Nassau-Hadamar
Nassau-Hadamar is the name of two branches of the Ottonian main line of the House of Nassau . The older line of the Counts of Nassau-Hadamar existed from 1303 to 1394; the younger line existed from 1607 to 1711 and received the hereditary prince in 1652 .
Nassau-Hadamar (Older Line)
Emergence
After the death of Heinrich II the rich of Nassau , his sons Walram II and Otto I shared the inheritance in 1255 . The border was roughly formed by the Lahn . Walram took over the southern part of the rule (Walram main line ), Otto the northern part ( Ottonian main line ). The marriage between Otto and Agnes von Leiningen brought the Ottonian main line the manorial rule over the Hadamarer Mark.
Otto's death in 1290 led to persistent inheritance disputes among his sons. In 1303, through the mediation of John I of Limburg , they almost completely divided his property . The eldest son Heinrich took over the sub-county Nassau-Siegen with the property in the Siegerland and the rule of the Westerwald , the second son Emich / Emicho I. the sub-county Nassau-Hadamar with Driedorf and the Esterau , and the third son Johann the sub-county Nassau-Dillenburg with the property around Dillenburg , Herborn , Mengerskirchen as well as the Kalenberger Zent and the Heimau court .
development
The sub-county Emichos (Emichs) I. consisted of the Esterau , the manorial rights in the Hadamarer Mark, the Nassau part of the Driedorf rule , the Ottonian parts of Dausenau and Ems as well as some free float. The initial residence was the " Junkernschloss " in Driedorf. He received city rights for this place in 1305 from King Albrecht of Austria .
The possession of Driedorf was not without controversy, as it was a fiefdom of the Landgraviate of Hesse and a feud existed between the Landgraves and the Ottonian main line of the House of Nassau (see Dernbacher Feud ). In 1290, as co-owners of Driedorf, the Lords of Greifenstein, with the help of Hesse, managed to force Nassau to demolish two castles near Driedorf. It was not until 1316 that Emicho succeeded in acquiring the Lords of Greifenstein's share in Driedorf for 250 marks.
Through his marriage to Anna von Zollern-Nürnberg, a daughter of Burgrave Friedrich III. from Nuremberg , Emicho had received the lien on the Reichsburg near Kammerstein and several villages in the Nuremberg area. (see: Ramungus )
In 1320 Emicho succeeded in acquiring the important model yard of the Eberbach monastery in Hadamar . He had the court expanded into Hadamar moated castle and moved his residence there. In the following years he was able to strengthen the Nassau rule around Hadamar through further smaller acquisitions. The close relationships with the County of Diez were beneficial here . Emicho was the guardian of Count Gottfried von Diez from 1317 to 1332. In 1324 Emicho married his daughter Jutta to his son Gerhard IV von Diez. In the same year he was able to receive city rights from Emperor Ludwig IV for his places Hadamar and Ems . In 1332 he got the Counts of Diez to renounce their sovereign rights over Hadamar.
Emicho died on June 7th, 1334. His widow Anna von Zollern-Nürnberg moved her Wittum first in Hadamar, later on at Kammerstein Castle; she died after 1355. Emicho I. was inherited by his son Johann. His second son Emicho II was initially a clergyman, attested as a canon in Mainz since 1328 , but was also involved in the administration of the County of Nassau-Hadamar from 1337.
Johann initially continued his father's acquisition policy. The Lords of Westerburg pledged half of the Schaumburg to him in 1324 . He also succeeded in 1337 in acquiring the Ellar rule with its four cents , numerous localities and the district court from Count Gottfried von Diez for 1450 Mark Limburg money. From around 1348, however, Johann's policy was determined by sales and pledges. Driedorf was pledged several times, the rule of Ellar was bought back by the County of Diez before 1362, half of Ems and Dausenau were pledged to Kurtrier in 1363 , and the Franconian property around Kammerstein Castle was completely sold by 1364. The cause of the economic decline could be the numerous feuds in which Johann participated.
Johann was married to Elisabeth von Waldeck . After Johann's death in 1365, his sons Heinrich and Emicho III took over. the county of Nassau-Hadamar. Elisabeth von Waldeck had died before her husband. Heinrich, the last ruling count, only survived his father by three years and died in 1368.
Succession dispute
After the death of Count Heinrich, the Hadamar succession dispute began. Nominal was Emicho III. Count of Nassau-Hadamar until 1394. However, he was considered “stupid” and unable to govern and was banished to the Arnstein Monastery by his family . The Landgraves of Hesse took the opportunity to move in Driedorf as a settled fiefdom.
The government in Hadamar was taken over by Emich's brother-in-law Ruprecht der Streitbare von Nassau-Sonnenberg , from the Walram line of the House of Nassau. He was married to Anna von Nassau-Hadamar , a daughter of Johann von Nassau-Hadamar and sister of Emich. At the same time, Emich's cousin Johann I von Nassau-Dillenburg , as a senior in the Ottonian main line, raised hereditary claims to the county.
In 1371 at the latest there was an open break between Ruprecht VI. von Nassau-Sonnenberg and Johann I von Nassau-Dillenburg. Landgrave Heinrich II of Hesse supported Ruprecht and gave him and his wife Anna two thirds of the Driedorf court, which he had taken in as a fiefdom the year before, as a fief. Johann I von Nassau-Dillenburg then joined the Star League directed against the Landgrave . In 1372 the Sterners tried to storm Hadamar under the leadership of Count Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen . Although they managed to overcome the city walls, they were then beaten back by Ruprecht and the city's residents. In the same year Ruprecht managed to oust Johann from the castle and the city of Nassau . During the fighting, the city and castle were almost completely destroyed. In 1374 a temporary settlement was made. However, when in 1377 a feud broke out between the Landgraviate of Hesse and the knight's association " Gesellschaft von der alten Minne ", founded and led by Johann I., the dispute between Johann and Ruprecht flared up again. As a result, Johann conquered the city of Ems. In March 1382 a new settlement was reached, but in April 1382 Johann allied with Heinrich II. Von Nassau-Beilstein against Ruprecht von Nassau-Sonnenburg. As a result, Ruprecht rebuilt Greifenstein Castle together with the Counts of Solms . A new settlement was reached in 1385, but the feud flared up again before 1388. On June 6, 1390, Johann and Ruprecht came to an agreement again. Ruprecht died just a few months later on November 4, 1390.
Shortly after Ruprecht's death (September 4, 1390), Anna von Nassau-Hadamar remarried before January 10, 1391. Her second husband, Count Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen, immediately laid claim to the sub-county of Nassau-Hadamar. On June 21, 1394, a first settlement was made between Nassau-Dillenburg and Katzenelnbogen , but it did not last long.
The marriage between Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen and Anna von Nassau-Hadamar remained childless, so that in 1403 Anna, with the permission of her sister Adelheid von Castell, née. von Nassau-Hadamar, and her nephew Leonhard von Castell , transferred their inheritance claims to the sub-county Nassau-Hadamar to their stepson Johann IV. "the elderly" von Katzenelnbogen.
After Anna's death in 1404, Johann I von Nassau-Dillenburg renewed his claim to the sub-county. The newly emerging dispute with Katzenelnbogen was settled on August 17, 1405. Nassau-Dillenburg received a third, Katzenelnbogen two thirds of the county. Since Hessen refused to consent to the Driedorfer fiefdom, the settlement was changed on July 28, 1408 in the arbitration award to Bacherach: instead of a third to Driedorf, Nassau-Dillenburg received a third of the Ellar rule, which the County of Katzenelnbogen had acquired from the County of Diez.
In the following years, the division of the sub-county of Nassau-Hadamar was not undisputed and connected with the dispute over the division of the county of Diez. This dispute between Nassau-Dillenburg and Katzenelnbogen led to the distancing of the two families and to the merger between Katzenelnbogen and the Landgraviate of Hesse with a contract dated November 21, 1410.
With Philip I of Katzenelnbogen , the Counts of Katzenelnbogen died out in the male line in 1479. As Philip's closest relative, Landgrave Heinrich III. von Hessen-Marburg owned by the County of Katzenelnbogen. In a long-standing inheritance dispute between the Counts of Nassau-Dillenburg and the Landgraviate of Hesse, claims from the inheritance of the sub-county of Nassau-Hadamar were revived. In 1534, the Hessian landgraves temporarily sold half of their stake in Nassau-Hadamar to Kurtrier . It was not until June 30, 1557, almost 190 years after the death of Heinrich von Nassau-Hadamar, that the disputes were finally settled. Nassau-Dillenburg now owned the entire inheritance of the Nassau-Hadamar sub-county with the exception of the city of Ems.
Regents
-
Emich I. (1303–7 July 1334)
-
Johann (1334–1365), son of Emich I.
- Heinrich (1365–1368), son of Johann
- Emich III. (1365–1394), son of Johann (ruled under guardianship)
- Emich II (co-regent 1345–1 March 1359), son of Emich I.
-
Johann (1334–1365), son of Emich I.
(In 1368, after Heinrich's death, the county fell under the custody of Nassau-Sonnenberg and from 1405 was divided between Nassau-Dillenburg, one third, and Katzenelnbogen, two thirds.)
Nassau-Hadamar (Younger Line)
Emergence
By 1561 the House of Nassau-Dillenburg succeeded in reuniting the ancestral land on the right bank of the Rhine of the Ottonian main line of the House of Nassau. Due to the inheritance of the County of Diez (1378) and parts of the County of Katzenelnbogen (1557), there was a considerable increase in the area.
Two years earlier, in 1559, with Wilhelm I of Orange-Nassau, the older Nassau-Orange line had split off from the Nassau-Dillenburg line. Nassau-Orange owned the more valuable part of the lands with the Principality of Orange in southern France , the County of Vianden in Luxembourg and the Barony of Breda in the Netherlands .
After the death of John VI. von Nassau-Dillenburg 1606 his sons divided the ancestral land on the right bank of the Rhine on March 31, 1607 into the five lines Nassau-Siegen, Nassau-Dillenburg, Nassau-Beilstein, Nassau-Diez and Nassau-Hadamar. Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar became regent of Nassau-Hadamar .
Around 1557 Johann VI. converted to Calvinism from Nassau-Dillenburg . His sons were raised in this faith. According to the formula "Cuius regio, eius religio" of the Augsburg Imperial and Religious Peace , Calvinism was prescribed to the subjects as a religion ever since.
territory
When it was founded, the county comprised the offices of Hadamar, Ellar and Esterau as well as a quarter of Camberg , Altweilnau and Kirberg . After the death of Wilhelm-Ludwig von Nassau-Dillenburg, the Ottonian-Nassau countries were redistributed in 1620, and Johann Ludwig gained the offices of Stuhlgebiet ( Rennerod ) and Mengerskirchen.
As Count of Nassau-Hadamar, Johann Ludwig tried to consolidate his rule. In 1613 he acquired half of Altweilnau . In 1620 he succeeded in acquiring the Maienburg from the Mudersbach family. With the "Probach exchange" he received on May 8, 1628 from Nassau-Diez the villages of Dillhausen and Probbach against his quarter of Camberg. In 1631 he transferred his share in Altweilnau to Nassau-Saarbrücken and in return received the Walramische share in the Esterau.
During the Thirty Years War , there were at times significant expansions due to the war. In 1637, Nassau-Weilburg acquired the Merenberg office . In the same year Johann Ludwig paid homage to the offices of Usingen , Burgschwalbach and Nassau, which belonged to Nassau-Saarbrücken . However, he lost these acquisitions again with the peace treaty. From the rule of Leiningen-Westerburg he acquired the parish of Seck in 1637 and the parish of Willmenrod in 1644.
He sold Esterau to Peter Melander von Holzappel in 1643 and in the same year acquired the parish of Neunkirchen von Nassau-Weilburg. The acquisition of Obertiefenbach in 1649 from the county of Wied-Runkel rounded off the consolidation policy. On October 3, 1652 he transferred all goods of the Beselich monastery to the Jesuits of Hadamar, who received preferential rights after his conversion to the Catholic faith .
Within his domain, Johann Ludwig made numerous acquisitions of forests, fields and mills. Several times he acquired property from subjects who had got into economic difficulties as a result of the war and therefore had considerable tax debts. This improved the economic situation of the House of Nassau-Hadamar. He completely acquired the villages of Stöcken, Hölzenhausen, Niederahlbach and Dapperich and converted them into stately farms.
Under Moritz Heinrich, Nassau-Hadamar exchanged the parish of Wilmenrod for the villages of Wilsenroth and Pottum with Leiningen-Westerburg in 1667 .
development
After the division, Johann Ludwig had the former Wasserburg at Hadamar converted into a modern castle . The Hanau architect Joachim Rumpf was commissioned with the construction work. The work lasted from 1612 to 1629. Hadamar Castle was considered the largest Nassau castle of its time. As a result of the palace expansion, the city of Hadamar was expanded into a modern residential city. In 1635, Johann Ludwig had Mengerskirchen Castle expanded as a secondary residence .
Around 1610, Salbuch was laid out for all places in the county . These registers were used for taxation. Every resident was obliged to declare their financial circumstances in writing. The following taxes and duties were usually to be paid by the population: tithe , bede , collection allowance, service allowance , cow, leg, night payment, payment; Zehendt Pfennig (exit tax), Accisen on wine and beer, Freyfuderhafer, appraisal , fines, betting, lottery ticket , birth certificate money, dog money, mandrel eggs, Grebenhahn, Besthaupt , Weidthammel, hunting law, land servant law . The calculation methods, the amount and the taxpayer could differ from place to place. In addition, the county had income from ban mills , pits , forests, manorial farms and the iron hammer at Hadamar.
With the beginning of the Thirty Years War in 1618, a devastating phase began for the county. Almost every year the population had to billet the various warring parties and also had to bear considerable special taxes and bribe money. The cause of the war burden was the proximity to the important Lahn crossings and the initial neutrality of the county of Nassau-Hadamar, which meant that no warring party spared the area.
In the course of the war, the main Ottonian line of the House of Nassau fell out of favor with Emperor Ferdinand II , as the Calvinist counts supported the aims of the Reformed. In order to prevent the confiscation of their lands by the emperor, Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar traveled to the imperial court in Vienna in 1629, where he succeeded in securing possession of the Ottonian main line: he made the change from the Calvinist to the Catholic faith and received the dignity of an Imperial Chamberlain .
From 1630 Johann Ludwig introduced the Catholic faith in Nassau-Hadamar. After converting to religion, a Jesuit settlement (1630), a Franciscan monastery (1635) and a Dominican monastery were established in the following years . The ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Nassau-Hadamar was not held by the Archdiocese of Trier , but remained with the sovereign. Through the mediation of the Cologne Nuncio Fabio Chigi , Pope Innocent X confirmed this with a papal indult of 1648. The reintroduction of the Catholic faith, however, contradicted the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, since the county was still Calvinist in the " normal year 1624".
While Johann Ludwig as an imperial diplomat stayed mainly outside his county, the war-related destruction reached new heights. Troops passing through plundered the country, numerous villages burned down, and in 1635 the administration and administration of justice in the office of Ellar were suspended. Most of the county's villages had not regained their pre-war population by 1672.
From 1638 Johann Ludwig drove the negotiations to end the war in Cologne and Münster and, as an imperial diplomat, played a key role in negotiating the Westphalian Peace Treaty of 1648. As a thank you for his services in bringing about the Peace of Westphalia, he was in 1650 by Emperor Ferdinand III. elevated to imperial prince; the prince became hereditary in 1652 and extended to the entire Ottonian house of Nassau. In addition, he received a large sum of money. The Principality of Nassau-Hadamar had its own virile voice in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.
After the death of Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar in 1653, his son Moritz Heinrich took over the government. He continued the Counter-Reformation and was able to establish a Catholic grammar school for Hadamar under the direction of the Jesuits. Neither Moritz Heinrich nor his son Franz Alexander were able to build on the supraregional importance of Johann Ludwig.
After the death of Moritz Heinrich in 1679, his brother Franz Bernhard, provost at Cologne Cathedral , took over the reign in Nassau-Hadamar for his nephew Franz Alexander, who was only six years old, until 1694. The “Hadamar School” / “Hadamar Barock” was founded in 1692 on the initiative of Franz Bernhard. The art school gained importance in the field of altar architecture.
With the death of Prince Franz Alexander on May 27, 1711, the younger Hadamar line became extinct.
succession
The state sovereignty over the principality fell to the other lines of the Ottonian main line of the House of Nassau. After initial joint management, the property was divided on November 20, 1717: Nassau-Siegen (Catholic) and Nassau-Siegen (Reformed) each received a sixth, Nassau-Dillenburg and Nassau-Diez each received a third. The distribution took place by lot. It was not until 1728 that the emperor approved the division. The House of Nassau lost its vote in the Reichstag.
The division was changed several times and did not remain undisputed. The triggers included the extinction of the Nassau-Siegen (reformed) lines in 1734 and Nassau-Dillenburg in 1739. From February 19, 1742, Prince Wilhelm Hyazinth von Nassau-Siegen was the sole owner of the entire Principality of Nassau-Hadamar. He resided in Hadamar Castle.
After his death on February 18, 1743, the House of Nassau-Diez ( Orange-Nassau younger line) united all Ottonian lines and from that point on was the sole property of the Hadamar land. The former principality of Hadamar remained as an administrative region until 1775.
The distribution of the allodial property of the House of Nassau after the death of Franz Alexander was controversial. On the one hand, his widow Elisabeth Katharine von Hessen-Rheinfels-Rotenburg claimed the inheritance for her daughters Elisabeth and Charlotte , on the other hand the other princes of the Nassau-Ottonian line claimed the inheritance on the basis of existing house contracts. Albertine Johannette von Salm-Neufville , a sister of Franz Alexander, also made claims.
The dispute between the Ottonian lines and Elisabeth Katharine von Hessen-Rheinfels-Rotenburg was decided by the Imperial Conclusa in 1721, 1723 and 1725. Elisabeth had died in the meantime, and Charlotte received the villages of Seck and Obertiefenbach as well as significant parts of the allodial property. Half of the entire allodial property fell to the House of Salm-Neufville, the remainder to the House of Orange-Nassau by judgment of the Reich Chamber of Commerce in Wetzlar . The processes surrounding the allodial property were not finally completed until 1788.
Regents
- Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar (1620–1653), prince 1650
- Moritz Heinrich von Nassau-Hadamar (1653–1679)
-
Franz Alexander von Nassau-Hadamar (1679–1711)
- Guardianship by Franz Bernhard von Nassau-Hadamar (1679–1694)
- Division among other Ottonian-Nassau houses (1712–1742)
-
Wilhelm Hyazinth of Nassau-Siegen (1742–1743)
- Nassau-Hadamar falls entirely to Orange-Nassau.
literature
- Hellmuth Gensicke : State history of the Westerwald . 3. Edition. Historical Commission for Nassau, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-922244-80-7 .
- Walter Rudersdorf: In the shadow of Ellar Castle . Ed .: Municipality of Ellar / Westerwald. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1967.
- Georg Wagner : Obertiefenbach in its past . Obertiefenbach community, Wiesbaden-Dotzheim 1954, p. 46-51 .
- Jacob Wagner: The regent family of Nassau-Hadamar: History of the Principality of Hadamar with special regard to its church history, from the oldest times to our days, edited according to documents , Mechitharisten, 1863 ( Volume 1: Google Books , Volume 2: Google Books )
Individual evidence
- ↑ It was, at least superficially, about Driedorf and the Itter rule .
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : 250 years pilgrimage chapel Maria Hilf Beselich . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 2017 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg-Weilburg 2016, ISBN 3-927006-54-8 , p. 137-141 .
- ^ Klaus Schatz: History of the Diocese of Limburg . Mainz 1983, p. 5.
- ↑ Georg Wagner: Obertiefenbach in his past . Obertiefenbach community, Wiesbaden-Dotzheim 1954, p. 46-51 .