Pastor of peace

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Peace pastors - also peace pastors - initially refer to clergymen who feel committed to the message of peace in the gospel and who, on the basis of this motivation, are actively involved in the peace movement in general or in one of its organizations. The attribution was positive or critical, sometimes already contemporary, but mostly in retrospect on the lifetime achievement.

In a first historical phase, the term refers to Christian clergymen of both denominations who have been involved in organizations such as the German Peace Society (founded in 1892) or the Peace Association of German Catholics (founded 1919) in Germany from the end of the 19th century . Many of them appeared in the run-up to or during the Second World War as opponents of military service or stood up for conscientious objectors .

After the Second World War, under the new political conditions, numerous clergy around the world became involved in various, partly continued, partly newly founded organizations, for example within the framework of the Christian Peace Conference (founded in 1958) or in the Pax Christi movement (founded on End of the World War in France). Under the conditions of the GDR , quite a few of this new generation of peace pastors worked together with the SED or with the State Security . There were similar situations in Czechoslovakia and Hungary , for example , where the majority of the clergy were Catholic. Already at the time they were rather derogatory and, contrary to their original meaning, referred to as "peace pastors" or " peace priests ". In his work on "Emil Fuchs and the Beginnings of the Christian Working Group in the Peace Council of the German Democratic Republic" (1964), Walter Bredendiek rejected the defamatory or even ironic use of the term in view of the peace-loving clergy, who were also known as "Friedenshetzer" had to be dismissed.

The situation changed in the 1980s when critical pastors in many countries turned against state policies. In particular, pastors and pastors active in the peaceful opposition were consequently referred to as peace pastors.

Early stage

The church historian Walter Bredendiek stated for the early phase of the peace movement in relation to the "peace pastors" committed in their:

“The pastors working for the peace movement were denounced as false teachers and enthusiasts, bad patriots, and sometimes directly as enemies of the state. Social boycotts, defamation in front of the public, press campaigns directed against them and denunciations soon belonged to the everyday experiences that the 'peace pastors' had to make. Nevertheless, their number grew steadily. "

Clergy in the German Peace Society

Pastor Otto Umfrid (1857–1920) became a member of the German Peace Society (DFG), founded in 1892, in 1894 and was its vice-president from 1900 until his death in 1920. In 1895 there were 26 local groups of the DFG, one of which was led by a pastor; In 1899 the number of local groups had increased to 71, the chairmen of which were three Protestant clergymen. Albert Kalthoff (1850–1906) was one of his early companions . In 1903 he founded the Bremen local group and became its chairman. By 1907, a group of pastors and theologians developed within the DFG who publicly indicated their cooperation and wanted to encourage other clergy to cooperate. These considerations led to the first peace appeal by German theologians in 1907/08. Otto Umfrid, Martin Rade (1857–1940) and Ludwig Weber (1846–1922) sent this appeal to around a thousand pastors in Germany. Around one hundred of them became members of the DFG. DFG member Paul Knapp (1879–1953) founded the short-lived German Peace Party.

Karlheinz Lipp counts Otto Umfrid, Ernst Böhme (1862–1941), Hans Karl August Francke (1864–1938) and Walther Nithack-Stahn (1866–1942) as DFG in his work “The Berlin Pastors for Peace and the First World War” -Members of the "Peace Pastors".

Later members were Martin Niemöller (1892-1984), Kurt Essen (1904-1993), Herbert Mochalski (1910-1992) and Franz Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord (1921-2011).

The Jena pastor Ernst Böhme attacked armaments and the glorification of war in his sermons in the Kunitz church and with writings. In 1908, the head of the Jena branch of the German Peace Society convened the First German Peace Congress in Jena. In 1894, von Böhme published his first contribution on the subject of “Christians and the Peace Movement” under the title “The War and the Christian Church”. This essay is the first theologically and church-historically justified plea for the lasting support of the peace movement by Christians, pastors and churches.

Developments before and during the First World War

The second peace appeal of German theologians from 1913, formulated by the pastor at the Berlin Memorial Church Walther Nithack-Stahn , campaigned for international understanding and the prevention of the threatening war through an international legal agreement. This appeal was sent to 3,400 clergymen and signed by 340. The first signatories were Walther Nithack-Stahn, Heinrich Weinel , Otto Umfrid, Ernst Böhme, Rudolf Wielandt (pastor of Niedereggenen ), Adolf Wagner (pastor of Neuhengstett ) and Hans Karl August Francke . This and similar appeals were an attempt to win Protestant pastors and theologians to work in the peace movement.

Pastors understood their mission to preach as an obligation to warn of the horrors of war and to encourage their congregations to work actively for peaceful conditions in social coexistence and between peoples.

Clergy in the International Union of Reconciliation

The following clergy became members of the International Reconciliation Alliance , founded in 1914 : Alfred Dedo Müller (1890–1972), he became the chairman of the German branch in 1925, Abraham J. Muste (1885–1967), Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze (1885–1969) and Hermann Maas (1877–1970). Pastor Wilhelm Mensching (1887–1964) became president and secretary of the International Union of Reconciliation in 1932. Later came Kurt Essen (1904-1993), Heinrich Kloppenburg (1903-1986), Jean Lasserre (1908-1993) and André Trocmé (1901-1971), after Rudolf Albrecht (priest) (1942-2015) and Martin Arnold ( Geistlicher, 1946) (* 1946) added.

With Leonhard Ragaz (1868–1945), who was already referred to as a pastor for peace in 1915 , and Willi Kobe (1899–1995), chairman of the Swiss Union of Reconciliation, and Emil Fuchs, there was also a strong group of religious-socialist-minded pastors in the peace movement, in particular active in the International Union of Reconciliation. The religious socialist Hans Hartmann took over the management of the German section from Alfred Dedo Müller in 1927. Ragaz friend Oswald Damian (1889–1978) also belongs in this context .

With Max Josef Metzger (1887–1944), a Roman Catholic pastor joined an international peace organization for the first time in Germany due to his experience as a division pastor in the First World War.

Peace Association of German Catholics

During the First World War efforts began on the Catholic side to create a peace alliance. In addition to Max Josef Metzger, the following peace activists were involved in founding the Peace Association of German Catholics in 1919:

In particular Alfons Maria Wachsmann (1896–1944), Franz Stock (1904–1948) and Joseph Cornelius Rossaint (1902–1991) are still known as members of the Friedensbund. Among the Catholic clergy from this time, although not a member of the FDK, Georg Moenius should be mentioned as a pastor for peace. After the re-establishment of the Friedensbund in 1946, the Düsseldorf pastor Matthias Beckers made an appearance.

NSDAP members among the peace pastors

Heinrich Grüber , Gerhard Kehnscherper , Heinrich Kloppenburg , Kurt Wiesner , Erich Arndt and Hans Hartmann, among others, considered their involvement in the peace movement compatible with NSDAP membership. While Grüber and Kloppenburg came in at the beginning of 1933, but left again in the course of the year and henceforth became involved in the pastors' emergency union and pacifist resistance, Kehnscherper was expelled in 1935 because of a piece critical of Rosenberg. For Wiesner and Arndt, it was only their own military service as a soldier or military pastor that led to a complete turning away from the Nazi ideology and to the peace movement after the end of the Second World War. Hartmann later publicly regretted his late accession (1942) to the NSDAP.

After the Second World War

Pastor of Peace against the rearmament of the Federal Republic

Johannes Oberhof became a member of the Bremen Peace Committee and took part in actions against rearmament, for which he was disciplined by his church leadership.

GDR

Christian working group in the Peace Council of the GDR

In the GDR , pastors for peace who were active in peace policy in the Weimar Republic and during the Nazi era gathered in the "Christian Working Group" of the GDR Peace Council . The following were active in the Peace Council or one of its predecessors:

  • Emil Fuchs (1874–1971) - Chairman of the Religious Socialists in Thuringia; 1933 Quakers; 1949 resettlement to the GDR; 1953 in the Presidium of the German Peace Council; Founding member of the Christian Peace Conference; GDR CDU member in the GDR
  • Max Rauer - Catholic church historian and archpriest, member of the Committee of Fighters for Peace, forerunner of the Peace Council
  • Karl Kleinschmidt (1902–1978) - Schwerin cathedral preacher, 1949 participant in the World Peace Congress in Paris; Founding member of the Committee of Fighters for Peace; Member of the Christian Peace Conference; 1961 to 1973 in the GDR regional committee of the CFK; SED member
  • Erich Hertzsch (1902–1995) - parliamentary group chairman of the Religious Socialists in the Thuringian State Church Congress, forced to resign by the German Christians; Left the SED in 1950; temporary participation in the peace council; 1958 co-founder of the Christian Peace Conference in Prague
  • Theodor Werner (pastor) (1892–1973) - 1950 member of the German Peace Committee

On November 4th and 5th, 1950, the First Congress of German Fighters for Peace (later counted as the 1st German Peace Congress) took place in Berlin. 42 Protestant and some Catholic theologians took part in it. These 42 Protestant theologians wrote a "Declaration of all Protestant clergymen present at the First Congress of German Fighters for Peace". This was the first declaration by Protestant theologians after 1945 that recognized and articulated the fundamental importance of the question of peace for the credibility and concreteness of Protestant preaching at this time.

Among the delegates who represented the German peace movement at the 2nd World Peace Congress in Warsaw from November 16 to 22, 1950, there were three Protestant theologians. They were also involved in the decision-making process on the first call, which was passed at a World Peace Congress after 1949 and which was specifically addressed to Christians. On June 27, 1950, the first major conference of Saxon priests for peace took place in Dresden, attended by 52 theologians.

The opinions on political situations of pastors and theologians, written by peace ministers in 1952 and early 1953, turned against rearmament in the FRG, the General Treaty and the EVG Treaty and sat down with the meeting of the World Peace Council in Berlin in 1952, the Second Peace Congress in 1952 and the World Peace Congress in Vienna apart.

Günter Wirth writes in his essay "The 'Peace Pastors' at the beginning of the 1950s" about the peace pastors' motivation for their commitment:

“On the other hand, in connection with a brochure“ My Way to the Peace Movement ”published in 1959, on the tenth anniversary of the GDR, motive research can be carried out which very clearly and clearly shows the deep theological content and the broad historical horizon of the peace pastors - regardless of whether each of them justified or not justified his position in the same way with quality. ... Without referring to themselves the key words put forward by the authors mentioned, one can statistically find out the following, the quantities in qualitative order: From Kant, Neo-Kantianism, from Tolstoy and Gandhi to the experience of the struggle of the labor movement, the anti-fascist struggle, the politics of the Soviet Union, to socialism. From the youth movement, the German Democratic Party, the Evangelical-Social Congress, the Reconciliation Union, the Christian Peace Service, the Quakers, the religious socialists to the world peace movement. From the church fathers, from Zinzendorf, Schleiermacher, Heering, Ragaz, Rade, Nithack-Stahn, Mensching, Siegmund-Schultze to Bonhoeffer, Schweitzer, Hromadka, Eckert and Fuchs. "

In addition to those already mentioned, the following clergy in the GDR contributed to this brochure:

  • Johannes Herz (1877–1960) - 1925 members of the German delegation to the Stockholm World Conference of Churches; from 1945 member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) and temporarily on its central executive committee; from 1950 member of the World Peace Council
  • Gerhard Kehnscherper (1903–1988), Greifswald - from 1933 member of the NSDAP and member of the Association of National Socialist Pastors; 1935 expelled from NDSDAP, but member of the Reichsschrifttumskammer; GDR CDU member; Member of the GDR Peace Council and the Christian Peace Conference

Clergy in the Christian Peace Conference in the GDR

The Christian Peace Conference , which was founded internationally in 1958 but was state-controlled in the GDR, included numerous clergymen in the GDR, including Erich Arndt (pastor) , Gerhard Bassarak , Karl Brinkel , Norbert Buske , Wolfgang Caffier , Otto Ekelmann , Walter Feurich , Peter Franz (author ) , Dieter Frielinghaus , Emil Fuchs , Theophil Funk , Christa Grengel , Rolf-Dieter Günther , Wolf-Dietrich Gutsch , Curt-Jürgen Heinemann-Grüder , Klaus-Peter Hertzsch , Erich Hertzsch , Carl-Jürgen Kaltenborn , Gerhard Kehnscherper , Wolfgang Kerst , Helmut Kramer (theologian) , Martin Kramer (theologian) , Günter Krusche , Gerhard Linn , Werner Meinecke , Dietrich Mendt , Alfred Dedo Müller , Helmut Orphal , Bruno Schottstädt , Dieter Weigel and Kurt Wiesner .

Criticism of SED-affiliated peace ministers

In GDR church circles it was customary until the 1970s to refer to such pastors as peace pastors who worked with the SED , this designation was used as a dirty word. These pastors, who supported the policies of the SED and the National Front , remained largely isolated in their church. They came into disrepute because of their closeness to the state and because of their suspected involvement in the state security.

SED members were among others:

  • Bruno Theek (1891–1990) - 1911 member of the SPD; 1917 member of the USPD; 1922 member of the SPD again; Member of the Association of Religious Socialists in Germany; 1941 until the end of the war in Dachau concentration camp; from 1946 to 1951 member of the SED
  • Karl Kleinschmidt (1902–1978) - 1926 leading member of the Association of Religious Socialists in Germany in Thuringia, 1930 successor to Emil Fuchs in state chairmanship, 1927 SPD member, expelled from office in 1933, military service, US prisoner of war, member of the Christian Peace Conference, from 1961 to 1973 in the GDR regional committee
  • Wolfgang Caffier (1919–2004) - SED member in mid-1948, since 1958 member of the Christian Peace Conference close to socialism
  • Werner Meinecke (1910–1971) - member of the SED since 1946, on the Church and Religion Commission; Member of the Christian Peace Conference; 1961 participation in the 1st All-Christian Peace Assembly took place in Prague
  • Will Völger (1893–1968) - initially a member of the SPD; Member of the SED from 1946 to 1958
  • Heinrich Schwartze (1903–1970) - member of the Association of Religious Socialists in Germany; SPD member; 1943 military service; English captivity; 1945 again SPD, then in 1946 after compulsory union with KPD SED member

In coming to terms with the GDR past, the following clergy turned out to be unofficial employees of the Ministry for State Security, which intensified the criticism of the peace priests who cooperated with the SED regime:

Turn and peaceful revolution

From the 1980s to the present - in contrast to the above context, last paragraph - clergymen who were critical of state politics are also referred to as peace priests . Examples are: Friedrich Schorlemmer (* 1944), Rainer Eppelmann (* 1943) and Christian Führer (1943–2014), who is referred to as the “peace pastor of the German revolution ”.

In addition, the following clergy were involved in both the GDR opposition and the peace movement and, as a result, advocated a turning point and a peaceful revolution in the GDR:

  • Bernd Albani (* 1944) - Protest actions in the Gethsemane Church on the 40th anniversary of the GDR; from December 1989 to 1991 speaker of the New Forum Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg
  • Harald Bretschneider (* 1942) - preparation of the meeting “ Peace in Practice ” 1987 in Leipzig; in autumn 1989 liaison officer for the opposition groups in Leipzig and Dresden; Supervision of detained participants in the Monday demonstrations
  • Rudolf Albrecht (Pastor) (1942–2015) - founder of the Meißen Peace Seminar, advising conscripts; Employee of the Peace Issues Section of the Theological Studies Department at the Federation of Evangelical Churches in the GDR; 1992 to 1996 board member of the German branch of the International Union of Reconciliation .
  • Peter Bickhardt (1933–2018) - 1984 co-founder of the opposition group " Doctors for Peace "; 1989 founding member of the citizens' movement Democracy Now
  • Christoph Wonneberger (* 1944) - since 1986 coordinating the Monday prayers for peace in Leipzig's Nikolaikirche
  • Hans-Jochen Tschiche (1929–2015) - involved in the peace movement since the 1980s; Founding member of the citizens' movement Neues Forum.
  • Heiko Lietz (* 1943) - preparation of the meeting “Peace in Practice”; until 1989 moderation at the meetings in the Berlin Samariterkirche by Rainer Eppelmann; since 1989 participation in the new forum, member of the republic spokesman's council and representative of the new forum at the central round table.
  • Ruth Misselwitz (* 1952) - founder of the Pankow Peace Circle in autumn 1981; 1991 founding member of the Mobile Academy for Gender Democracy and Peacebuilding e. V. (OWEN); from 2001 to April 2010 chairwoman of the board of the Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste ; Member of the board of trustees of the Peaceful Revolution Foundation in Leipzig.

Federal Republic of Germany

Clergy in the fight against rearmament in the Federal Republic

Clergy in the Christian Peace Conference

After West German and Czechoslovak theologians founded the Christian Peace Conference under the leadership of Josef L. Hromádka , numerous pastors in the Federal Republic also became members of it. Martin Niemöller was one of the founding members . Other members were: Werner Sanß , Ernst Wilm , Jürgen Moltmann , Walter Kreck , Heinrich Grüber , Friedrich-Wilhelm Marquardt , Hans-Jochen Vogel (pastor) , Herbert Mochalski , Hans Stempel , Hans A. de Boer , Louis-Ferdinand von Zobeltitz , Paul Oestreicher , Karl Immer (theologian) , Erhard Peschke , Ernst Uhl , Heinold Fast , Willibald Jacob , Winfried Maechler , Hans Joachim Oeffler , Heinrich Kloppenburg Joachim Kanitz , Manfred Karnetzki , Karl Kleinschmidt , Horsta Krum , Rudolf Weckerling , Kurt Essen , Hanfried Krüger , Hannelore Hansch , Horst Stuckmann , Martin Schröter , Werner Wittenberger , Götz Bickelhaupt , Martin Stöhr , Peter Stolt , Heinrich Diestelmeier , Ernst Burdach , Heinrich Jochums , Harald Bertheau, Edgar Popp , Hannelis Schulte and Horst Symanowski .

Clergy at Pax Christi

The Pax Christi movement, which originated in the Catholic context but is now largely ecumenical, has numerous bishops and theologians in its ranks. Heinrich Missalla (1926–2018) made a name for himself as a pastor , who belonged to the Bensberg Circle, has been a member of Pax Christi since 1955 and was later a long-time member of its presidium and from 1987 to 1996 the movement's clergyman.

Organizations working in the west and east

Clergy at Action Atonement

In 1958, Franz Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord , at that time the youth pastor for the Evangelical Industrial Youth Berlin, together with Lothar Kreyssig founded the Action Reconciliation as an all-German organization, from 1968 to 1975 Von Hammerstein himself was its general secretary in West Germany. The long-standing and active member Manfred Karnetzki , pastor of the Schlachtensee parish, was later its chairman from 1993 to 2001 and was committed to the merging of the various organizations in East Germany with the old organization. He was replaced in 2001 by Ruth Misselwitz , pastor of the Protestant parish Alt-Pankow and founder of the Pankow Peace Circle since 1981 . She was chairwoman until April 2010. The following clergy were also active: Friedrich Magirius (the pastor in Chemnitz-Einsiedel and at the Dresden Kreuzkirche was from 1974 to 1982 leader of the campaign in the GDR), Otto Mörike (who, as a pastor, became chairman in Württemberg), Paul-Friedrich Martins (Appointment to the leadership group of the GDR).

Current developments

Germany

Of the peace pastors named so far, the following are still present in the peace movement:

Individual responses

In media reports Fritz Berghaus, Karl-Wilhelm ter Horst , Matthias Engelke, Mitri Raheb , Martin Jürges and Jadallah Shihadeh were named peace ministers.

Other current uses

In the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau , the clergy involved in peace work are referred to as "peace pastors".

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See also Karlheinz Lipp: Berliner Friedenspfarrer and the First World War, Berlin 2012, p. 7
  2. ↑ On the Catholic side, see, for example, Max Josef Metzger and the board of directors of the Association of Military Service Opponents Ernst Thrasolt
  3. ↑ An example of this is the support for the conscientious objector Hermann Stöhr , see Matthias Scheel, Conscientious Objection in the Third Reich: An investigation of the attitude of the Protestant Church in the Nazi state to the question of conscientious objection using the particular example of Dr. Hermann Stöhrs, 2010
  4. ↑ Günther Wirth: The 'Friedenspfarrer' at the beginning of the fifties, in: Between Aufbruch and Perseverance. German Protestantism in political decision-making processes, Berlin / GDR 1979, pp. 221–235
  5. ^ József Gyula Orbán, Peace Movement of Catholic Priests in Hungary, 1950–1956, 1996; Lénárd Ödön, Ways and Wrong Paths of the Hungarian Catholic Church during the Communist Persecution, 2009
  6. ↑ Walter Bredendiek, Emil Fuchs and the beginnings of the Christian working group in the Peace Council of the German Democratic Republic, 1964, p. 23f.
  7. ↑ Walter Bredendiek, On the meaning of "classical" pacifism for the beginnings of Christian peace work in Germany, in: ders., Church history from "links" and from "below", Berlin / Basel 2011, p. 246
  8. ↑ Manfred Schmid, Der "Friedenspfarrer" Paul Knapp, in: Schwäbische Heimat 39th year (1988), pp. 34–37
  9. ↑ Michael Groß: The Peace Pastor of Kunitz - Jena - OTZ. In: otz.de. October 31, 2012, accessed December 29, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Karlheinz Lipp, Protestant calls for peace from 1913 from Germany and France, in: Pfälzisches Pfarrerblatt ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pfarrerblatt.de
  11. ^ Walter Bredendiek: The peace appeals of German theologians from 1907/08 and 1913 , booklets from Burgscheidungen No. 97, 1963.
  12. ^ Karlheinz Lipp: Berliner Friedenspfarrer and the First World War, Berlin 2012, ISBN 9783862261970 .
  13. ↑ To a contribution by Ragaz in the "Blätter für intergovernmental organization" it says in: Die Hilfe: Wochenschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst, Vol. 21, 1915, p. 524; in: Die Frau: Monthly for the entire women's life of our time, Vol. 22, 1915, p. 755; and Friedrich Naumann / Gertrud Bäumer, Kriegs- u. Heimat-Chronik, Vol. 2, 1917, p. 11: "A Swiss pastor for peace, Ragaz ... deals with the inner attitude of Christians to war."
  14. ↑ Reconciliation Alliance on freundeskreis-arthur-pfeifer.de
  15. ↑ Michaela Kronthaler, Pastor Dr. Max Josef Metzger - From military chaplain to pacifist, in: Maximilian Liebmann / Michaela Kronthaler (eds.), Bedrängte Kirche, Graz 1995, pp. 60–65
  16. ↑ Jakob Knab , Johann Baptist Wolfgruber - A rebellious peace pastor, in: Geschichte quer 12 - Between War and Peace (2004)
  17. ↑ Kurt Tucholsky, Letters to a Catholic, 1929–1931, 1970, p. 9: Marierose Fuchs speaks of “Friedenspater”; also Hans Hartmann , meeting with Europeans. Conversations with designers of our time, 1954, p. 223
  18. ↑ Reinhard Bockhöfer: Pastor Johannes Oberhof's dearly paid engagement against rearmament . In: Helmut Donat, Andreas Röpcke (eds.): "Put your arms down - hands out!" Peace movement in Bremen 1898-1958. Catalog for the exhibition at the Bremen State Archives. Donat, Bremen 1989, ISBN 3-924444-45-5 .
  19. ↑ Christian working group in the German Peace Council (ed.): My way to the peace movement , Berlin 1959.
  20. ^ Walter Bredendiek: Emil Fuchs and the beginnings of the Christian Working Group in the Peace Council of the German Democratic Republic , booklets from Burgscheidungen No. 112, 1964. P. 7 ff.
  21. ^ Emil Fuchs and the beginnings of the Christian working group in the Peace Council of the German Democratic Republic. In: hans-otto-bredendiek.de. Retrieved December 29, 2014 .
  22. ↑ Günter Wirth, The 'Friedenspfarrer' at the beginning of the fifties. In: Between departure and perseverance. German Protestantism in political decision-making processes. Union Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 230.
  23. ↑ Ibid., P. 234
  24. ↑ Dirk Palm: "We are brothers!" Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002, ISBN 9783525557365 , p. 122. Restricted preview in the Google book search
  25. ↑ Ehrhart Neubert: History of the Opposition in the GDR 1949-1989. Ch. Links Verlag, 1998, ISBN 9783861531630 , p. 96 Ehrhart. limited preview in Google Book search
  26. ^ Günther Heydemann: Churches in the dictatorship. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993, ISBN 9783525013519 , p. 331. limited preview in Google book search
  27. ↑ Claudia Lepp: Taboo of Unity ?. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005, ISBN 9783525557433 , p. 117. Restricted preview in the Google book search
  28. ↑ Volker Dückers: Overthrow and turning point. book-on-demand.de, 2009, ISBN 9783868055320 , p. 88. Restricted preview in the Google book search
  29. ^ Heinrich Holze: The theological faculty Rostock under two dictatorships. LIT Verlag Münster, 2004, ISBN 9783825868871 , p. 150. Restricted preview in Google book search
  30. ^ Neue Westfälische Nachrichten: Friedrich Schorlemmer reads from his book - Neue Westfälische - Mitte. In: nw-news.de. Retrieved August 19, 2016 .
  31. ↑ Michael Ploetz: Remote controlled peace movement ?. LIT Verlag Münster, 2004, ISBN 9783825872359 , p. 325. Limited preview in the Google book search
  32. ↑ God's judgment . In: Der Spiegel . No. 5 , 1987 ( online ).
  33. ↑ Practice - Religion and Society. In: orf.at. February 15, 2012, accessed August 19, 2016 .
  34. ↑ Designation as a peace pastor by Martin Jankowski , Mythos 1989. Public remembrance of the European Revolution of 1989, in: Germany Archive, 43, 2010, p. 310
  35. ↑ Designation as "red peace pastor" in: Horch and Guck, Citizens Committee "January 15" eV, 2004, p. 54
  36. ↑ Help on site. In: zeit.de . July 14, 1972. Retrieved December 29, 2014 .
  37. ↑ Karl ter Horst hides deserters from the US Army - The Peace Pastor from Schüttorf ( Memento from March 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: domradio.de
  38. ^ Judgment against Friedenspfarrer 500 Euro fine for roses to soldiers ( Memento from November 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: aixpaix.de
  39. ↑ German Media Prize for Mitri Rahebδ. In: bz-berlin.de. February 21, 2012, accessed December 29, 2014 .
  40. ^ Christian Rupp: Fighter jet crash killed peace priest Martin Juerges 30 years ago. In: fnp.de. May 19, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2016 .
  41. ↑ Turning around after the shock - Jadallah Shihadeh once threw stones - now he works as a peace pastor in occupied Palestine against violence. In: wolfratshausen-evangelisch.de
  42. ↑ Ecumenical Center of the EKHN: Advice on conscientious objection after the suspension of military service - using the example of conscientious objection for female soldiers. (No longer available online.) In: zentrum-oekumene-ekhn.de. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014 ; accessed on December 29, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zentrum-oekumene-ekhn.de