Greeks in Germany

Greeks in Germany are the fourth largest group of immigrants in the Federal Republic of Germany after Turks, Italians and Poles . At the end of 2011, 283,684 residents of Germany had Greek citizenship. The number of people with Greek immigrant background gave the Federal Statistical Office in 2010 with 375,000. In 2003 Greek citizens lived in Germany for an average of 22 years. Members from other countries of the Greek diaspora are not taken into account

history

The Greeks in Germany are not the largest, but they are the oldest foreign congregation outside the Mediterranean region . Its roots go back to antiquity , even if at that time it was not possible to speak of “Greeks” or “Germans” in today's sense. Pytheas , a merchant from Massilia , discovered around 325 BC The first from the Greco-Roman world, the Germanic tribes, after having sailed the English Channel towards the North Sea with his merchant fleet. The term Teutons or Teutons as the name of all Germanic tribes is also documented from his time , which should not be confused with the name of the Teutonic tribe. The presence of Greek merchants in Germany has been handed down to Roman times. One also assumes a domestic establishment, as this promised advantages.

Sacral traces are better documented. According to legend, Saint Helena is said to have built the Gereonskirche in Cologne. After his exile, Bishop Athanasius found a new home in Trier and the Slav apostle Method of Saloniki was imprisoned in Ellwangen around 870 (the city is now a pilgrimage destination for Orthodox Christians). In Nienkerken near Corvey there was an important school in the 9th century that taught Greek. The Basilian Abbot Gregor von Burtscheid (* 930 in Calabria, then part of the Byzantine Empire; † 999) founded a Byzantine monastery in Burtscheid . After Emperor Otto II had married Princess Theophanu , Greek scholars came to the Holy Roman Empire in her retinue .

Manuel Chrysoloras died in Constance in 1415 when he took part in the Council of Constance . Chrysoloras was an important mediator of Greek culture in Western Europe. The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 led to a wave of Greek scholars emigrating from the now Ottoman Empire, a significant number of whom also settled in Germany. A frequent field of activity was teaching the Greek language and ancient scripts. The comedy The Greeks in Nuremberg , premiered at the opening of the Nuremberg Municipal Theater in 1834, describes a similar situation in the 16th century.

Enlightenment and Philhellenism

Memorial plaque in the Leipziger Katharinenstrasse

When the borders of the Ottoman Empire reopened at the end of the 17th century, especially for traders, many Greeks decided to emigrate. The clergyman Metrophanes Kritopoulos lived in Hamburg from 1625.

Leipzig became the center of foreign Greeks in Germany , which at that time was an important trading center. Along with Poles and Russians, they were the most important group of merchants in the city. The oriental fur trade was firmly in Greek hands for centuries, so every year Greek fur traders came to the Leipzig Easter fair. When fur consumption and fur production with the Southeast European and Asia Minor countries largely dried up, a strong Greek colony had already formed in Leipzig, consisting only of fur traders. However, within this branch there were two shifts with very large differences. On the one hand there were the respected wholesalers who mainly dealt with the purchase of game goods such as marten and fox skins etc. from Greece, the Balkans and Asian Turkey. They also ran an extensive export business with skins from other origins to America, England, France and other countries. The other part of the Greeks residing in Leipzig, which consisted mainly of furriers and small traders, dealt mainly with the manufacture of very cheap products, especially with the processing of pieces of fur . For example, the production of twisted ermine and skunk tails as well as certain fur linings were entirely in Greek hands.

Around 1700, the first Greek Orthodox church services took place in the " Greeks House ", a trading yard for Greek merchants . Their social importance in Saxony increased quickly. 184 Greek buyers were already registered for the Easter fair of 1780.

Around 25 Greeks, such as the geographer Margaritis Dimitsas, did their doctorate at the University of Leipzig each year . Even Goethe learned many Greek students know there. In the 19th century, the son of the merchant Georgios Karagiannis, Theodor von Karajan , was elected by Elector Friedrich August III. ennobled for his work in the textile industry. One of his descendants was Herbert von Karajan . The conductor Charilaos Perpessas came from a family of fur traders in Leipzig .

In 1908, after studying law, the wine merchant Georg Anagnostopoulos founded the “Hellenes Association”, which existed until 1938 (when all the associations were dissolved). The family moved to Frankfurt am Main, where they opened a Greek wine tavern at Hochstraße 27 before 1948, which existed until 1980 (and for a long time was one of the few specialty restaurants in the city). It followed most of the Greeks in Leipzig who moved to West Germany or other European countries after the division of Germany. Many settled in Frankfurt am Main , where they continued their operations. The Leipzig congregation was dissolved in 1952 for lack of members.

Greeks in the German Confederation, the Empire and the Republic

Salvator Church

The Greek wine tavern "Zur Stadt Athen" in Neckargemünd, 1910

In Prussian poses a Greek community was formed in the early 19th century. The church was visited twice a year by clergymen from Leipzig.

Another Greek community formed in Munich in the early 19th century, even before the Wittelsbacher Otto I became king of Greece. Since Otto's kingship, it was easier for Greeks to settle in Bavaria or to study for free. In the Allgemeine Zeitung on December 20, 1829 the founding of a Greek Association was announced, which also included sponsors of Greece. In the same year the (vacant) Salvatorkirche in Munich was left for Greek Orthodox services. In return, many Bavarian craftsmen and scholars emigrated to Greece. On September 8, 1918, the "Greek Community Munich" was entered in the register of associations. Its name later changed to "Greek Association Munich". On October 22nd, 1923, the association was dissolved in order to be replaced on the same day by the “Greek Church Community in Munich e. V. “to be replaced.

The first Greek Orthodox parishes also emerged in today's Baden-Württemberg in the 19th century.

In the late 19th century, Greeks in Germany dealt with the tobacco trade and cigarette production. In 1875 the Pan T. Papastathis cigarette factory was founded in Munich, which had an advertising poster designed by the Greek painter Nikolaus Gysis . The cigarette factory Jasmatzi of Georg Anton Jasmatzi was temporarily with a capital of ten million marks the largest corporation of the tobacco industry in Germany; In 1925 the Kyriazi cigarette factory opened in Hamburg; Papastratos opened the Hellas cigarette factory in Berlin in 1933. Others were the companies Nestor Gianaklis (factory in Frankfurt am Main from 1911), Dimitrino, Muratti (owners: Adrian and Alexander Enfiezioglou). The family of the Dresden athlete Janis Seraidaris was also active in the tobacco trade. Janis was the Central German champion in the shot put and in 1927 reached a 3rd place in the German championship in discus throwing, but he became known through a painting by Conrad Felixmüller.

The existence of numerous Greek restaurants in Germany is also documented from the late 19th century. The first chain was the Greek wine bars "Zur Stadt Athen" of the Greek consul Julius Menzer , which had branches in various cities. Before 1903 the restaurant "Stadt Patras" opened on Maximilianplatz in Munich. Also in Munich was the Greek wine tavern "Akropolis", in which Carl Schmitt was a regular guest during his teaching in Munich (1919–1921).

Giovanni (Jean) Eftimiades, on the other hand, opened three cafés one after the other in Berlin under the name Moka Efti in the late 1920s . The largest had one of the first escalators in Berlin and sold over 25,000 cups of coffee a day. After all shops were destroyed in the war, he turned to publishing after 1945.

Pierre Mavrogordato and his wife Erato moved from Odessa to Berlin before 1909, which at that time offered good conditions for their work as archaeologists and collectors of antiquities. Mavrogordato contributed to the expansion of the Berlin Collection of Antiquities . Both later moved to Römhild in Thuringia , where they founded the Waldhaus settlement and other things. George Papanicolaou received his doctorate in Munich in 1910, in particular his preoccupation with the German philosophy of the Enlightenment caused him not to work as a practicing doctor; he later developed the Pap smear in the United States .

During the First World War , 6,500 Greeks were voluntarily relocated to Görlitz, where they stayed from September 11, 1916 as “guests of the Reich Government for the duration of the war” until the end of the war. The guests were warmly welcomed by the population. Above the entrance of the camp of the Greek Görlitz camp, the slogan XAIPETE! (Greetings!) Set up. From today's point of view, it is particularly important that 70 shellac records with songs and dialogues were recorded during this time. These are now in the German Sound Archives ( Humboldt University Berlin ) and are considered to be an important testimony to Greek musical culture. 200 soldiers settled permanently in Görlitz and started families.

From the late 19th century, numerous Greeks studied or taught at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich . They became important representatives of the Munich School , including Georgios Jakobides , Konstantinos Volanakis , Nikolaos Gyzis , Polychronis Lembesis , Nikolaos Vokos and Nikiphoros Lytras .

In Berlin, the composer Dimitri Mitropoulos and the set designer Panos Aravantinos worked at the State Opera . The pianist Alexander Iolas also moved to Berlin in 1924 and became a ballet dancer, after a tour with the Theodora Roosevelt Company and with the ballet ensemble of the Marquis de Cuevas, he became one of the most famous gallery owners and promoted the German artist Max Ernst in New York in particular .

During the National Socialism

The painter Jorgos Busianis with his son Georg. The family had settled in Eichenau in 1921 and built a house

In general, Germany was the most important place of study for Greek academics abroad until the 1930s. Every second professor at the University of Athens and even four out of five employees at the Athens Polytechnic had studied in Germany. The general sympathy of these people towards Germany led many to an initial sympathy with National Socialism, including the Athens mayor Konstantinos Kotzias (whom Hitler also received personally) and the Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas . At the time, contacts were also sought from the German side. Leni Riefenstahl was advised by the Greek photographer Nelly on the film Olympia , the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP acquired pictures of Nelly for the illustrated book Immortal Hellas . An ideological parallel between an exclusively Spartan ancient Greece and the militaristic German Empire could not be credibly conveyed. Metaxas was also unable to make friends with Hitler's anti-Semitism, which he had initially underestimated. Johannes Gaitanides went to Greece as a member of the Waffen SS and wrote the report New Greece , which was also published as a book in 1940.

The art of the representatives of the Munich Secession such as Jorgos Busianis and the Italian-born Greek Giorgio de Chirico were considered "degenerate" after 1933; they left Germany.

The Greek table tennis player Nikita Madjaroglou could compete in international matches for Germany without German citizenship until 1933. During this time he was also first in the German rankings. He won the bronze medal at the World Table Tennis Championships in 1931 . He too had to leave Germany in 1934 less because of his Greek passport than because of his foreign origin. His German colleagues stayed away from the 1934 World Cup out of solidarity. The tennis player Georg von Metaxa only competed for Germany with German citizenship, although he also had Greek.

During the time of National Socialism , Greeks of Jewish faith were used as slave labor. After Thessaloniki , which was inhabited by many Jews returned back only about one thousand.

The famous mathematician Constantin Carathéodory withdrew from teaching and research activities during the National Socialism and worked as a church council in the Greek church “Zum Erlöser” on Salvatorplatz in Munich. It was not until 1946 that he gave lectures again. His nephew John Argyris , co-founder of the finite element method , had to leave Germany.

1942 report on the recruitment of fur sewers to Germany

The sculptor Arno Breker , sponsored under National Socialism, moved to Germany with his wife Demetra Messala. Demetra's parents were Greek diplomats, which meant that Breker was spared a possible conviction after 1945 for his involvement with the regime. Contacts with Greece continued even after his wife's death in 1956, so in 1978 he received an order to design a monument to Alexander the Great. The sculptor Anastasatos also moved to Berlin in 1940. Nevertheless, emigration to Germany was rather a rare case at that time.

Tobacco dealers, furriers and guest workers in post-war Germany

Greek trainees in the GDR, 1951

Name badges from remaining companies in the former Frankfurt Pelzviertel (2012)

The tobacco factories and trading companies in the tobacco industry run by Greeks were still represented with a larger market share until the 1960s, but were subsequently ousted or taken over by larger tobacco companies. The Hamburg branch of the traditional company Kyriazi had a market share of 1.2% throughout Germany, the share of which went to British American Tobacco.

The second major line of business was the manufacture and sale of furs: The Frankfurt fur trading center Niddastraße, together with its Greek community , became the European center of the then important industry.

In 1945 Pascalides, a Greek citizen from Niendorf, was appointed the first mayor of the new municipality of Timmendorfer Strand .

In post-war Germany a politically motivated emigration from Greece to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany or to the newly founded GDR (and other Eastern European countries), where communist parents sent their children during the Greek civil war, only began . Even after the end of the civil war, communists emigrated to the GDR, as their activities in Greece were forbidden due to the western orientation of the country.

Meanwhile, Greeks began to be recruited in West Germany to work as “ guest workers ” in factories. Since there was hardly any other possibility of emigration at that time, many Greeks came to the Federal Republic. Vocational training in Germany at the time promised better career opportunities when returning to Greece. In 1961 the Association of German-Greek Societies was founded. From 1960, for example, BMW specifically recruited workers from Greece; as early as 1967, 52% of the foreign workers came from there.

The recruitment of workers to Germany led to a labor shortage in Greece and an increase in wage costs there. In 1971 the number of people in employment in Greece had shrunk to 3.3 million. When there was an economic boom and mass tourism set in, 30,000 North Africans had to be recruited to alleviate the staff shortage in industry, agriculture and tourism.

The first Greek in the Bundesliga was Maik Galakos, who grew up in Germany in 1974 .

Situation until reunification

The Greek military dictatorship led to political emigration to both parts of Germany. Initially emigrated mainly from the left , emigration soon extended to the intellectuals of the middle class and the moderate right-wing spectrum. After the end of the dictatorship, many Greeks returned, for example the later Prime Minister Kostas Simitis , who was a professor in Gießen until 1975. Greeks from the GDR also returned from 1974, in 1980 there were 1,620 Greek citizens living in the GDR, at the end of 1989 there were still 482. They were allowed to travel freely anyway, but only exchange 3,000 marks per person (children 1,500 marks) in western currency when moving. However, the Greek state granted immigrants numerous subsidies until the 1990s.

Greece's accession to the EEC in 1981 led to another brief increase in emigration to the Federal Republic and West Berlin.

The fur trade suffered a rapid decline from the early 1980s. For numerous Greeks and Germans of Greek origin, some of whom had worked in this field for generations, this meant the loss of their professional existence. Furriers and fur traders turned to other professions, often catering, in which numerous Greeks already worked. To date, at 15.5%, a relatively high proportion of Greeks in Germany are self-employed, of which the proportion of women is relatively high at 24.0%.

Since the turn of the millennium

The first generation of former guest workers is of retirement age and often only spends a few months a year in Germany. Some of their descendants live in Germany and some in Greece; every tenth Greek in Greece has spent part of their life in Germany, which would confirm the number of people who returned home. Sometimes Pontos Greeks from the former Soviet Union came to Germany as Greek citizens, so that the total number of Greeks in Germany remained more or less constant until after the turn of the millennium. The Bosman decision made it possible for an unlimited number of EU citizens to be employed in competitive sports; ice hockey clubs, for example, used this to sign players from North America of Greek or Italian origin.

With the outbreak of the Greek financial crisis it was speculated that many Greeks would also emigrate to Germany. The first figures supported this assumption, showing a monthly increase in Greek immigration of around 1,400 people. The Greek Orthodox Church reported a noticeable increase in the number of believers in the Berlin area early on. The Federal Statistical Office finally confirmed these observations through surveys, according to which immigration increased by around 20 percent in 2011, with Spaniards and Greeks in particular immigrating to Germany. In 2011, 84 percent more immigrants came from Greece than in the first half of 2010 (+4100 people).

Many Greeks are drawn to Germany because of persistently high job losses. The Federal Statistical Office reports for 2011 that the 23,800 migrants are compared to around 21,000 Greeks who have left Germany. According to IW, the level of education of those who immigrated between 1999 and 2009 shows an ambivalent picture: while 27 percent had a university degree, 41 percent of those who immigrated without a professional qualification was more than twice as high as in the population as a whole.

Greeks in Germany are increasingly exposed to hostility due to the one-sided negative reporting about their home country. The developing phenomenon of hostility to the Greeks is now also occupying science. In 2012, for example, the work The Dynamics of the Construction of Difference and Hostility Using the Example of the Financial Crisis in Greece by Hans Bickes appeared.

The number of Greeks in Germany, which has been declining for years, rose again for the first time. In particular, academics such as doctors and engineers left Greece and settled in Germany and other countries ( talent drain ). The number of Greek employees in Germany rose from October 2011 to October 2012 by around 11% to 123,000.

Since May 2013, Linda Zervakis, a German-Greek woman, has been the first 8 p.m. daily show presenter with a migration background.

Demographics

Relative frequency of Greek citizenship at district level in 2014 in relation to other foreign population groups

Development of the Greek resident population in Germany (since 1967)
year	1967	1970	1973	1976	1979	1982	1985
number	200,961	342,891	407.614	353.733	296,803	300,824	280.614
year	1988	1991	1994	1997	2000	2003	2004
number	274.973	336.893	355,583	363.202	365.438	354,600	315,989
year	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
number	309.794	303.761	294,891	287.187	278.063	276,685	283,684

Source: Federal Statistical Office

The figures before 1991 only include Greeks in the territory of the old Federal Republic, those from 1991 also include those in the new federal states. The statistics do not cover the ethnic Greeks as such, but the Greek citizens. For example, Greeks from the diaspora from the USA cannot be included (although they would also be entitled to a Greek passport), but 15,000 Western Thrace Turks living in Germany are included.

The number of Greeks who acquired German citizenship is far lower than the declining number of Greek citizens, so that one can assume a decline in the number of Greeks in Germany. Since around 2010 there has been an influx of Greek academics to Germany who are looking for vacant positions, e.g. B. as doctors or engineers, are recruited by German associations and companies.

culture and education

The dissemination of modern Greek culture in addition to the humanistic care of the cultural heritage of ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire in Germany, "Πολιτιστική Ομάδα Πρωτοβουλίας was 1983 - Initiative Group Greek Culture in the Federal Republic of Germany e. V. “founded. The first chairman was Hans Eideneier (1983-2008), his successor is his wife Niki Eideneier-Anastassiadi (since 2008).

While only 178 Greek children attended grammar school in 1974, in 1984 it was already 1760; their share was thus far ahead of other migrant groups and for the first time they achieved the same relative share (of the total population) of high school attendees as native Germans. Meanwhile, the relative proportion of children of Greek origin in grammar schools is higher than that of German children without a migration background. According to a study by Diether Hopf, this is less related to the social status in Germany than to the social conditions at home. Since 2018 there have also been offshoots of the AHEPA in Germany.

literature

Ekkehard Passolt: Migration policy in Greece and Germany and its effects on the migration and return migration behavior of Greek emigrants. GRIN Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-70110-5 (also: University of Göttingen, master's thesis, 2003).

Web links

Initiative "Paradoxon" - Greeks in Görlitz since 1916 Greeks in Germany since 1916
Greeks in Görlitz 1916-1919
Greeks in Görlitz 1916-1919 (2)
ELLINIKI GNOMI: "The Greeks of Görlitz 1916-1919"
Ellindex: "News about Greeks and Greek entrepreneurs in Germany"
Online Migration Museum Rhineland-Palatinate: Special exhibition 50 years of the German-Greece recruitment agreement

Individual evidence

↑ Federal Statistical Office: Foreign Population - Special Series 1 Series 2 - 2011 (PDF, 3.2 MB)

↑ Federal Statistical Office: Population with a migration background - Results of the microcensus - Fachserie 1 Reihe 2.2 - 2010 (PDF, 6.37 MB)

↑ Federal Statistical Office: Press release No. 171 ( Memento of the original dated November 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated April 19, 2004. @1@ 2

↑ Karl Mohs: Oven construction: the development of the oven. P. 70.

^ Johannes Voigt: History of Prussia. P. 81.

↑ Gustav Friedrich Klemm: Handbook of Germanic antiquities: With 23 plates stone printing. P. 141.

^ Johann Christoph Wilhelm Lindemann: Evangelical Lutheran school paper. P. 138 on Google Books

^ Rein, Wilhelm: Encyclopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik, Volume 3, H. Beyer, 1905. P. 633

^ Emanuel Turczynski: The German-Greek cultural relations up to the appointment of King Otto, R. Oldenbourg, 1959, p. 101.

↑ Alexander Kislatis: Study on the history, development and operation of the tobacco trade with special consideration of Germany . Inaugural dissertation, submitted to the High Law and Political Science Faculty of the Hamburg University, Hamburg 1926, pp. 50–51.

↑ Christoph Hauser: Beginnings of civil organization, p. 23 1990

↑ Herbert Hunger, Wolfram Hörandner: 16th International Byzantine Congress, Vienna, 4.-9. October 1981, p. 81, ISBN 3-7001-0455-3

↑ Hellas lipsiensis: Greeks in Leipzig from soup, Frank-Thomas in Leipziger Blätter No. 18/1991 pp. 31–33

^ Emil Oehlschlaeger, Posen: Brief history and description of the city of Posen. P. 191

↑ Decisions in church matters since 1946, published by Walter de Gruyter, 1984, ISBN 3-11-010003-7 , p. 218 ff.

↑ Meinrad Schaab , Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History . Volume 3: From the end of the old empire to the end of the monarchies. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-608-91467-6 , p. 885.

↑ German university calendar in the Google book search

^ Carl Schmitt The military time 1915 to 1919 in the Google book search

↑ http://www.mokaconsorten.com/magazin/der-sagenhaben-herr-eftimiades-und-sein-moka-efti/

↑ Cf. Daniela Kratz-Grönwald: Greeks in Görlitz 1916-1919 - Studies on acoustic recordings in the sound archive of the Humboldt University in Berlin, Berlin 2005 ( online ) and Gerassimos Alexatos: Xairete: A Greek Army Corps in Görlitz . In: Milestones of German-Greek Relations . Athens 2010, ISBN 978-960-6757-27-3 , pp. 185-199.

↑ Görlitz, the Greeks and the secret commission

^ Heim, Susanne: History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism, p. 208.

↑ [Esther Sophia Sünderhauf: Greek desire and cultural criticism: the German reception of Winckelmann's ideal of antiquity 1840-1945, p. 196]

↑ The Jerusalem of the Balkans ( Memento of the original from December 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ The Big Four , Der Spiegel 19/1960

↑ www.spiegel.de (without mentioning the author): Reparations. Shut up . Retrieved May 11, 2016.

↑ Panayotidis, Gregorios: Greeks in Bremen: Education, Work and Social Integration of a Foreign Population Group, 2001, p. 138.

↑ Annika Biss: The internationalization of Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, p. 266, 2017

^ Bitter cup , Der Spiegel 43/1972

↑ Series: Heroes of Yesterday. The first Greek in the Bundesliga , WAZ from November 14, 2013

↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated February 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , WAZ of November 14, 2013 @1@ 2

↑ faz.net Restriction for foreigners in ice hockey with a role model function

↑ Beautiful beaches are not enough. Berliner Zeitung , September 16, 2011, accessed on November 15, 2011 .

↑ The Greeks are coming, escape from the debt crisis. Spiegel Online , August 9, 2011, accessed November 15, 2011 .

↑ Immigration increases by almost 20 percent. Frankfurter Rundschau , December 22, 2011, accessed on December 22, 2011 .

↑ Federal Statistical Office ( Memento of the original from January 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ A Greek family wants to start all over again in Germany. Schwäbisches Tagblatt , October 22, 2011, accessed on December 22, 2011 .

↑ Immigrants help the German economy. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 5, 2012, accessed on July 6, 2012 .

↑ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 267 kB)

↑ Florian Reiter: “Tagesschau” spokeswoman Linda Zervakis: “I don't want to be the model migrant”. In: focus.de. May 16, 2020, accessed July 10, 2020 .

↑ Board of the POP Initiative Group Greek Culture ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .

^ Hubert Eichheim: Greece p. 79, CH Beck, 2nd edition 1999 ISBN 3-406-39877-4

^ Report by Deutschlandradio from a study by Hopf

[1] Federal Statistical Office: Foreign Population - Special Series 1 Series 2 - 2011 (PDF, 3.2 MB)

[2] Federal Statistical Office: Population with a migration background - Results of the microcensus - Fachserie 1 Reihe 2.2 - 2010 (PDF, 6.37 MB)