Knapweed

Knapweed
	Scabiosa knapweed ( Centaurea scabiosa ), illustration
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Tribe :	Cynareae
Genre :	Knapweed
Scientific name
	Centaurea
	L.

The knapweed ( Centaurea ) constitute a genus within the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The approximately 260 species are mainly found in Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Near East, some species are neophytes in many areas of the world .

description

Illustration of the black knapweed ( Centaurea nigra )

Flower head in detail of the large-headed knapweed ( Centaurea macrocephala )

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 17 of the Solstice Knapweed ( Centaurea solstitialis )

Achenes of Centaurea pullata

Vegetative characteristics

Centaurea species are annual , biennial or usually perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 20 to 300 centimeters, depending on the species.

The alternate leaves are sometimes undivided, but often pinnate.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped inflorescences stand together individually or in large numbers in panicley - umbrella-clusters or panicley - racemose inflorescences . The involucre is spherical, oval, bell-shaped or bowl-shaped. The tile-like overlapping bracts often have a membranous margin and species-specific remote fringed or thorny appendages. The chaff leaves are torn up like bristles.

In the Carduoideae , in contrast to the other subfamilies, only tubular flowers are present; in this genus a few to many per flower head. In many species, the tubular florets at the edge are slightly zygomorphic and enlarged and sterile . The inner tubular flowers are hermaphroditic. The petals are white to yellow or pink to purple in color. The two branches of the style are short.

The sparsely hairy, bald or bald achenes have a toothed or smooth upper edge. The achenes have a durable or early sloping pappus , which is rarely completely absent. The pappus consists of two types of elements; the outer elements are bristle-shaped and usually arranged in only one, usually several rows; the inner elements are short and mostly scale-shaped.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 15.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Centaurea was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 , the type species is Centaurea centaurium L. The botanical genus name Centaurea (from Greek kentaúreion ) goes back to the mythical centaur (Greek kentaur ) Chiron , the one with the cornflower ( Centaurea cyanus ) or the centaur herb ( Centaurea centaurium ) is said to have healed a wound at the foot of the hero Achilles .

Centaurea belongs to the subtribe Centaureinae Dumort. (with about 30 genera) from the tribe Cardueae in the subfamily Carduoideae within the family of Asteraceae . Their scope was already significantly larger, the genera Cheirolophus Cass. (Syn .: Palaeocyanus Dostál ), Cyanus Mill. (25 to 30 species), Phalacrachena Iljin (2 species), Plectocephalus D.Don (4 species), Psephellus Cass. (75 to 80 species) and Rhaponticoides Vaill. (30 species) were separated from Centaurea .

In central Europe to find the most frequently in nature is the Meadow knapweed ( Centaurea jacea ). Scabiosa knapweed ( Centaurea scabiosa ), black knapweed ( Centaurea nigra ), Phrygian knapweed ( Centaurea phrygia ) and other species are also distributed regionally .

About 260 species belong to the genus Centaurea (selection):

Flower heads of Centaurea aeolica

Habit of Centaurea akamantis in the habitat

Centaurea alba flower head

Habit of Centaurea amblensis in the habitat

Centaurea ammocyanus flower head

Centaurea arenaria

Flower head of Centaurea aristata

Centaurea aspera flower head

Centaurea atropurpurea flower head

Habit of Centaurea babylonica

Flower heads of Centaurea babylonica

Benedictine herb ( Centaurea benedicta )

Centaurea cachinalensis flower head

Star knapweed ( Centaurea calcitrapa )

Flower heads of Centaurea chilensis

Habit, leaves and flower heads of Centaurea chrysantha

Flower head of Centaurea crocodylium

Centaurea dichroantha flower head

Bulky knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa )

Centaurea diluta flower head

Centaurea eriophora flower head

Flower head of Centaurea galicicae

Centaurea horrida

Centaurea hyalolepis

Centaurea incompta

Meadow knapweed ( Centaurea jacea )

Centaurea kotschyana

Centaurea kunkelii

Centaurea kurdica

Centaurea limbata flower head

Centaurea linifolia

Large-headed knapweed ( Centaurea macrocephala )

Malta knapweed ( Centaurea melitensis )

Flower head of Centaurea napifolia

Centaurea nevadensis

Black knapweed ( Centaurea nigra )

Centaurea orientalis flower head

Centaurea ornata subsp. ornata

Wig knapweed ( Centaurea phrygia subsp. Pseudophrygia )

Flower head of Centaurea pullata

Centaurea pulvinata flower head

Dwarf knapweed ( Centaurea pumilio )

Ragusa knapweed ( Centaurea ragusina )

Radish-like knapweed ( Centaurea raphanina )

Centaurea regia subsp. cynarocephala

Centaurea rupestris subsp. kozanii

Centaurea salicifolia flower head

Split knapweed ( Centaurea salonitana )

Centaurea saxicola

Scabiosa knapweed ( Centaurea scabiosa )

Solstice knapweed ( Centaurea solstitialis )

Centaurea soskae

Globular knapweed ( Centaurea sphaerocephala )

Panicle knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe )

Sicilian star knapweed ( Centaurea sulphurea )

Centaurea tauromenitana

Single-headed knapweed ( Centaurea uniflora )

Centaurea verutum

Centaurea acarnanica (Matthäs) Greuter : It occurs only in Greece .
Centaurea acaulis L .: It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia .
Centaurea achaia Boiss. & Hero. : It only occurs in Greece.
Centaurea acicularis Sm .: It occurs in Turkey and on the islands of the Aegean Sea.
Centaurea acutangula Boiss. & Reut.
Agäis knapweed ( Centaurea aegialophila Wagenitz , Syn .: Aegialophila cretica Boiss. & Heldr. , Crocodylium creticum ( Boiss. & Heldr. ) N. García & Susanna ): It occurs in Turkey, Egypt , Cyprus and Crete .
Centaurea aegyptiaca L.
Centaurea aemulans Klokov
Centaurea aeolica cast. ex Lojac. : It occurs in Italy and Sicily .
Centaurea aetaliae (Sommier) Bég. : It only occurs in Italy.
Centaurea aetolica Phitos & T. Georgiadis : It occurs only in Greece.

Centaurea affinis Friv. : It occurs in numerous subspecies in Serbia , Albania , Greece, North Macedonia , Bulgaria , Romania and Turkey.

Centaurea africana Lam.

Centaurea aggregata fish. & CAMey. ex DC.

Centaurea ahverdovii Gabrieljan : It occurs only in Armenia .

Centaurea ainetensis Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Lebanon .

Centaurea akamantis T. Georgiadis & Hadjik. : This endemic occurs only in Cyprus.

Centaurea aksoyi Hamzaoğlu & Budak : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea aladaghensis Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea alaica Ilyin

Centaurea alba L .: It occurs in numerous subspecies on the Iberian Peninsula .

Centaurea albanica Halácsy : It occurs only in Greece.

Centaurea albertii Rexhepi : This endemic occurs only in Serbia.

Centaurea albinervis Parsa

Centaurea albonitens Turrill (Syn .: Centaurea carthamoides (DC.) Sch.Bip. ): It occurs from southeastern Turkey to western Iran .

Centaurea alexandrina Delile : It occurs in Libya and Egypt.

Centaurea alibeyana Font Quer & Pau : It occurs only in Morocco.

Centaurea alveicola Rech.f.

Centaurea amadanensis Sch.Bip.

Centaurea amaena Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea amasiensis Bornm.

Centaurea ambigua cast. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea amblensis Graells : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula.

Centaurea ammocyanus Boiss.

Centaurea amourensis pomel

Centaurea amplifolia Boiss. & Hero.

Centaurea andresiana Fern.Casas & Susanna

Centaurea andresii López Pach.

Centaurea androssovii Ilyin

Centaurea antalyensis H.Duman & A.Duran : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea antennata Dufour : It occurs only in Spain .

Centaurea anthemifolia Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea antiochia Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea antitauri Hayek : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea aphrodisea Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea aplolepa Moretti : It occurs in numerous subspecies only in Italy.

Centaurea appendicata Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine .

Centaurea arabica Velen.

Centaurea arachnoidea Viv.

Centaurea arenaria M.Bieb. ex Willd.

Centaurea argentea L .: It occurs in Greece and Crete.

Centaurea argyrophylla eight. & Lindtner

Centaurea arifolia Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.

Centaurea aristata Hoffmanns. & Link : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal , Spain and Andorra .

Centaurea armena Boiss. : It occurs in Armenia and Turkey.

Centaurea arrectispina Bertol.

Centaurea arrigonii Greuter : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea ascalonica Bornm. : It occurs in Israel and Jordan .

Centaurea aspera L .: It isnaturally widespreadfrom Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily ) through France and the Iberian Peninsula and on the Balearic Islands to Morocco . In some areas of Europe it is a neophyte .

Centaurea asperula Halácsy

Centaurea aspromontana Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp. : This endemic occurs only in a small area in Italy.

Centaurea atacamensis (Rich) IMJohnst. : It occurs in Chile .

Centaurea athoa DC. : It occurs in two subspecies in Greece and Turkey.

Centaurea atlantica Pomel : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea atlantis Maire & Weiller : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea atropurpurea Olivier : It occurs only in Greece.

Centaurea attica Nyman : It occurs in Albania and Greece.

Centaurea aucheri (DC.) Wagenitz

Centaurea aurea Dryand. ex Aiton

Centaurea auricularis Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea austroanatolica Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea austromaroccana (Förther & Podlech) Gómiz

Centaurea avilae Pau : It occurs only in Spain.

Centaurea aziziana Rech. F.

Centaurea babylonica (L.) L .: It occurs in Syria, Lebanon and Turkey.

Centaurea bachtiarica Hayek & Bornm. :

Centaurea Barcinonensis Sennen

Centaurea baseri Köse & Alan : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea behen L.

Centaurea × beltranii (Pau) Blanca

Benedictine herb ( Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. , Syn. Cnicus benedictus L. ): It is native to the Mediterranean region through Southwest Asia and the Caucasus and Central Asia ( Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ) to Russia , Afghanistan , in the autonomous region Xinjiang only distributed in Tian Shan and northern Pakistan . It is a neophyte in many areas of the world.

Centaurea Betteriana DC. : It occurs in Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova.

Centaurea bethurica E. Lopez & Devesa : It was first described in 2008 and occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea biebersteinii DC.

Centaurea bimorpha Viv. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and on the Sinai Peninsula .

Centaurea biokovensis Teyber : It occurs in Croatia and Crete .

Centaurea blancheana Mouterde : It occurs in Syria.

Centaurea boissieri DC. : It occurs in several subspecies in Morocco and Spain.

Centaurea bombycina Boiss. ex DC. : It occurs in two subspecies only in Spain.

Centaurea borbasii J. Wagner

Centaurea Bordzilowski Lonacz

Centaurea borjae Valdés Berm. & Rivas Goday : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea bornmuelleri Hausskn.

Centaurea borysthenica Gruner : It occurs in Hungary , Serbia , Romania and the Ukraine.

Centaurea × bourlieri Maire

Centaurea bovina Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.

Centaurea breviceps Ilyin : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea bridgesii S.Moore

Centaurea bruguieriana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.

Centaurea brulla Greuter (Syn .: Centaurea apula Bianco & Brullo non Lam. ): It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea brunnea (Halácsy) Halácsy : It occurs in Serbia and Greece.

Centaurea bugellensis (Soldano) Soldano : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea bulbosa Hook. & Arn.

Centaurea busambarensis cast. : This endemic occurs only in Sicily .

Centaurea cachinalensis Phil .: It occurs in Chile from region II to IV.

Centaurea cadmea Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea calabra G. Caruso, SAGiardina, Raimondo & Spadaro : It occurs in Italy.

Star knapweed ( Centaurea calcitrapa L. )

Centaurea caliacrae Prodan : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea calocephala Willd. : It occurs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea calolepis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea calva Ledeb. ex DC.

Centaurea camelorum Velen.

Centaurea cana Sm.

Centaurea cankiriensis A.Duran & H.Duman : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea capillata L.

Centaurea caprina Steven : It occurs in Ukraine, Moldova and in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea carduiformis DC.

Centaurea cariensiformis Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea cariensis Boiss. : It occurs in several subspecies in Turkey and on Aegean islands.

Centaurea caroli-henrici Gabrieljan & Dittrich : It only occurs in Armenia .

Centaurea carolipauana Fern.Casas & Susanna : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea carratracensis Lange : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea carrissoi Rothm.

Centaurea carystea Trigas & Constantin. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea caspia Grossh. : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and the Caucasus region.

Centaurea cassia Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.

Centaurea castellana Boiss. : It occurs in Spain, Andorra and Portugal.

Centaurea castellanoides Talavera : It occurs in three subspecies only in Spain.

Centaurea castriferrei Borbás & Waisb.

Centaurea cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea cavanillesiana Graells : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea × ceballosii Fern.Casas = Centaurea scabiosa Sadler × Centaurea toletana Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea centauroides L .: It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea × cephalariseptimae Fern.Casas & Susanna = Centaurea legionis-septimae Fern.Casas & Susanna × Centaurea scabiosa subsp. cephalariifolia (Willk.) Greuter : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea ceratophylla Ten. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea chalcidicaea Hayek : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea chaldaeorum Nábělek : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea charrelii Halácsy & Dörfl. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea chartolepis Greuter (Syn .: Chartolepis intermedia Boiss. )

Centaurea cheirolepidoides Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea cheirolopha (Fenzl) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.

Centaurea chilensis Bertero ex Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in Chile from region IV to VIII.

Centaurea chrysantha Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea chrysocephala Phitos & T.Georgiadis : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea chrysolepis Vis. : It occurs in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Bulgaria.

Centaurea cineraria L .: It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea circassica (Albov) Sosn.

Centaurea cithaeronea Phitos & Constantin. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea citricolor Font Quer : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea clementei Boiss. ex DC. : It occurs in Morocco and Spain.

Centaurea codringtonii Rech. F.

Centaurea collina L .: It occurs in Portugal, Spain, Italy, France and Ibiza.

Centaurea comperiana Steven

Centaurea conocephala Bolle : This endemic only occurs in Tenerife .

Centaurea consanguinea DC. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea corbariensis Sennen

Centaurea corcubionensis M. Laínz : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea cordubensis Font Quer : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea corensis Vals. & Filigh. : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .

Centaurea corinthiaca Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea coronata Lamy

Centaurea corymbosa Pourr. : It occurs in France.

Centaurea coutinhoi Franco : It occurs only in Portugal.

Centaurea cristata Bartl. : It occurs in Slovenia, Italy, Croatia and Montenegro.

Centaurea crithmifolia Vis. : It occurs only in Croatia.

Centaurea croatica J. Wagner & Degen

Centaurea crocata Franco : It occurs only in Portugal.

Centaurea crocodylium L. (Syn .: Crocodylium syriacum Cass. ): It occurs in Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.

Centaurea cuneifolia Sm .: It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, in Romania and in European and Asian Turkey.

Centaurea cuspidata Vis. : It occurs in Croatia.

Centaurea cyanifolia K. Koch

Centaurea cylindrocephala Bornm.

Centaurea cyprensis (Holub) T. Georgiadis : This endemic only occurs in Cyprus .

Centaurea cyrenaica Bég. & Vacc. : It occurs in Libya.

Centaurea damascena Boiss. : It occurs in Israel, Jordan, Syria and on the Sinai Peninsula.

Centaurea daralagoezica (Fomin) Greuter : It occurs in Nakhchivan and in Armenia.

Centaurea davisii Wagenitz

Centaurea debdouensis Breitw. & Podlech : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea debeauxii Godr. & Gren. : It occurs in Spain and France.

Centaurea decipiens Thuill. : It occurs in Spain, Andorra, Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway and is a neophyte in Corsica.

Centaurea decurrens DC.

Centaurea deflexa Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea degeniana J. Wagner

Centaurea delbesiana Arènes

Centaurea delicatula Breitw. & Podlech : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea delucae C. Guarino & Rampone : It was first described from Italy in 2006.

Centaurea demetrii Dumbadze : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea demirizii Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea derderiifolia Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea derventana Vis. & Pančić : It occurs in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina .

Burnt knapweed ( Centaurea deusta Ten. ): It occurs in Switzerland , Italy, Sicily, Malta , Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea deustiformis Adamović : It occurs in Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea dhofarica Baker

Centaurea dianthoides J.Rémy

Centaurea dichroa Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea dichroantha A. Kern. : It occurs in Italy and Slovenia.

Bulky knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa Lam. ): It is widespread from Eastern and Southeastern Europe via Turkey to the Caucasus.

Centaurea diluta Aiton : It is originally found in Morocco, Algeria and Spain.

Centaurea dimorpha Viv.

Centaurea diomedea Gasp. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea djebel-amouri Greuter : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea doddsii Post ex Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea donetzica Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea × doumerguei Faure & Maire

Centaurea drabifolia Sm.

Centaurea drabifolioides Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea dschungarica C.Shih

Centaurea dubia S.G. Gmel.

Centaurea dubjanskyi Iljin : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea ducellieri Batt. & Trot. : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea dumulosa Boiss. : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.

Centaurea durieui Lojac.

Centaurea dursunbeyensis Uysal & Köse : It was first described from Turkey in 2009.

Centaurea duvauxii Batt.

Centaurea equal hero dr. ex S.Moore : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea edith-mariae Radić : It occurs only in Croatia.

Centaurea elata Poir.

Centaurea elazigensis Kaya & Vural : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea elegantissima Bornm.

Centaurea eliasii Sennen & Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea emigrantis Bubani : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea emporitana Vayr. ex Hayek

Centaurea endressii Hochst. & Steud. ex Lamotte

Centaurea ensiformis P.H.Davis : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea epapposa Velen. : It occurs in Serbia and Bulgaria.

Centaurea eriophora L .: It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain and Israel.

Centaurea ertugruliana Uysal : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea erycina Raimondo & Bancheva : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea eryngioides Lam.

Centaurea × esguevana Fern.Alonso & Fern.Casas = Centaurea vinyalsii Sennen subsp. approximata (Rouy) Dostál × Centaurea castellana Boiss. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea euboica Rech. F. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea euxina Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria.

Centaurea exarata Boiss. ex Coss. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea feichtingeri J Wagner

Centaurea fenzlii Reichardt : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea ferox Desf. : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea filiformis Viv. : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .

Centaurea finazzeri Adamović : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea fischeri Willd.

Centaurea floccosa Hook. & Arn.

Centaurea flosculosa Willd. : It occurs in France and Switzerland and also used to occur in Italy.

Centaurea foliosa Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea formanekii Halácsy : It occurs in Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea foucauldiana Maire : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea foveolata Blakelock

Centaurea fragilis Durieu : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea fraylensis Sch.Bip. ex Nyman

Centaurea friderici Vis. : It occurs only in Croatia.

Centaurea furfuracea Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.

Centaurea fusiformis Blakelock

Centaurea gabrieliae (Bornm.) Wagenitz

Centaurea gabrielis-blancae Fern.Casas

Centaurea gabrieljanae Greuter (Syn .: Chartolepis biebersteinii Jaub. & Spach )

Centaurea gadorensis Blanca : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea galactochroa Rech. F.

Centaurea galicicae Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea gallaecica (M.Laínz) Arnelas & Devesa : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea gattefossei Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea gaubae (Bornm.) Wagenitz

Centaurea gayana J. Remy

Centaurea geluensis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.

Centaurea genesii-lopezii Fern.Casas & Susanna : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea gentyi Thiébaut

Centaurea gerberi Steven : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea gerhardii M.V.Agab.

Centaurea ghahremanii Wagenitz & Esfand.

Centaurea giardinae Raimondo & Spadaro : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea gigantea Sch.Bip. ex Boiss.

Centaurea gilanica Bornm.

Centaurea glaberrima exchange : It occurs in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro .

Centaurea glabroauriculata Uysal & Demirelma : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea glaphyrocephala Nábělek

Centaurea glastifolia L.

Centaurea globurensis Nyár.

Centaurea glomerata Vahl : It occurs in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.

Centaurea gloriosa Radić : It occurs in Croatia.

Centaurea golestanica Akhani & Wagenitz

Centaurea gontscharovii Ilyin

Centaurea × grabowskiana J Wagner

Centaurea gracilenta Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea graeca Griseb. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea granatensis Boiss. ex DC. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea grbavacensis (Rohlena) Stoj. & Eight. : It occurs in North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea greuteri E. Gamal-Eldin & Wagenitz : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea grisebachii (Nyman) Heldr. : It occurs in four subspecies in Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea × grosii font cross

Centaurea guarensis J.M. Monts.

Centaurea gubanovii camel

Centaurea gudrunensis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.

Centaurea gueryi Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea gulissashwilii Dumbadze : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Georgia.

Centaurea gussonei Raimondo & Spadaro : It was first described in 2007 from Sicily.

Centaurea gymnocarpa Moris & De Not. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea hadacii Wagenitz

Centaurea haenseleri (Boiss.) Boiss. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea hajastana Tzvelev

Centaurea hakkariensis Wagenitz : It occurs in the Asian part of Turkey.

Centaurea halacsyi Dörfl.

Centaurea halophila Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea handelii Wagenitz

Centaurea hanrii Jord. : It occurs in four subspecies in Spain and France.

Centaurea haradijanii Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea haussknechtii Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea haynaldii Borbás ex Vuk.

Centaurea haynaldiiformis Prodan : It occurs only in Romania.

Centaurea heldreichii Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea helenioides Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea hemiptera Borbás

Centaurea heratensis Rech. F. & Köie ex Rech. F.

Centaurea herbichii Janka

Centaurea hermannii F. Herm. : It occurs in European and Asian Turkey.

Centaurea herminii Rouy : It occurs in two subspecies only in Portugal.

Centaurea heterocarpa Boiss. & Gaill. ex Boiss. & Gaill. : It only occurs in Lebanon.

Centaurea hierapolitana Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea Hohenackeri Steven

Centaurea hololeuca Boiss. : It occurs in Lebanon and Syria.

Centaurea holophylla Soczava & Lipatova

Centaurea homoeoscevos Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea horrida Badarò : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .

Centaurea huljakii J Wagner : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea hurtadoi Blanca

Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss.

Centaurea hybrida All.

Centaurea hyrcanica Bornm.

Centaurea hyssopifolia Vahl : It occurs in Spain.

Spanish knapweed ( Centaurea iberica Trevir. Ex Spreng. ): It is widespread from Southern and Eastern Europe to Southwest Asia and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, northwestern Xinjiang ), Russia, Afghanistan, Kashmir and Pakistan.

Centaurea idaea Boiss. & Hero. : This endemic occurs only in Crete .

Centaurea iljinii Czerniak.

Centaurea illapelina Phil.

Centaurea ilvensis (Sommier) Arrigoni : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea immanuelis-loewii sword : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.

Centaurea imperialis Hausskn. ex Bornm.

Centaurea incompleta Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea incompta Vis. : It occurs in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.

Centaurea inermis Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria and in the European and Asian parts of Turkey.

Centaurea inexpectata Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea infestans Durieu : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea integrans (Fiori) Prain : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea intricata Boiss.

Centaurea involucrata Desf. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Spain.

Centaurea ionica Brullo : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea ipecensis Rech. F. : It occurs in Serbia and in Montenegro .

Centaurea iranshahrii Wagenitz & Esfand.

Centaurea irritans Wagenitz

Centaurea isaurica Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea ispahanica Boiss.

Meadow knapweed ( Centaurea jacea L. ) There are numerous subspecies.

Centaurea jaennensis Degen & Debeaux : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea janeri Graells : The two subspecies occur only in Spain.

Centaurea jankae D.Brândză Brândză : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea jankana Simonk. : It occurs in Serbia and Romania.

Centaurea japygica (Lacaita) Brullo : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea jeffreyana Mesfin

Centaurea jimenezii (Molero) Sánchez-Gómez, MACarrión & A.Hern.

Centaurea johnseniana Kit Tan & Strid : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea jordaniana Gren. & Godr. : It occurs in four subspecies in France.

Centaurea josiae Humbert : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea joviniana Sennen & Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea jurineifolia Boiss. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea kachetica (Rehmann ex Boiss.) Gugler

Centaurea kalambakensis Freyn & Sint. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea kandavanensis Wagenitz

Centaurea kanitziana Janka ex D.Brândză : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea kartschiana Scop. : It occurs in six subspecies in Italy and Croatia.

Centaurea kavadarensis Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea kaynakiae Daşkin & Yılmaz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea kemulariae Dumbadze

Centaurea kerneriana Janka : It occurs only in Bulgaria.

Centaurea kilaea Boiss. : It occurs in European and Asian Turkey.

Centaurea kizildaghensis Uzunh. & al. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea kochiana (Holub) Greuter : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea koeieana Bornm.

Centaurea kolczyginii Kalen.

Centaurea konkae Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea kopetdaghensis Ilyin

Centaurea kosaninii Hayek : It occurs in Serbia, Albania and North Macedonia.

Centaurea kotschyana Heuff. : It occurs in Albania, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Ukraine.

Centaurea kotschyi (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek

Centaurea kozjakensis Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea kryloviana Sergievsk.

Centaurea kubanica Klokov

Centaurea kultiassovii Ilyin

Centaurea kunkelii N.Garcia : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea kurdica Reichardt : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea kusanii Radić : It occurs in Croatia.

Centaurea lacerata (Hausskn.) Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea lachnopus Rech. F.

Centaurea laconica Boiss. : It occurs in two subspecies in Greece.

Centaurea lactiflora Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea lactucifolia Boiss. : It occurs on the islands of the Aegean Sea.

Centaurea lagascana Graells : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea lainzii Fern.Casas : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea lancifolia Sieber ex Spreng. : This endemic occurs only in Crete.

Centaurea langei Nyman : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea lanulata Eig : It occurs in Jordan, Israel and on the Sinai Peninsula.

Centaurea lasiopoda Popov & Kult.

Centaurea laureotica hero Dr. ex Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea lavrenkoana Klokov : It occurs in the Ukraine and in the Caucasus.

Centaurea laxa Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn.

Centaurea legionis-septimae Fern.Casas & Susanna : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea leonidia Kalpoutz. & Constantin. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea leptophylla (K. Koch) Tchich. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea leucadea Lacaita : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea leucomalla Bornm. : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea leucomelaena Hayek : It occurs only in Albania.

Centaurea leucophaea Jord. : It occurs in six subspecies in Spain, Italy and France.

Centaurea limbata Hoffmanns. & Link : It occurs in two subspecies in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea linifolia L .: It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea litardierei Jahand. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea litigiosa (Fiori) Arrigoni : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea litochorea T. Georgiadis & Phitos : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea livonica Weinm.

Centaurea longifimbriata Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea longipedunculata Sch.Bip. ex Boiss.

Centaurea longispina (Post) Wagenitz : It occurs in Syria.

Centaurea losana Pau

Centaurea loscosii Willk.

Centaurea luristanica Rech. F.

Centaurea luschaniana Heimerl ex Stapf : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea lycaonica Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea lycia Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea lycopifolia Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea lydia Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea lyrata Soland.

Centaurea macedonica Boiss. : It occurs in Albania, Greece and European Turkey.

Large-headed knapweed , giant knapweed ( Centaurea macrocephala Muss.Puschk. Ex Willd. )

Centaurea macroptilon Borbás : It occurs in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Czech Republic , Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea magistrorum Arrigoni & Camarda : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .

Centaurea magocsyana J Wagner

Centaurea maireana Emb .: It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea mairei Faure

Centaurea majorovii Dumbadze : It occurs in Belarus , Ukraine and European Russia.

Centaurea malinvaldiana Batt. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea mannagettae Podp. : It occurs in Serbia and Bulgaria.

Centaurea marashica Uzunh. & al. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea margaritacea Ten. : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea margaritalba Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea mariana Nyman : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea marmorea Bornm. & Soska : It occurs in North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea maroccana Ball : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and in Spain.

Centaurea mayeri Radić : It occurs in Croatia.

Centaurea melanocephala Pančić : It occurs in Albania and Serbia.

Centaurea melanosticta (Lange) Franco : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Malta knapweed ( Centaurea melitensis L. )

Centaurea mesopotamica Bornm.

Centaurea messenicolasiana T. Georgiadis , Dimitrellos & Routsi

Centaurea micevskii Greuter : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea micracantha Dufour : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea micrantha Hoffmanns. & Link : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea microcarpa Coss. & Durieu ex Batt. & Trot. : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea microcephala Benth. & Hook. f.

Centaurea microcnicus Reese & Sam. ex Rech. f.

Centaurea microlonchoides Boiss.

Centaurea microptilon (Godr.) Godr. & Gren. : It occurs in Spain, France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Centaurea modesti Fed.

Centaurea molesworthiae E. López & al. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea monacantha E.D. Clarke

Centaurea monocephala J. Remy

Centaurea monodii Arènes

Centaurea monticola Boiss. ex DC. : It occurs in two subspecies in Morocco and Spain.

Centaurea montis-borlae Soldano : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea mouterdei Wagenitz : It only occurs in Lebanon.

Centaurea movlavia Parsa

Centaurea mucurensis Teyber : It occurs only in Croatia.

Centaurea murbeckii Hayek : This endemic occurs only in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Centaurea musakii T.Georgiadis : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea musarum Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea musimomum Maire : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea mutabilis St.-Amans

Centaurea nana Desf. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea napifolia L .: It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Italy, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily.

Centaurea napulifera Rochel

Centaurea neicevii Degen & J.Wagner in Neytcheff : It occurs in Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea nemecii Nábělek

Feathery knapweed ( Centaurea nervosa Willd. ): It thrives in the Alps , Apennines , the Carpathians and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula .

Centaurea nevadensis Boiss. & Reut. : It only occurs in Spain.

Centaurea nicolai Soon. : It occurs in Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania.

Centaurea Niederi Heldr. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea nigerica Hutch.

Black knapweed ( Centaurea nigra L. , Syn .: Centaurea nemoralis Jord. )

Blackish knapweed ( Centaurea nigrescens Willd. ): There are numerous subspecies.

Centaurea nitens M.Bieb.

Centaurea nivea (Bornm.) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea nobilis (H.Groves) Brullo : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea × nouelii Franch. ex HJCoste

Centaurea × numantina A. Segura

Centaurea nydeggeri Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea obtusifolia (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea obtusiloba Batt. : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea occasus Fern.Casas : It occurs only in Portugal.

Centaurea ochrocephala Wagenitz

Centaurea odessana Prodan : It occurs in Romania, Ukraine and in the Caucasus.

Centaurea odorata Burm. f.

Centaurea odyssei Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea ognjanoffii Urum. : It occurs in Serbia and Bulgaria.

Centaurea oltensis Sosn. : It occurs in Turkey and Nakhchivan .

Centaurea olympica (DC.) K. Koch

Centaurea omphalodes (Benth. & Hook. F.) Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.

Centaurea omphalotricha Coss. & Durieu ex Batt. & Trot.

Centaurea onopordifolia Boiss. : It occurs in Syria and Lebanon.

Centaurea oranensis Greuter & MVAgab. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea orientalis L .: It occurs in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Serbia, the Caucasus, Georgia and the Ukraine.

Centaurea oriolii-bolosii Fern.Casas : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea ornata Willd. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea orphanidea hero Dr. & Sart. ex Boiss. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea oscensis (E. López & Devesa) Raab-Straube & Greuter : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea ossaea Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea ovina Pall. ex Willd.

Centaurea oxylepis (Wimm. & Grab.) Hayek

Centaurea pabotii Wagenitz

Centaurea paczoskii Kotov ex Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea palaestinica Czerep.

Centaurea pallescens Delile

Centaurea pamphylica Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea pangea Greuter & Papan. : It occurs in Greece.

Panicle knapweed ( Centaurea paniculata L. ): There are several subspecies found in Spain, France and Italy.

Centaurea pannonica (Heuff.) Hayek

Centaurea panormitana Lojac. : The five subspecies occur only in Sicily.

Centaurea paphlagonica (Bornm.) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea papposa (Coss.) Greuter : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea paradoxa Mozaff.

Centaurea parilica Stoj. & Stef. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.

Centaurea parlatoris hero Dr. : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea parviflora Desf. : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea patula DC. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea paui Loscos ex Willk. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea paulini Maire & Sennen : It was first described from Morocco.

Centaurea pauneroi Talavera & JMMuñoz : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea pawlowskii Phitos & Damboldt : It occurs in Greece and North Macedonia.

Centaurea paxorum Phitos & T. Georgiadis : It occurs in Greece.

Comb-like knapweed ( Centaurea pectinata L. ): It occurs in three subspecies in Spain and France.

Centaurea pelia DC. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea pellucida Rech. F.

Centaurea pentadactyli Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea peregrina L.

Centaurea perrottetii DC.

Centaurea persica Boiss.

Centaurea pestalotii De Not. ex Ces. : It occurs in Italy and Croatia.

Centaurea pestalozzae Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea × petri-montserratii A. Segura

Centaurea peucedanifolia Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea phaeolepis Coss. : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea phlomoides Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn.

Phrygian knapweed ( Centaurea phrygia L. ): There are numerous subspecies, for example:

Wig Knapweed ( Centaurea phrygia subsp. Pseudophrygia (Camey.) Gugler , Syn .: Centaurea pseudophrygia C.A.Meyer )
Schmalschuppige knapweed ( Centaurea phrygia subsp. Stenolepis (A.Kerner) Gugler , Syn .: Centaurea stenolepis A.Kerner )

Centaurea phyllopoda Ilyin

Centaurea pinae Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea pineticola Ilyin : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea pinetorum Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea pinnata Pau ex Vicioso : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea poculatoris Greuter : This endemic occurs only in Crete.

Centaurea podospermifolia Loscos & J.Pardo : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea poeltiana Puntillo

Centaurea polyclada DC. : It occurs in Turkey and on Aegean islands.

Centaurea polymorpha Lag . : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea polyphylla Ledeb. ex north m. : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea polypodiifolia Boiss.

Centaurea pomeliana Batt. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Centaurea pontica Prodan & Nyár. : It only occurs in Romania.

Centaurea postii Boiss. : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula.

Centaurea pouzinii DC.

Centaurea praecox olive. & Here

Centaurea × pratensis Thuill.

Centaurea prespana Rech. F. : It occurs in Albania and Greece.

Centaurea princeps Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea procurrens Sieber ex Spreng. : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and the Sinai Peninsula .

Centaurea prolongi Boiss.

Centaurea prolongoi Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea protogerberi Klokov : It occurs in the Ukraine and in the Caucasus.

Centaurea protomargaritacea Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea pseudorhenana Gugler

Centaurea pseudobovina Hayek ex Stoj. & Stef.

Centaurea pseudocadmea Wagenitz : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea pseudohemiptera J. Wagner

Centaurea pseudokotschyi Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea pseudoleucolepis Cleopov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea pseudomaculosa Dobrocz.

Centaurea pseudoreflexa Hayek : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea pseudoscabiosa Boiss. & Buhse

Centaurea pseudosinaica Czerep.

Centaurea pseudospinulosa Borbás

Centaurea pseudreflexa Hayek

Centaurea psilacantha Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea ptarmicifolia Hayek : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea ptarmicoides Halácsy

Centaurea pterocaula Trautv.

Centaurea ptosimopappa Hayek : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.

Centaurea ptosimopappoides Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea pubescens Willd. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea pugioniformis Nyár.

Centaurea pulchella Ledeb. : It is common in Mongolia , northern Xinjiang , Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Southwest Asia .: It is from southern and eastern Europe to Southwest Asia and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan , northwestern Xinjiang ), Russia, Afghanistan, Kashmir and Pakistan are widespread.

Brownish knapweed ( Centaurea pullata L. ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar and France.

Centaurea pulvinata (Blanca) Blanca : It occurs in Spain.

Dwarf knapweed ( Centaurea pumilio L. , Syn .: Aegialophila pumilio ( L. ) Boiss. , Crocodylium pumilio (L.) N. García & Susanna ): It is widespread in Italy, Libya , Greece , Palestine and Egypt .

Centaurea pungens pomel

Centaurea pusilla Thuill. ex pers.

Centaurea radichii Plazibat : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.

Ragusa knapweed ( Centaurea ragusina L. ): This endemic occurs only in Croatia .

Centaurea ranensis Wagenitz

Radish-like knapweed ( Centaurea raphanina Sm. ): It occurs in Greece and on the Aegean islands with Crete . With several subspecies including:

Centaurea raphanina Sm. Subsp. raphanina , which is only found in Crete and Karpathos .

Centaurea razdorskyi Karjagin ex Sosn.

Centaurea rechingeri Phitos : It occurs in Greece and on the islands of the Aegean Sea.

Centaurea redempta hero Dr. : It occurs in two subspecies in Greece and Crete.

Centaurea reducta Wagenitz : It occurs only in Syria.

Centaurea reflexa Lam.

Centaurea regia Boiss.

Centaureareichenbachii DC. : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea × renati N. Garcia & Susanna

Centaurea resupinata Coss. : It occurs in ten subspecies in Morocco, Algeria, Spain and Tunisia.

Centaurea rhaetica Moritzi : It occurs in Switzerland and Italy.

Centaurea rhizantha C.A.Mey.

Centaurea rhizanthoides Tzvelev : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Georgia.

Centaurea rhizocalathium (K.Koch) Tchich. : It occurs in Turkey and Armenia.

Centaurea riaeana (Rchb. F.) Sennen

Centaurea richteriana J. Wagner

Centaurea rigescens Hornem.

Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol.

Centaurea ropalon Pomel : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Centaurea rothmaleriana (Arènes) Dostál : It occurs only in Portugal.

Centaurea rouyi Coincy : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea rufidula Bornm. : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea rumelica Boiss. : It occurs in North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Romania.

Centaurea rupestris L .: It occurs in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro.

Centaurea rutifolia Sm . : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.

Centaurea saccensis Raimondo & al. : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea sagredoi Blanca : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea sakarensis Bancheva & Raimondo : It occurs in Bulgaria.

Centaurea salicifolia M.Bieb.

Centaurea saligna (K. Koch) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Split knapweed ( Centaurea salonitana Vis. )

Centaurea samothracica Strid & Kit Tan : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea × sanctae-barbarae Mateo & MBCrespo

Centaurea × santamariae Font Quer ex N. Garcia & Susanna

Centaurea sarandinakiae N.B. Illar. : It occurs in Ukraine and in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea sarfattiana Brullo, Gangale & Uzunov : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea savranica Klokov

Centaurea saxicola Lag.

Centaurea saxifraga Coincy : It occurs in Spain.

Scabiosa knapweed ( Centaurea scabiosa L. )

Centaurea scannensis number. & al. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea schimperi DC.

Centaurea schmidii Wagenitz

Centaurea schousboei Lange : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Centaurea scillae Brullo : It occurs in Italy.

Centaurea sclerolepis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea scoparia Sieber ex Spreng.

Centaurea scopulorum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea scripczinskyi Mikheev : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea segariensis Figuerola & al. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea × segimonensis Fern.Casas = Centaurea granatensis Boiss. ex DC. × Centaurea gabrielis-blancae Fern.Casas

Centaurea semijusta Juz. : It occurs in Ukraine .

Centaurea senegalensis DC. : It was first described from tropical Africa.

Centaurea sennenii Pau ex Sennen

Centaurea sergii Klokov

Centaurea sericea Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea seridis L .: It occurs in four subspecies in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, the Balearic Islands, Gibraltar, France, Italy, Sicily, Albania, Greece and is a neophyte in Madeira.

Centaurea serratula Arv.-Touv.

Centaurea serrulata Bellardi ex Colla

Centaurea setosa Cav.

Centaurea shouilea Parsa

Centaurea sicana Raimondo & Spadaro : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea sicula L .: It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Malta.

Centaurea see ana Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea simonescui J. Wagner & Prodan

Centaurea simonkaiana Hayek

Centaurea simplicaulis Boiss. & Huet

Centaurea simulans Wagenitz : It occurs in Syria.

Centaurea sinaica DC.

Centaurea sintenisiana Gand.

Centaurea sipylea Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea sirdjanica Parsa

Centaurea sivasica Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea skopjensis Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Solstice knapweed ( Centaurea solstitialis L. )

Centaurea sophiae Klokov : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Centaurea soskae Hayek ex Košanin : It occurs in Albania and in North Macedonia.

Centaurea speciosa Boiss. : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.

Centaurea spectabilis (Fish. & CAMey.) Sch.Bip.

Globular knapweed ( Centaurea sphaerocephala L. ): With four subspecies.

Centaurea spicata Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Syria.

Centaurea spinosa L.

Centaurea spinosociliata Seenus : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.

Shiny knapweed Centaurea splendens L.

Centaurea spruneri Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs with several subspecies in Albania, Greece and Crete, including:

Centaurea spruneri subsp. guicciardii ( Boiss. ) Hayek

Centaurea stapfiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea stellata Bellardi ex Colla

Centaurea stereophylla Better : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Moldova and Ukraine.

Centaurea sterilis Steven : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea steveniana Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.

Centaurea stevenii M.Bieb. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Georgia.

Panicle knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe Tausch , Syn .: Centaurea maculosa Lam )

Centaurea stramenticia Hand .-- Mazz.

Centaurea stuessyi Arnelas & al. : It was first described from Spain in 2013.

Centaurea subciliaris Boiss. & Hero. ex Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.

Centaurea × subdiffusa Prodan

Centaurea subjacea (Beck) Hayek

Centaurea subsericans Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Gargano knapweed ( Centaurea subtilis Bertol. ): It occurs only in Italy.

Sicilian star knapweed ( Centaurea sulphurea Willd. ): It is distributed from Spain via Morocco, Algeria to Libya.

Centaurea susannae Invernón & Devesa : It occurs only in Portugal.

Centaurea sylvatica Pourr.

Centaurea szovitsiana Boiss.

Centaurea tadshicorum Tzvelev

Centaurea takhtajanii Gabrieljan & Tonjan : It only occurs in Armenia.

Centaurea takredensis Coss. ex Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea taliewii Cleopow

Centaurea tamanianiae M.V.Agab.

Centaurea tardiflora Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea × tatayana Fern.Casas & Susanna = Centaurea toletana Boiss. & Reut. var. toletana × Centaurea ornata Willd.

Centaurea tauromenitana cast. : This endemic occurs only in Sicily.

Centaurea Tauscheri A. Kern . : It occurs in Hungary, Serbia and Romania.

Centaurea tenacissima (H.Groves) Brullo : It occurs only in Italy.

Centaurea tenoreana Willk. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea tenorei cast. ex Lacaita : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea tenuiflora DC.

Centaurea × ternilli Mateo & MBCrespo

Centaurea thasia Hayek : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea theryi Emb. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea thessala Hausskn. : The two subspecies occur only in Greece.

Centaurea thracica (Janka) Janka ex Gugler : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and in European and Asian Turkey.

Centaurea thuillieri (Dostál) J.Duvign. & Lambinon

Centaurea toletana Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea tomentella Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea tommasinii A. Kern. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea tomorosii Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea torreana Ten. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea tossiensis Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Algeria.

Centaurea trachonitica Post : It is only found in Syria.

Centaurea transcaucasica Sosn. ex Grossh. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus region.

Centaurea treskana Micevski : It occurs only in North Macedonia.

Centaurea triamularia Aldén : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea trichantha Willd. ex explos.

Centaurea trichocephala M.Bieb. ex Willd.

Centaurea trinervia Steven ex Willd.

Centaurea triniifolia Heuff. : It occurs in Serbia, North Macedonia and Romania.

Centaurea tuntasia hero Dr. ex Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea turgaica Klokov

Centaurea turkestanica Franch.

Centaurea tuzgoluensis Aytaç & H. Duman : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea tweediei Hook. & Arn.

Centaurea tymphaea Hausskn. : It occurs in two subspecies in Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Greece.

Centaurea ulrichiorum Wagenitz & al. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea ultreiae Silva Pando : It occurs in Spain.

Single-headed knapweed ( Centaurea uniflora Turra ): It occurs in Italy and France.

Centaurea urgellensis Sennen : It occurs in Spain and France.

Centaurea urumovii Vel.

Centaurea urvillei DC.

Centaurea ustulata DC.

Centaurea × valdesii-bermejoi Fern.Casas & Susanna = Centaurea nigra ? × Centaurea borjae Valdés Berm. & Rivas Goday

Centaurea Valentina Rouy

Centaurea valesiaca (DC.) Jord. : It occurs in France, Switzerland and Italy.

Centaurea vandasii Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria.

Centaurea vanensis Wagenitz

Centaurea vankovii Klokov : This endemic occurs only in the Crimea .

Centaurea varnensis Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia.

Centaurea vatevii Degen, Urumov & Wagn.

Centaurea vavilovii Takht. & Gabrieljan : It only occurs in Armenia.

Centaurea veneris (Sommier) Bég. : It only occurs in Italy.

Centaurea verbascifolia Vahl

Centaurea vermia Rech. F. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea vermiculigera Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea verutum L .: It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.

Centaurea virgata Lam.

Centaurea visianii Radić : This endemic occurs only in Croatia.

Centaurea vlachorum Hartvig : It occurs in Albania and Greece.

Centaurea wagenitzii Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea wallichiana Less.

Centaurea wendelboi Wagenitz

Centaurea werneri Wagenitz & al. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea wettsteinii Degen & Dörfl. : It occurs in Greece.

Centaurea wiedemanniana fish. & CAMey. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea willkommii Sch.Bip.

Centaurea woronowii Bornm. ex Petr. : It iswidespreadfrom Southwest Asia to western Transcaucasia .

Centaurea xanthocephalus (Fish. & CAMey. Ex Boiss.) Benth. & Hook. f.

Centaurea xaveri N. Garcia & Susanna : It occurs in Morocco.

Centaurea xeranthemoides Rech. F.

Centaurea xerolepida Pau : It occurs in Spain.

Centaurea xylobasis Rech. F. : It occurs on the islands of the Aegean Sea.

Centaurea yaltirikii Aksoy & al. : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea yemensis Wagenitz

Centaurea yozgatensis Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea zeybekii Wagenitz : It occurs in Turkey.

Centaurea zlatarskyana Urum. & J. Wagner

Centaurea zubiae Pau

Centaurea zuccariniana DC. : It occurs in Albania and Greece.

The following are no longer included in Centaurea (selection):

Centaurea baldaccii rapier ex Bald. → Cyanus baldaccii (Bald.) Holub
Dainty silver knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea bella Trautv. ) → Psephellus bellus (Trautv.) Wagenitz
Centaurea centaurium L. → Rhaponticoides centaurium (L.) MVAgab. & Greuter
Lacquer- leaved knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea cheiranthifolia Willd. ) → Cyanus cheiranthifolius (Willd.) Soják
Centaurea congesta Wagenitz → Psephellus congestus (Wagenitz) Wagenitz
Cornflower (Syn .: Centaurea cyanus L. ) → Cyanus segetum Hill
Two-colored knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea dealbata Willd. ) → Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K.Koch
Centaurea depressa M.Bieb. → Cyanus depressus (M.Bieb.) Soják
Centaurea elbrusensis Boiss. & Buhse → Cyanus elbrusensis (Boiss. & Buhse) Wagenitz & Greuter
Green and white knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea hypoleuca DC. ) → Psephellus hypoleucus (DC.) Boiss.
Centaurea iconiensis Hub.-Mor. → Rhaponticoides iconiensis (Hub.-Mor.) MVAgab. & Greuter
Centaurea khuzistanica Mozaff. → Klasea khuzistanica (Mozaff.) Mozaff.
Centaurea linaresii Lázaro Ibiza → Rhaponticoides linaresii (Lázaro Ibiza) MV Agab. & Greuter
Centaurea mollis Waldst. & Kit → Cyanus mollis (Waldst. & Kit.) J.Presl & C.Presl
Centaurea montana L. → Mountain knapweed ( Cyanus montanus (L.) Hill )
Centaurea mykalea Hub.-Mor. → Rhaponticoides mykalea (Hub.-Mor.) MV Agab. & Greuter
Centaurea pindicola (Griseb.) Griseb. ex Boiss. → Cyanus pindicola (Griseb.) Soják
Silver knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea pulcherrima Willd. ) → Psephellus pulcherrimus (Willd.) Wagenitz
Felt knapweed (Syn .: Centaurea triumfettii All. ) → Cyanus triumfettii (All.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

swell

David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann: Centaurea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 177 (English, online ). (Section description)
Zhu Shi, Ludwig Martins: Centaurea . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 191 (English, online ). (Section description)
Josef Dostál: Centaurea L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 254–301 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Núria Garcia-Jacas, Alfonso Susanna, Teresa Garnatje, Roser Vilatersana: Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae): a combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 87, No. 4, 2001, pp. 503-515, doi : 10.1006 / anbo.2000.1364 .
Hülya Özler, Zafer Kaya, Sevil Pehlivan: Pollen morphology of some Centaurea L., Psephellus Cass. and Cyanus Miller taxa. In: Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica. Volume 51, No. 1, 2009, pp. 53-66 ( PDF file ).
Özhan Aydin, Kamil Çoşkunçelebi, Mutlu giltepe, Murat Erdem Güzel: A contribution to taxonomy of Centaurea including Psephellus (Asteraceae) based on anatomical and molecular data. In: Turkish Journal of Botany. Volume 37, No. 3, 2013, pp. 419-427. PDF file.
Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 81-152 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Zhu Shi, Ludwig Martins: Centaurea . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 191 (English, online ).
^ David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann: Centaurea. , P. 177 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 909 ( digitized version ).
↑ Enter the taxon in the search mask for The Global Compositae Checklist .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv ^hw ^hx ^hy ^hz ^ia ^ib ^ic ^id ^ie ^if ^ig ^ih ⁱⁱ ^ij ^ik ^il ^im ⁱⁿ ^io ^ip ^iq ^ir ^is ^it ^iu ^iv ^iw ^ix ^iy ^iz ^ja ^jb ^jc ^jd ^je ^jf ^jg ^jh ^ji ^jj ^jk ^jl ^jm ^jn ^jo ^jp ^jq ^jr ^js ^jt ^ju ^jv ^jw ^jx ^jy ^jz ^ka ^kb ^kc ^kd ^ke ^kf ^kg ^kh ^ki ^kj ^kk ^kl ^km ^kn ^ko ^kp ^kq ^kr ^ks ^kt ^ku ^kv ^kw ^kx ^ky ^kz ^la ^lb ^lc ^ld ^le ^lf ^lg ^lh ^li ^lj ^lk ^ll ^lm ^ln ^lo ^lp ^lq ^lr ^ls ^lt ^lu ^lv ^lw ^lx ^ly ^lz ^ma ^mb ^mc ^{m d} ^me ^mf ^mg ^mh ^mi ^mj ^mk ^ml ^mm ^mn ^mo ^mp ^mq ^mr ^ms ^mt ^mu ^mv ^mw ^mx ^my ^mz ^na ^nb ^nc ^nd ^ne ^nf ^ng ^nh ⁿⁱ ^nj ^nk ^nl ^nm ⁿⁿ ^no ^np ^nq ^nr ^ns ^nt ^nu ^nv ^nw ^nx ^ny ^nz ^oa ^ob ^oc ^od ^oe ^of ^og ^oh ^oi ^oj ^ok ^ol ^om ^on ^oo ^op ^oq ^or ^os ^ot ^ou ^ov ^ow ^ox ^oy ^oz ^pa ^pb ^pc ^pd ^pe ^pf ^pg ^ph ^pi ^pj ^pk ^pl ^pm ^pn ^po ^pp ^pq ^pr ^ps ^pt ^pu ^pv ^pw ^px ^py ^pz ^qa ^qb ^qc ^qd ^qe ^qf ^qg ^qh ^qi ^qj ^qk ^ql ^qm ^qn ^qo ^qp ^qq ^qr ^qs ^qt ^qu ^qv ^qw ^qx ^qy ^qz ^ra ^rb ^rc ^rd ^re ^rf ^rg ^rh ^ri ^rj ^rk ^rl ^rm ^rn ^ro ^rp ^rq ^rr ^rs ^rt ^ru ^rv ^rw ^rx ^ry ^rz ^sa ^sb ^sc ^sd ^se ^sf ^sg ^sh ^si ^sj ^sk ^sl Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae (pro parte majore). : Centaurea . In: Werner Greuter (Ed.): Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006 to 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos Mediterranean flora. Franckh Kosmos Verlag Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 . Pp. 102-104.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Centaurea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
↑ Oriane Hidalgo, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Teresa Garnatje, Alfonso Susanna: Phylogeny of Rhaponticum (Asteraceae, Cardueae-Centaureinae) and related genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 97, 2006, pp. 705-714: Online.

Web links

Commons : Knapweed ( Centaurea ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Jörg Ochsmann: www.centaurea.net , last updated in 2007 (scientifically oriented site about Centaurea ).