / ⁠ p ⁠ /	b / ⁠ b ⁠ /					t / ⁠ t ⁠ /	d / ⁠ d ⁠ /							k / ⁠ k ⁠ /	g / ⁠ ɡ ⁠ /
Affricates Consonants								tz / ts̻ /		ts / ts̺ /		tx / ⁠ tʃ ⁠ /
Fricatives Consonants				f / ⁠ f ⁠ /		/ ⁠ θ ⁠ /		z / s̻ /		s / s̺ /		x / ⁠ ʃ ⁠ /				j / ⁠ x ⁠ /	/ ⁠ ɣ ⁠ /	h / ⁠ h ⁠ /
Lateral Consonants										l / ⁠ l ⁠ /				ll / ⁠ ʎ ⁠ /
R h o t i z i t ä t	vibrant Consonants									rr / ⁠ r ⁠ /
	Tonguing consonants									r / ⁠ ɾ ⁠ /

Vocal system

(Comparison table IPA on the right)

Vowels
front   central   back  closed ​i​  •  y​​ ​ɨ​  •  ʉ​​ ​ɯ​  •  u​​ ​ɪ​  •  ʏ​​ ​ʊ​ ​e​  •  ø​​ ​ɘ​  •  ɵ​​ ​ɤ​  •  o​​ ​ə​ ​ɛ​  •  œ​​ ​ɜ​  •  ɞ​​ ​ʌ​  •  ɔ​​ ​æ​ ​ɐ​ ​a​  •  ɶ​​ ​ɑ​  •  ɒ​​  almost closed  half closed  medium  half open  almost open  open
For pairs of symbols (u • g) the left symbol stands for the unrounded vowel, the right symbol for the rounded vowel.

		Front		Back
		rounded	unrounded
Closed		i i ​​	ü ( y )​​	u u ​​
Half closed		e e ​​		o o ​​
Open		a a ​​

Baudrimont uses a semi-phonetic system with the following different conventions:

Baudrimont	u	ȣ	y	Δ	Γ	χ	sh	tsh	z
IPA	/ y /	/ u /	/ y /	/ θ /	/ ɣ /	/ x /	/ ʃ /	/ tʃ /	/ z /

morphology

Example of morphological features in Erromintxela:

Erromintxela	Basque	Stem	Function in Erromintxela	example
-a	-a	Basque -a	Absolute suffix	phiria "the pot"
-ak	-ak	Basque -ak	Plural suffix	sokak "overcoats / coats"
-(on	-(on	Basque - (a) n	Locative suffix	khertsiman "in the restaurant"
- (a) e.g.	- (a) e.g.	Basque - (a) z	Instrumental suffix	jakaz "with (tels) fire"
- (e) k	- (e) k	Basque - (e) k	Ergative suffix	hire dui ankhai koloek "with your two black eyes"
-ena	-ena	Basque -ena	Superlative suffix	loloena "reddest, -e, it"
- (e) ko (a)	- (e) ko (a)	Basque - (e) ko (a)	local genitive suffix	muirako "of the mouth"
- (e) rak	- (e) rat (North Basque)	Basque - (e) ra (t)	Allative suffix	txaribelerak "to the bed (towards)"
-pen	-pen	Basque pen	1) Suffix denoting an action or effect 2) under
-ra	-ra	Basque -ra	Allative suffix	penintinora "to the small brook (towards)"
-tu	-tu	Basque -tu	Verb-forming suffix	dekhatu "see"
-tzea	-tzea	Basque -tzea	Nouning
- etch	-t (z) en	Basque -t (z) en	Past tense suffix	kherautzen "to be there to do"

Verb formation

Most verbs have a Romani stem with the Basque verb suffix -tu. Examples of Erromintxela verbs are given below. (Shapes in square brackets indicate the spelling in sources that are no longer used. Basque is included for comparison purposes.)

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
brikhindu	euria izan	brišínd	rain
burrinkatu	harrapatu	(astaráv)	hold on, catch
dikelatu, dekhatu	ikusi	dikháv	see
erromitu (eŕomitu)	ezkondu		marry
gazinain kheautu	haur egin		to give birth (lit. to make a child)
goli kherautu, goli keautu	kantatu	(gilábav)	to sing (lit. to make a song)
kamatu	maitatu	kamáv	love
kerau, keau, kherautu, keautu	egin	keráv	1) do, do 2) auxiliary verb
kurratu	lan egin	butjí keráv	work
kurrautu ‹kuŕautu›	jo		hit, hit
kuti	begiratu	dikáv	look, look at
letu	hartu	lav	to take
mahutu, mautu	help	mu (da) ráv	die, kill
mangatu	eskatu	mangáv	ask, ask
mukautu	bukatu		end up
najin	bukatu		end up
papira-keautu	idatzi	(skirív, ramóv)	to write (lit. to make paper)
parrautu ‹paŕautu›	ebaki		to cut
pekatu	egosi	pakáv	Cook
pekhautu	achieve		burn
piautu	edan	pjav	drink
tarautu, tazautu	ito		choke, strangle
partaitu	Jan	xav	eat
tetxalitu, texalitu	ibili		go for a walk, go, run, hike
txanatu	jakin	žanáv	know
txiautu			ram in, push in
txoratu, xorkatu ‹s̃orkatu›	lapurtu, ebatsi	čoráv	steal
ufalitu	their egin		to flee
xordo keautu	lapurtu, ebatsi		to steal (lit. "to steal")
zuautu	lo egin	sováv	sleep
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

Most of the Erromintxela verb inflections are virtually identical to those in the Basque dialects.

Erromintxela	Basque ( Lapurdian )	translation
ajinen duk	izanen duk	you will have
dekhatu nuen	ikusi nuen	I saw it
dinat	diñat	I am (family addressee)
erantzi nauzkon	erantzi nauzkan	I took it off
... haizen hi	... haizen hi	... that you are (? -Engl .: you are)
kamatu nuen	maitatu nuen	I loved it
letu hindudan	hartu hintudan	you took me
nintzan	nintzan	I was
pek skin nina	to blush naute	You burn me
pekhautu nintzan	reach nintzen	I ( intransitively ) burned
pek skin niagon	blush niagon	I ( intransitive ) was burning (addressee)
tetxalitzen zan	ibiltzen zan	I was about to leave
zethorren	zetorren	It came
zoaz	zoaz	Go Get lost! (? -English: You go!)

Negations are formed with na / nagi (Romani na / níči ); see. Basque ez / ezetz . The word for "yes" is ua (Romani va ); see. Basque bai / baietz .

noun

The majority of nouns have Romani stems, but often with Basque suffixes. The variation of nouns quoted with or without an ending -a is likely due to informants who use it with or without an absolute ending . (Shapes in square brackets indicate spellings in sources that are no longer used.)

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
angi	ezti	(avdžin)	Honey m.
ankhai	begi	(jakh)	Eyes.
asinia	botila	(fláša)	Bottle f.
balitxo	txerriki	baló "pig" with a Basque suffix	Pork (without article) / pork n.
barki	ardi	bakró	Aue f./Zibbe f./Ewe n., Sheep n.
barkitxu, barkotiñu, barkixu (barkicho)	arkume	bakró "sheep n." plus Basque diminutive -txu, tiñu	Lamb n.
barku	ardi	bakró	Sheep n.
basta, basta	esku	vas (t)	Hand f., Arm m.
bato, batu	aita	dad	Father m.
bedeio (bedeyo)	alder	(daraši)	Bee f.
bliku	txerri	from balikanó mas "pork"	Pig n.
bluiak	police officer	(policájcur)	Police officers pl.
budar, budara	ate	vudár	Door f.
burrinkatzea	harraptze		Act of catching
dantzari	dantzari	(Basque word stem)	Dancer m.
dibezi	egun	djes	Day m.
duta	argi	udút	(natural) blonde
egaxi		gaží	a non-Romni
egaxo, ogaxo, egaxu		gažó	a Gadže / non-Roma
elakri, ellakria	neska (til)	raklí	Girl n.
elakri-lumia			Woman with a bad reputation
eramaite	erama (i) te		bringing
eratsa, erhatsa, erhatza, erratsa (erratça)	ahate	(goca)	Duck f.
erromi (eŕomi), errumi, errumia	senar	Rome	1) husband m. 2) wedding
erromiti, errumitia	emazte	romní	Wife f.
erromni	emazte, emakume	romní	Woman f., Wife f., Woman n.
erromitzea	eskontza	(bjáv)	Wedding f.
erromitzeko (eŕomitzeko), erromitzekoa	eraztun	(angruští)	(der) Ring (lit. "the marriage candidate" - English: the one to marry)
fula	kaka	khul	Excrement n., Excretion f.
futralo			Eau de vie n. (Lit.water of life)
gata	ator	gad	Shirt n.
magazine	haur		Child n.
giltizinia	validza	(čája)	Key m.
goani	zaldi	(grazes)	Horse n.
goia	lukainka	goj	Sausage f., Sausage n.
goli	kanta	gilí	Song n.
grasnia, gasnia, grasmiña, gra	zaldi	grass (t)	Horse n.
guru, gurru ‹guŕu›	idi	gurúv	Ox
Guruni	behi	gurumni	Cow f.
gurutiño	txahal	gurúv plus a Basque diminutive -tiño	Calf n.
haize	haize	(Basque word stem)	Wind m.
jak, jaka, zaka, aka	see below	hunt	To fire.
jakes	gazta	(királ)	Cheese m.
jera, kera (kéra)	asto	(esa)	Donkey
jero	buru	šeró	Head m.
jeroko	buruko		Beret (lit. "from the head")
juiben, juibena	galtzak	(kálca)	Trousers pl.
kalabera	buru	(šeró)	Head m. Compare Spanish calavera , "skull"
kalleria ‹kaĺeria›			Silverware pl. Compare Spanish quincallería , "Blechwaren pl."
kalo, kalu, kalua	coffee	(káfa)	Coffee m.
kalo-kasta	ijito-kastaro		Romani parish, district
camat	maitatze	<kamáv	loving
kangei, kangey; kangiria	eliza	kangerí	Church f .; Baudrimont glosses "Altar"
kani, kania	oilo	khajní	Hen f., Chick n.
kaxta, kasta (casta), kaixta (kaïshta)	to	kašt	Wood n., Branch m., Stick m.
kaxtain parruntzeko ‹paŕuntzeko›	aizkora		Ax f.
kher, khe, kere, khere, kerea	etxe	kher	House n.
kereko-egaxia ‹kereko-egas̃ia›	etxeko others		Landlady f.
kereko-egaxoa ‹kereko-egas̃oa›, kereko-ogaxoa	etxeko jauna		Landlord m.
ker-barna	gaztelu	(koštola)	Castle f., Fort n., Castle n.
ker, qer, kera	asto	(esa)	Donkey
kero, keru, kerua	buru	šeró	Head m.
khertsima	taberna		Restaurant f., Inn n.
kiala, kilako	gazta	királ	Cheese m.
kilalo			cold air f.
kirkila	babarruna	(fusúj)	Bean f.
konitza, koanits, koanitsa	saski	kóžnica	Basket w.
laia	jauna		Mr. m.
lajai, olajai, lakaia	apaiz	(rašáj)	Priest
laphail, lakhaia	apaiz	(rašáj)	Priest
latzi, latzia	gau		Night f.
lona	gatza	lon	Salt n.
mahutzea, mautzia	hiltzea	mu (da) ráv (v.), plus the Basque nominalization suffix -tzea	Killing n. (See mahutu v.)
malabana	really	(thuló mas)	Lard n.
mandro, mandroa	ogi	manró	Bread n.
mangatzia	eske	mangáv (v.), plus the Basque nominalization suffix -tzea	Begging n.
marrun (maŕun)	senar		Husband m., Husband m.
mas, maz, maza, masa (māsa)	haragi	mas	Meat n.
megazin, megazina	haur		Child n.
milleka ‹miĺeka›	arto		Korn n. (Mais m.), Welschkorn n., Kukuruz m.
milota	ogi	(manró)	Bread n.
milotare-pekautzeko	labe		Furnace m.
Mimakaro	Ama Birjina		Our Lady
miruni	emakume		Mrs. f.
mitxai, ‹mits̃ai›	alaba	čhaj	Daughter f.
mol, mola	ardo	mol	Wine m.
mullon ‹muĺon›, mullu ‹muĺu›	mando		Mule n., Mule m.
ñandro, gnandro	arraultz	anró	A.
oxtaben, oxtaban ‹os̃taban›, oxtabena	gartzela	astaripe	Prison n.
paba, phabana, pabana	sagar	phabáj	Apple m.
paba-mola	sagardo		Cider m. (lit. Apfelwein m.)
panin, panina, pañia	ur	pají	Water n.
panineko, paninekoa	pitxer		(the) jug m., jug f. (lit. one for water)
paninekoain burrinkatzeko ‹buŕinkatzeko›			Netz n. (?) (Lhande indicates: French fillet )
paninbaru, panin barua	ibai, itsaso	(derjáv, márja)	River m., Ocean m. (lit.big water)
panintino, panin tiñua, penintino	ereka	(len)	Brook n. (Lit.small water)
pangua	larre		Meadow f.
panizua	arto		Korn n. (Corn m.). Compare Spanish "panizo"
papin, papina	antzar	papin	Goose f.
papira	paper	papíri	Paper n.
pindru, pindrua, pindro, prindo	hanka, oin	punró	Foot m.
pindrotakoa	galtzak	kálca	Pants pl., Pants f. (lit.the for the foot)
piri, piria	lapiko	pirí	Saucepan m., Saucepan m., Casserole f.
pora	urdaila	by	Stomach m.
potozi	diruzorro		Wallet f., (Money) purse f., Purse m.
prindotako	galtzerdi	pinró (trousers)	Sock f. (lit.the for the foot)
puxka (pushka)	arma	puška	Pistol f., Weapon f.
soka	gaineko		Coat m., Overcoat m.
sumia	zupa	zumí	Soup f.
thazautzia	itotze	taslaráv (v.), plus the Basque nominalization suffix -tzea	Act of throttling
tekadi, tekari	hatz	(naj)	Finger m.
ternu	gazte		young person f.
txai ‹ts̃ai›		čhaj	young person (both sexes)
txaja	aza	(šax)	Cabbage m.
txara	belar	čar	Grass n.
txaripen, txaribel	oh	(vodro)	Bed n.
txau, xau	seme	čhavó	Son m.
txipa	izen	(aláv)	Name m.
txiautu	ijito		a Roma
txiautzia		?, plus the Basque nominalization suffix -tzea	Act of ramming
txohi, txoki	gona		Skirt m.
txohipen, txohipena			Petty theft m. (lit. "under the skirt")
txor, txora ‹ts̃ora›	lapur	čor	Thief
txuri, txuria	aizto	čhurí	Knife n.
xordo, txorda ‹ts̃orda›	lapurketa	čoripé	Theft m., Robbery m.
xukel ‹s̃ukel›, txukel, txukela ‹ts̃ukela›, xukela (shȣkéla)	txakur	žukél	Dog m.
xukelen-fula ‹s̃ukelen-fula›, txukelen fula	txakurren kaka		Dog excrement m.
xukel-tino keautzale			Bitch f. (lit. "little dog maker")
zuautzeko, zuautzekoa	estalki		duvet covers pl.
zitzaia, zitzai, txitxai ‹ts̃its̃ai›, txitxaia, Sitzaia (sitçaia)	katu	čičaj	Cat f.
zume, sume	zupa	zumí	Soup f.
zungulu, sungulu, sungulua	tobacco	(duháno)	Tobacco m.
add, add a, xut, txuta, txuta ‹ts̃uta›	esne	thud	Milk f.
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

time

According to Baudrimot, the Erromintxela have adopted the Basque names of the months. Note that some of the Basque names that represent those prior to standardization, eg August, is Abuztua in Batua (Standard Basque) rather than Agorrila .

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
Otarila	Urtarrila	(januáro)	January m.
Otxaila (Otshaïla)	Otsaila	(februáro)	February m.
Martxoa (Martshoa)	Martxoa	(márto)	March m.
Apirilia	Apirilia	(aprílo)	April m.
Maitza (Maïtça)	Maiatza	(májo)	May m.
Hekaña (Hékaña)	Ekaina	(June)	June m.
Uztailla (Uçtaïlla)	Uztaila	(July)	July m.
Agorilla	Agorrila	(avgústo)	August m.
Burula	Buruila	(septémbro)	September m.
Uria	Urria	(októmbro)	October m.
Azalua (Açalȣa)	Azaroa	(novémbro)	November m.
Abendua (Abendȣa)	Abendua	(decémbro)	December m.
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

Baudrimont claims that subdivisions of the year (apart from the months) are formed by the word breja (bréχa) "year": breja kinua "month" and breja kipia "week".

Numerals

Numerals (including Basque for comparison purposes):

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
jek, jeka, eka, jek (yek), jet (yet)	asked	jék	one
dui, duil	bi	dúj	two
trin, trin, tril	hiru	trín	three
higa	higa (variant form)	(trín)	three
estard	lukewarm	star	four
pantxe, pains, olepanxi (olepanchi)	bost	panž	five
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs are mainly derived from the Romani forms:

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
baro, baru	handi	baró	big
bokali	gose	bokh	hungry
buter	asko, ainitz	but	a lot, a lot
dibilo		dilino	insane
dibilotua	erotua	<dilino (adj.)	gone crazy, crazy
gift	gift	(Basque word stem)	without
eta	eta	(Basque word stem)	and
fukar	ederra	šukar	wonderful, wonderful
geroz	geroz	(Basque word stem)	once
hautsi	hautsi	(Basque word stem)	broken, broken
kalu	beltz	kaló	black
kaxkani	zikoitz		stingy, petty, stingy
kilalo	hotz	šilaló	cold
latxo, latxu	on	lačhó	Well
londo	samur		soft
nazaro, lazaro	eri	nasvaló	ill
palian	ondoan		near, near
parno	garbi	parnó (white)	clean
telian	behean	téla	under
tiñu, tiñua	txiki	cignó	small
upre	gain (ean), gora	opré	up, up, up
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

Pronouns & demonstratives

Pronouns are derived from both languages:

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
aimenge	ni	mánge "mir", possibly called "us" ( dative forms )	I
ene	ene	(Basque word stem)	my (pet form, loving)
harekin	harekin	(Basque word stem)	with him, with her ( distal )
hari	hari	(Basque word stem)	you (family)
hard on	hard on	(Basque word stem)	in him, in her ( distal )
hay	hay	(Basque word stem)	your (familial emphatic)
Hi	Hi	(Basque word stem)	you (family)
hire	hire	(Basque word stem)	your (family)
hiretzat	hiretzat	(Basque word stem)	for you (family)
mindroa	nirea	miró	my
neure	neure	(Basque word stem)	my (emphatic)
ni	ni	(Basque word stem)	I (intransitive)
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

Baudrimont's material

Much of Baudrimont's list of words is directly related to Erromintxela sources. Nevertheless, some of the material that Baudrimont has collected deserves a more detailed survey thanks to its particularities. Most of these relate to the verbs and verb forms he collected. However, some include nouns and other components.

noun

Its material contains a relatively high number of components derived from Basque.

Erromintxela	Basque	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
aitza (aitça)	aritz		Oak f.
aizia (aicia)	haize	(diha)	Air f.
eel	hegal	(phak)	Wing m.
itxasoa (itshasoa)	itsaso	(derjáv)	Lake f., Sea n., Ocean m.
keia (kéïa)	ke	(thuv)	Smoke m.
muxkera (mȣshkera)	musker	(gusturica)	Lizard f.
orratza (orratça)	orratz	(suv)	Needle f. (Basque orratz is "comb m.")
sudura (sȣdȣra)	sudur	(nakh)	Nose f.
ulia (ȣlia)	euli	(mačhin)	Fly f. (Insect n.)
xuria (shȣria)	(t) xori	(čiriklí)	Bird m.
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

Some components are special. Baudrimont lists mintxa as "tooth m." The Kalderash expression is dand ( daní in Caló), but the given expression is more reminiscent of the North Basque mintzo "language f., Speech f." or mintza "skin f." (with expressive palatalization ). This and other similar elements raise the question of whether Baudrimont simply pointed to objects in order to list the shapes.

The forms he has tried to raise are also questionable in some cases. For example, it targeted agricultural terms such as B. plow , harrow (agricultural engineering) and post-harvest from his (female) informants and draws the suspiciously similar words sasta "plow m." and xatxa (shatsha) "Egge f." on.

Verb system and pronouns

The verb system and pronouns that Baudrimont records are conspicuous in several ways. Apart from his problem of raising the basic form (? - English: citation form) of verbs in relation to participles, he lists pronouns and possessive pronouns that seem to contain Romani word stems and an unexpected auxiliary verb.

The verb ajin for "to have" is attested elsewhere, although forms derived from Basque are mostly more common. Kalderash Romani uses the third person of "sein" and a dative pronoun to indicate the owner.

Erromintxela	Basque (allocative forms)	Romani *	Erromintxela translation
mek ajin (mec aχin) tuk ajin (tȣc aχin) ojuak ajin (oχuac aχin) buter ajin (bȣter aχin) tuk ajin (tȣc aχin) but ajin (bȣt aχin)	(nik) di (n) at (hik) duk 1 / dun (hark) dik / din (guk) di (n) agu (zuek) duzue (haiek) ditek / diten	si ma si tu si les / la si amé si tumé si len	I have you have he / she has we have you have they have
mek najin (mec naχin) tuk najin (tȣc naχin) ojuak najin (oχuac naχin) buter najin (bȣter naχin) tuk najin (tȣc naχin) but najin (bȣt naχin)	(nik) ez di (n) at (hik) ez duk / dun (hark) ez dik / din (guk) ez di (n) agu (zuek) ez duzue (haiek) ez ditek / diten	naj / nané ma naj / nané tu naj / nané les / la naj / nané amé naj / nané tumé naj / nané len	I do not have you do not have he / she does not have we do not have you do not have , they have not
mek naxano (mec nashano) tuk naxano (tȣc nashano) ojuak naxano (oχuac nashano) buter naxano (bȣter nashano) tuk naxano (tȣc nashano) but naxano (bȣt nashano)	(nik) izanen di (n) at (hik) izanen duk / dun (hark) izanen dik / din (guk) izanen di (n) agu (zuek) izanen duzue (haiek) izanen ditek / diten	ka si ma ka si tu ka si les / la ka si amé ka si tumé ka si len	I will have you will have he / she will have we will have you will have they will have
* Romani of the English “North Central Romani” branch does not quite match the so-called “Central Group (Northern Branch)” in the German-language Wikipedia. The classification in the English Wikipedia is based on different classification criteria. (Note from the translator)

¹ Note that forms like duk (3rd pers-have-2nd pers (male)) are the verbal part, while in Erromintxela tuk is a pronoun.

The negative particle na is fairly distinct in the above forms. Buter , as Baudrimont notes, is the word for "much, many" and is possibly a real pronoun. Kalderash uses accusative pronouns to express possession, but the above forms are more reminiscent of the incorrect grammatical Kalderash dative forms mangé, tuké, léske, léke etc. and perhaps another case of "to be" (since the complete Kalderash paradigm is sim, san, si, si, sam, san / sen, si ) is.

Overall, questions arise regarding the level of communication between Baudrimont and his informants and the quality of (some) of the materials he has collected.

Compound examples

Examples with interlinear versions :

Annotation:

• There is no corresponding entry for the attributive noun in the German language Wikipedia; Perhaps next comes the noun phrase (Chomsky), but it is explained relatively poorly there.
• There is no corresponding entry for the allocative agreement in German-language Wikipedia. see. Allocation

khere-ko	ogaxo-a
House ATTR	Mr. ABS
the master of the house

hire-tzat	goli	kerau-tze-n	di-na-t
your (informally) - BEN	song	mache- NMZ - LOC	ABS . 3SG - PRE DAT - FEM . Allok - ERG . 1SG
I sing for you

xau-a,	goli	keau	za-k,	mol	buterr-ago	aji-n-en	duk
boy- ABS	to sing	make	have- ERG . FAM . MASC	Wine	Rather COMP	have- PFV - FUT	ABS . 3SG -has- ERG . MASC . ALLOK
Boy, sing, you'll have more wine!

txipa	nola	you-to?
Surname	how	ABS . 3SG -has- ERG . 2SG
What's your name?

masa-k	eta	barki-txu-ak	pangu-an	daoz
Meat ABS . PL	and	Sheep DIM - ABS . PL	Meadow- LOC	ABS . 3SG - PRÄS -go- PL
The sheep and the lambs are in the meadow

nire	kera	to-a-ren	pali-an	dao,	themes	obeto-ao	dika-tu-ko	you-to
my	House	your- ABS - GEN	Proximity- LOC	ABS . 3SG - PRÄS - be located	here- OJ	better- COMP	see- PFV - FUT	ABS . 3SG -has- ERG . 2SG
My house is near yours, you can see it better from here

literature

• A. Baudrimont: Vocabulaire de la langue des Bohémiens habitant les Pays Basque Français. (German: Vocabulary of the language of the Gypsies / Bohemia living in the French Basque Country. ) Academie Impérial des Sciences, Bordeaux 1862.
• R. Berraondo: La euskera de los gitanos. (German: The Basque of the Gypsies. ) In: Euskalerriaren Alde - Revista de Cultura Vasca 1921
• D. Macritchie: Accounts Of The Gypsies Of India (German: Reports about the Gypsies of India), 1886, Reprint: New Society Publications, New Delhi 2007, ISBN 978-1-4067-5005-8 .
• F. Michel: Le Pays Basque. (German: The Basque Country. ) Paris 1857.

Web links

• Kalé Dor Kayiko
• Full version of the Erromintxela poem with Basque translation (German: Vollversion des Erromintxela poem with Basque translation)
• Gitano in Spanish Auñamendia Encyclopedia.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Xabier Argüello: Ijito euskaldunen arrastoan. El País 2008.
2. ↑ Ethnologue Sprachen of Spain Retrieved 3 July 2009.
3. ↑ Langues d'Europe et de la Méditerranée (LEM) La langue rromani en Europe Retrieved 3 July 2009.
4. ↑ Nicole Lougarot: bohemians. Gatuzain Argitaletxea 2009, ISBN 2-913842-50-X .
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Lore Agirrezabal: Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera. Argia, San Sebastián 2003.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Unai Brea: Hiretzat goli kherautzen dinat, erromeetako gazi mindroa. Argia, San Sebastián 2008
7. Anyway , a number of authors believe that the name is the Basque rendering of the French name romanichel or romané-michel,
8. ^ ^{A b c d} D. Macritchie: Accounts Of The Gypsies Of India. 1886, (German: Reports on the Gypsies of India. ), Reprint: New Society Publications, New Delhi 2007, ISBN 978-1-4067-5005-8 .
9. ↑ M. Wood: In the Life of a Romany Gypsy. Routledge (publisher) , 1973, ISBN 978-0-7100-7595-6 .
10. ^ Council of Europe "Roma and Travelers Glossary" Retrieved August 9, 2009.
11. ^ I. Hancock: A Glossary of Romani Terms, p. 182. In: W. Weyrauch: Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. University of California Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-520-22186-4 .
12. ^ P. Mérimée: Lettres a Francisque Michel (1848–1870) & Journal de Prosper Mérimée (1860–1868). Librarie Ancienne Honoré Champion, Paris 1930, pp. 118–119.
13. ↑ ^{a b c} Auñamendi Entziklopedia "Diccionario Auñamendi - Gitano" Retrieved 29 July 2009.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Óscar Vizarraga: Erromintxela: notas para una investigación sociolingüística. In: I Tchatchipen. Vol 33, Instituto Romanó , Barcelona 2001.
15. ↑ ^{a b} Plan Vasco para la promoción integral y participación social del pueblo gitano. (German: Basque plan for the integral promotion and social participation of the Gypsy people. ) Basque Government (2005)
16. ↑ P. Urkizu, A. Arkotxa: Jon Mirande Orhoituz - 1972-1997 - Antologia. San Sebastián 1997, ISBN 978-84-7907-227-8 .
17. ^ J. Cazenave: Koldo Izagirre Urreaga. In: Auñamendi Entziklopedia. euskomedia.org Retrieved 19 February 2010.
18. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg} Jon Mirande: Poemak 1950-1966. Erein, San Sebastián 1984.
19. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao} A. Baudrimont: Vocabulaire de la langue des Bohémiens habitant les pays basques français (German: Vocabulary of the language of the Gypsies / Boers who inhabit the French Basque Country. ) Academie Impériale des Sciences, Bordeaux 1862.
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd} Jean-Baptiste Daranatz: Les Bohémiens du Pays Basque. (German: The Gypsies / Bohemians of the Basque Country. ) Eskualdun Ona # 38, September 1906.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm} Federico Krutwig Sagredo: Los gitanos vascos. (German: The Basque Gypsies. ) In: Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos. Volume 31 (1986)
22. ↑ ^{a b} I. Adiego: Un vocabulario español-gitano del Marqués de Sentmenat (1697–1762). Ediciones Universitat de Barcelona 2002, ISBN 84-8338-333-0 .
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay} Resurrección María de Azkue: Diccionario Vasco Español Frances. (German: Basque Spanish French Dictionary. ) 1905, Reprint: Bilbao 1984.
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Mozes Heinschink, Daniel Krasa: Romani word for word. Gibberish 2004.
25. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el} Pierre Lhande: Dictionnaire Basque-Français et Français-Basque. Paris 1926.
26. ↑ Compare Sanskrit kama as in Kama Sutra .
27. ^ Pierre Laffitte: Grammaire Basque Pour Tous. Haize Garbia, Hendaye 1981.
28. ↑ ^{a b} Joxemi Saizar, Mikel Asurmendi: Argota: Hitz-jario ezezagun hori. Argia no.1704, San Sebastián 1999.
29. ↑ ^{a b c d} Koldo Izagirre: Agirre Zaharraren Kartzelaldi Berriak. Elkar 1999, ISBN 84-8331-439-8 .
30. ↑ Koldo Mitxelena: Diccionario General Vasco - Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia VI Dag-Erd. Euskaltzaindia , Bilbao 1992.
31. ↑ Luis Mitxelena: Diccionario General Vasco - Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia VII Ere-Fa. Euskaltzaindia, Bilbao 1992.
32. ↑ Luis Mitxelena: Diccionario General Vasco - Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia VIII Fe-Gub. Euskaltzaindia, Bilbao 1995.
33. ↑ ^{a b} Luis Mitxelena: Diccionario General Vasco - Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia X Jad-Kop. Euskaltzaindia, Bilbao 1997.