List of emigrated German-speaking social scientists

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This list of emigrated German-speaking social scientists includes social scientists who emigrated from the territory of the German Reich between 1933 and 1945 because of the rule of National Socialism .

This list includes scientists who held a university professorship before or after emigration and who wrote at least one social science monograph, as well as authors who submitted at least four monographs, at least one of which is of social science importance. The year of emigration, the stations and the destination country and (if there was a return) the year of re-migration are given.

See also: List of well-known German-speaking emigrants and exiles (1933–1945) .

A.

  • Leonhard Adam (1891–1960), ethnologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1939, was deported to Australia in 1940 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.
  • Franz Adler (1908–1983), sociologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1934 and to the USA in 1938. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
  • Günther Anders (1902–1992), social philosopher and writer, emigrated from Austria to France in 1933, then to the USA. He returned to Austria in 1950.
  • Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), journalist and scholar, emigrated to France in 1933 and to the USA in 1941.

B.

  • Fritz Baade (1893–1974), economist and SPD politician, emigrated to Turkey in 1935 and to the USA in 1946. He returned to West Germany (British Zone) in 1948.
  • Wilhelm Baldamus (1908–1991), industrial sociologist, emigrated to Great Britain in 1937.
  • Herbert Baldus (1899–1970), ethnologist, was on a research trip to Brazil in 1933 and never returned to Germany.
  • Käthe Bauer-Mengelberg (1894–1968), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1939.
  • Richard Fritz Behrendt (1908–1972), sociologist, emigrated to Panama in 1934, then to various South American countries. He moved to Switzerland in the 1950s and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s.
  • Reinhard Bendix (1916–1991), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1938.
  • Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), philosopher and social theorist, emigrated to France in 1933, after a fruitless attempt to get to Spain he committed suicide in 1940.
  • Arnold Bergstraesser (1896–1964), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1937. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1954.
  • Siegfried Bernfeld (1892–1953), reform pedagogue, psychoanalyst and writer. Emigrated to the USA via France in 1934.
  • Marianne Beth (1890–1984) legal scholar, sociologist, women's rights activist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Peter Blau (1918–2002), sociologist, emigrated from Austria to France in 1939, then to the USA.
  • Kurt Blaukopf (1914–1999), music sociologist, emigrated from Austria to France in 1938 and to Palestine in 1940. He returned to Austria in 1947.
  • Ernst Bloch (1885–1977), philosopher, emigrated to the USA in 1939. In 1949 he returned to the GDR and moved to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1961.
  • Heinrich Blücher (1899–1970), philosopher, emigrated to Prague (CSR) in 1933, to France in 1934, from there after internment in 1941 fled to the USA via Spain and Portugal.
  • Werner W. Boehm (1913–2011), social work scientist, emigrated in 1933 via Switzerland to France and in 1937 to the USA.
  • Franz Borkenau (1900–1957), historical philosopher, cultural historian and sociologist, emigrated to Austria in 1933, then to France and finally to Panama. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1947.
  • Alfred Braunthal (1897–1980), social scientist and trade unionist, emigrated to Belgium in 1933 and to the USA in 1936.
  • Arnold Brecht (1884–1977), lawyer and political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Götz Briefs (1889–1974), social theorist, social philosopher and national economist, emigrated to the USA in 1934.
  • Werner Friedrich Bruck (1880–1945), economist, emigrated to England in 1934, and in 1940 to the USA
  • Joseph Hans Bunzel (1907–1975), sociologist and psychologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.

C.

  • Werner J. Cahnman (1902–1980), sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1939, then to the USA.
  • Francis L. Carsten (1911–1998), historian, emigrated to France in 1936 and to the United Kingdom in 1938.
  • Gerhard Colm (1897–1968), economist and finance scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Lewis Coser (1913–2003), sociologist, emigrated to France in 1933 and to the USA via Portugal in 1939.
  • Fritz Croner (1896–1979), sociologist, emigrated to Sweden in 1934 .

D.

  • Peter Drucker (1909–2005), economist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933, then to the USA in 1937.

E.

  • Wolfram Eberhard (1909–1989), ethnologist and sinologist, emigrated to Turkey in 1937.
  • Harry H. Eckstein (1924–1999), political scientist, was selected in 1936 at the age of twelve by US authorities on the basis of an intelligence test for immigration.
  • Norbert Elias (1897–1990), sociologist, philosopher and poet, emigrated to France in 1933, then to Great Britain in 1935. He moved to Ghana in 1962 and lived in the Netherlands from 1975.
  • Amitai Etzioni (* 1929 as Werner Falk), emigrated to Palestine with his parents in 1936 and later moved to the USA.
  • Heinz Eulau (1915–2004), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1934.

F.

  • Ernst Fischer (1899–1972), philosopher, publicist and politician. Emigrated from Austria to the Soviet Union in 1934. He returned to Vienna in 1945.
  • Ernst Hugo Fischer (1897–1975), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to Norway in 1938 , then to the United Kingdom. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1950s.
  • Ossip K. Flechtheim (1909–1998), lawyer and political scientist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1935 and to the USA in 1939. He returned to Germany in 1951.
  • Emerich K. Francis (1906–1994), sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1939 and was deported to Canada in 1940. In 1947 he moved to the USA. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1958.
  • Ernst Fraenkel (1898–1975), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1938 via the United Kingdom. He returned to (West) Berlin in 1951.
  • Bruno Frei (1897–1988), Austrian philosopher and publicist. Emigrated from Berlin to Prague (CSR) in early 1933, to France in 1939 and from there to Mexico after being interned in the camp in 1941. He returned to Vienna in 1947.
  • Walter Friedländer (1891–1984), social work scientist, emigrated to France in 1933 and to the USA in 1937.
  • Erich Fromm (1900–1980), psychoanalyst, philosopher and social psychologist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1933, then to the USA in 1934 and in 1974 took up residence in Switzerland.

G

  • Herbert J. Gans (* 1927), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1940.
  • Peter Gay (1923–2015), historian and psychoanalyst, emigrated to Cuba in 1939 and to the USA in 1941.
  • Theodor Geiger (1891–1952), sociologist, emigrated to Denmark in 1933 , ten years later to Sweden , returned to Denmark in 1945.
  • Hans Heinrich Gerth (1908–1978), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1938 via the United Kingdom. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1971.
  • Ruth Glass (1912–1990), sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom via Prague and Genoa.
  • Boris Goldenberg (1905–1980), politician, journalist and historian, emigrated to France in 1933, then to Palestine (1935–1937), then again to France, then in 1941 to Cuba. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1964.
  • Shimon Gottschalk (* 1929), social work scientist, emigrated to the USA with his family in 1938 as a child.
  • Adolf Grabowsky (1880–1969), political scientist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1934 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany after the Second World War.
  • Alfred Grosser (* 1925), political scientist and sociologist, emigrated to France with his family in 1933 as a child. He lived in Germany and France after World War II.
  • Waldemar Gurian (1902–1954), political scientist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1934 and to the USA in 1937.
  • Arcadius Rudolf Lang Gurland (1904–1979), political scientist, emigrated to Belgium in 1933, then France, then in 1940 to the USA. He returned to Berlin (-West) in 1950.
  • Franz Gutmann (1879–1967), economist, emigrated to the USA in 1939.

H

  • Ernst Bernard Haas (1924–2003), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1938 with his parents.
  • Karl Wilhelm Haas (1883–1956), philosopher, psychologist and sociologist, emigrated to Iran in 1934 and to the USA in 1940.
  • George Nikolaus Halm (1901–1984), economist, emigrated to the USA in 1936.
  • Richard Hauser (1911–1990), social scientist, emigrated from Austria to Palestine in 1938, moved to Australia after the war and lived in the United Kingdom from 1957.
  • Klaus Hinrich Heberle (1931–1998), philosopher and political scientist, emigrated to the USA with his family in 1938 as a child.
  • Rudolf Heberle (1896–1991), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1938.
  • Hans von Hentig (1887–1974), legal scholar and criminologist, emigrated to the USA in 1935 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951.
  • Eduard Heimann (1889–1967), economist and social scientist, emigrated to the USA via the Netherlands in 1933 and did not return to the Federal Republic of Germany until 1963.
  • Paul Hermberg (1888–1969), economist and social scientist, emigrated to Colombia in 1936 and to the USA in 1940.
  • Frederick Hertz (1878–1964) Austrian sociologist, economist and cultural historian, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1938.
  • John H. Herz (1908–2005), political scientist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1935 and to the USA in 1938.
  • Hildegard Therese Himmelweit (1918–1989), social psychologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1935 .
  • Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935), doctor, sex researcher and writer. Emigrated to France in 1933.
  • Albert O. Hirschman (1915–2012), sociologist and economist, emigrated in 1933 via France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy and again France to the USA (1940).
  • Hajo Holborn (1902–1969), historian, emigrated to the USA in 1934 via the United Kingdom.
  • Louise Holborn (1898–1975), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933 via the United Kingdom.
  • Paul Honigsheim (1885–1963), sociologist, emigrated to France in 1933, then to Panama and in 1938 to the USA.
  • Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), social philosopher, emigrated in 1933 via Switzerland and France to the USA (1934). In 1949 he returned to the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Berthold Frank Hoselitz (1913–1995), economist and social scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Erich Hula (1900–1987), political scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938 via Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

I.

  • Gustav Ichheiser (1897–1969), social psychologist and sociologist, emigrated from Austria to Switzerland in 1938 and to the USA in 1940 via the United Kingdom.
  • Joachim Israel (1920–2001), sociologist and social psychologist, emigrated to Sweden in 1938 .

J

  • Georg Jacoby (1904–1978), sociologist, lawyer and statistician, emigrated to New Zealand in 1936.
  • Henry Jacoby (1905–1986), journalist and writer, emigrated in 1938 via Czechoslovakia, France (internment) and the United Kingdom to the USA (1941).
  • Marie Jahoda (1907–2001), social scientist, emigrated from Austria to the United Kingdom in 1936, then to the USA in 1945. She returned to the United Kingdom in 1958.

K

  • Alfred Kähler (1900–1981), economist, emigrated to the USA in 1934.
  • Erich von Kahler (1885–1970), writer, cultural philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1933, then Switzerland and finally in 1938 to the USA.
  • Hermann Kantorowicz (1877–1940), legal scholar, emigrated to the USA in 1933 and went to the United Kingdom in 1934.
  • Felix Kaufmann (1895–1949), legal philosopher, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Suzanne Keller (1927–2010), sociologist, emigrated with her family from Austria to the USA as a child.
  • Hans Kelsen (1881–1973), legal scholar, emigrated to Switzerland in 1933 and to the USA in 1940.
  • Gerhard Kessler (1883–1963), economist and social scientist, emigrated to Turkey in 1933 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951.
  • Otto Kirchheimer (1905–1965), constitutional lawyer, emigrated to France in 1933 and to the USA in 1937.
  • Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967), psychologist and gestalt theorist, emigrated to the USA in 1935.
  • Leo Kofler (1907–1995), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated from Austria to Switzerland in 1938. Return to Germany (East / Soviet Zone) in 1947, to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1950.
  • René König (1906–1992), sociologist, linguist and translator, emigrated to Switzerland in 1937. 1949 return to the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Ernst Kohn-Bramstedt (1901–1978), historian and sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933, from there to Australia in 1952, and returned to the United Kingdom in 1969 ("retirement").
  • Gisela Konopka (1910–2003), social work scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1936 via Czechoslovakia, Austria, France and Portugal.
  • Karl Korsch (1886–1961), lawyer, university professor, publicist, communist politician and theoretical Marxist, emigrated to Denmark in 1933 and to the USA in 1936.
  • Fred Kort (1919–2004), political scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1939.
  • Adolf Kozlik (1912–1964), economist, sociologist and legal scholar, emigrated from Austria to Switzerland in 1938 and to the USA in 1939. In 1943 he fled to Mexico before the FBI.
  • Siegfried Kracauer (1889–1966), writer, publicist and sociologist, worked as a correspondent in France from 1933 and in 1940 emigrated to the USA.
  • Julius Kraft (1898–1960), sociologist and philosopher, emigrated to the Netherlands in 1933 and later to the USA. 1957 return to Frankfurt am Main.
  • Hertha Kraus (1897–1968), social scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Edith Kurzweil (1924–2016), sociologist, emigrated to Belgium in 1939 and to the USA via Portugal in 1940.
  • Jürgen Kuczynski (1904–1997), political economist, economic historian and sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1934. 1945 return to Berlin [East].

L.

  • Werner S. Landecker (1911–2002), legal scholar and sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1936.
  • Siegfried Landshut (1897–1968), political scientist and sociologist, emigrated to Egypt in 1933, from there later to Palestine. 1951 return to the Federal Republic of Germany
  • Heinz Langerhans (1904–1976), social and political scientist and journalist, after prison / concentration camp 1933/39, emigrated to Belgium in 1939, to France in 1940 and to the USA in 1941. 1957 return to the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Rose Laub Coser (1916–1994), sociologist, emigrated to Belgium in 1933 and to the USA in 1939.
  • Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1901–1976), sociologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1933.
  • Emil Lederer (1882–1939), economist and sociologist, emigrated to Japan in 1933, then to the USA in 1933.
  • Otto Leichter (1897–1973), lawyer and publicist, emigrated via Belgium to France in 1938, to the USA in 1940, return to Vienna in 1946, and back to the USA in 1948.
  • Charlotte Leubuscher (1888–1961), social and economic scientist, emigrated to Great Britain in 1922.
  • Werner Levi (1912–2005), political scientist, emigrated to the USA via Great Britain in 1940.
  • Hermann Levy (1881–1949), economist and writer, emigrated to Great Britain in 1934.
  • Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), social psychologist and field theorist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Hilde Lion (1893–1970), sociologist and founder of a school in England.
  • Eva Lips (1906–1988), ethnologist and legal sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1934, returned to the GDR in 1948.
  • Karl Loewenstein (1891–1973), legal and political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Adolf Löwe (1893–1995), sociologist and economist, emigrated to Great Britain in 1933 and later to the USA. In 1983 he returned to Germany.
  • Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993), literary sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1934.
  • Georg Lukács (1885–1971), Hungarian philosopher, literary critic and politician. Emigrated from Berlin to the Soviet Union in early 1933 and returned to Budapest (Hungary) at the end of 1944.
  • Charlotte Lütkens (1896–1967), social scientist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1937 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.

M.

  • Joseph Maier (1911–2002), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Ernest Manheim (1900–2002), sociologist, anthropologist and composer, emigrated to the United Kingdom via Hungary in 1933 and then to the USA in 1936.
  • Fritz Karl Mann (1883–1979), finance scientist and finance sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Hermann Mannheim (1889–1974), criminologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1934.
  • Karl Mannheim , (1893–1947) sociologist and philosopher, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933.
  • Harry Maòr (1914–1982), sociologist, emigrated to Palestine in 1933.
  • Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979), philosopher, political scientist and sociologist, emigrated in 1933 via Switzerland and France to the USA (1934).
  • Jacob Marschak (1898–1977), economist, emigrated to Austria in 1933, then to the United Kingdom and finally in 1939 to the USA.
  • Paul Wilhelm Massing (1902–1979), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1939.
  • Carl Mayer (1902–1974), sociologist of religion, emigrated to the USA in 1933 and moved to Switzerland in the 1960s.
  • Carl Mennicke (1887–1958), social pedagogue and religious socialist, emigrated to the Netherlands in 1933, where he was arrested after the invasion of the Wehrmacht and was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
  • Alfred Meusel (1896–1960), sociologist, emigrated via Denmark to the United Kingdom in 1934/35 and returned to Berlin [East] in 1946/47.
  • Johann Mokre (1901–1981), sociologist and legal philosopher, emigrated in 1939 from Austria via Switzerland and Italy to the USA. He returned to Austria in 1948.
  • Hans Morgenthau (1904–1980), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1937 via Spain, Italy and France.
  • Fritz Morstein Marx (1900–1969), political and administrative scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1933 and returned to Germany in 1962.

N

  • Hans Neisser (1895–1975), economist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Franz Neumann (1900–1954), political scientist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933 and to the USA in 1936.
  • Sigmund Neumann (1904–1962), political scientist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933 and to the USA in 1934.
  • Fritz Neumark (1900–1991), finance scientist, emigrated to Turkey in 1933 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951.
  • Paul Martin Neurath (1911–2001), sociologist, was arrested in 1938 while on the run from Austria, first came to the Dachau concentration camp and then to the Buchenwald concentration camp. After his release he emigrated to the USA via Sweden in 1939 .
  • Fritz Nova (1915–1995), political scientist, emigrated to Italy in 1936 and to the USA in 1939.

O

  • Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943), doctor, sociologist, economist and Zionist, left for Japan in 1939, was not tolerated there and emigrated to the USA in 1940 via Shanghai.

P

  • Henry M. Pachter (1907–1980), historian and political scientist, emigrated to the USA.
  • Fritz Pappenheim (1902–1964), sociologist and economist, emigrated in 1933 via Spain to France (1939) and the USA (1941).
  • Helmuth Plessner (1892–1985), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to the Netherlands in 1934 and went underground there during the German occupation. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany around 1950.
  • Karl Polanyi (1886–1964), economist and theorist, emigrated from Austria to the United Kingdom in 1933 and to the USA in 1940.
  • Friedrich Pollock (1894–1970), sociologist, economist and organizer of the Institute for Social Research, emigrated to the USA in 1933 via Switzerland and France. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1950.
  • Karl Popper (1902–1994), philosopher and science theorist, emigrated from Austria to New Zealand in 1937 and moved to the United Kingdom in 1946.

R.

  • Uri Ra'anan (until 1954 Heinz Felix Frischwasser) (* 1926), political scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA as a child.
  • Konstantin Radaković (1884–1973), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to Croatia in 1941 and returned to Austria in 1945.
  • Hermann Rauschning (1887–1982), NSDAP politician and theorist of fascism, emigrated in 1936 from the Free City of Danzig via Switzerland, France and the United Kingdom to the USA (1941).
  • Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, sex researcher and sociologist, emigrated in 1933 first to Austria, then to Denmark, 1934 to Norway and 1939 to the USA.
  • Eva Gabriele Reichmann (1897-1998); Historian and sociologist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1938.
  • Theodor Reik (1888–1969), psychoanalyst, emigrated to the Netherlands in 1933 and to the USA in 1938.
  • Paul Reiwald (1895–1951), lawyer and criminologist, emigrated to Belgium in 1933, then (1939) to Switzerland.
  • Ernst Reuter (1889–1953), SPD politician and local scientist, emigrated to Turkey in 1935 after being detained twice in a concentration camp. He returned to Berlin [West] in 1946.
  • Svend Riemer (1905–1977), sociologist, emigrated to Sweden in 1933 and to the USA in 1938.
  • Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966), economist, emigrated to Turkey in 1933, then to Switzerland in 1937.
  • Edgar R. Rosen (1911–1994), political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1937 with American citizenship, returned to Germany in 1965.
  • Arthur Rosenberg (1889–1943), historian and politician, emigrated to Switzerland in 1933, to the United Kingdom in 1934 and to the USA in 1937.
  • Hans Rosenberg (1904–1988), historian, emigrated to the USA via Canada and Cuba in 1934/35 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1977.
  • Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973), lawyer, philosopher and sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Alexander Rustow (1885–1963), economist and social scientist, emigrated to Turkey in 1933. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
  • Joseph Rovan (1918–2004), political scientist, publicist and government advisor, emigrated to France in 1933.

S.

  • Albert Salomon (1891–1966), sociologist, emigrated to the USA via Switzerland in 1935.
  • Gottfried Salomon (-Delatour) (1892–1964), sociologist and economist, emigrated to France in 1933 and to the USA in 1941.
  • Arthur Salz (1881–1963), social scientist and economist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933 and to the USA in 1934.
  • Alexander von Schelting (1894–1963), sociologist. Emigrated to the USA in 1934 and to Switzerland in 1950.
  • Josef Schleifstein (1915–1992), philosopher and politician, expelled to Poland after imprisonment in 1935, from there to Czechoslovakia, in 1939 to the United Kingdom. Returned to Germany in 1946 (British Zone), moved to the GDR in 1951 and came to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1968.
  • Johann Lorenz Schmidt (née Laszlo Radvanyi) (1900–1978), social scientist, emigrated to France in 1933, after internment in 1941 he left for Mexico. Returned to (East) Berlin in 1952.
  • Alfred Schütz (1899–1959), founder of phenomenological sociology, emigrated to France in 1938 and to the USA in 1939.
  • Leopold Schwarzschild (1891–1950), publicist and sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1940 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
  • Arthur Schweitzer (1905–2004), economist and social scientist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1933 and to the USA in 1938.
  • Alphons Silbermann (1909–2000), lawyer, sociologist and writer, emigrated to the Netherlands in 1933, via France to Australia in 1938, remigrated via France to Switzerland and from there in 1970 to the Federal Republic of Germany.
  • Hans Simons (1893–1972), lawyer and political scientist, emigrated to the USA in 1934.
  • Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899–1990), political economist, sociologist and Marxist philosopher, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1937 via Switzerland and France. He returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972.
  • Hans Speier (1905–1990), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.
  • Manès Sperber (1905–1984), writer, social psychologist and philosopher, emigrated in 1933 after 'protective custody' from Germany via his Austrian homeland to Yugoslavia and France and in 1942 to Switzerland. In 1945 he returned to France.
  • Werner Stark (1909–1985), sociologist of knowledge and religion, emigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1933 and to the United Kingdom in 1939 by a detour. In 1973 he returned to his native Austria.
  • Kurt Steiner (1912–2003), political scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Eleonore Sterling (1925–1968), political scientist, emigrated to relatives in the USA in 1938. She returned to Germany.
  • Fritz Sternberg (1895–1963), political economist, Marxist theorist and politician, emigrated to the USA in 1933 via Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. He returned to the Federal Republic in 1954.
  • Willy Strzelewicz (1905–1986), social scientist and educationalist, emigrated to Sweden via Czechoslovakia and Norway in 1933, returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1955.
  • Adolf Sturmthal (1903–1986), political scientist, sociologist, publicist, was expatriated from Austria in 1934 and went to Switzerland. He later emigrated to the USA via Belgium and the United Kingdom.
  • Herbert Sultan (1894–1954), economist and social scientist, emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1939 and returned to Germany (British Zone) in 1946.
  • Walter Sulzbach (1889–1969), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1937 and returned to the Federal Republic in 1956.
  • Stefan Szende (1901–1985), political scientist, politician and journalist, emigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1935 and to Sweden in 1937 after imprisonment in a concentration camp and prison .

T

  • Kurt P. Tauber (* 1922), historian and political scientist, emigrated from Austria to the USA as a child.
  • Jacob Taubes (1923–1987), religious sociologist, philosopher and Judaist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1936, to the USA in 1949/51, to Israel in 1951/53, and to the USA in 1956. Return to Berlin (West) 1966.
  • Hans Toch (* 1930), social psychologist and criminologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA as a child.

V

  • Alfred Vagts (1892–1986), writer and historian, emigrated to the USA via the United Kingdom in 1932/33.
  • Eric Voegelin (1901–1985), political scientist and philosopher, emigrated to the USA via Switzerland in 1938. Returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1958, but moved back to the USA in 1969.

W.

  • Joachim Wach (1898–1955), religious scholar and sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1935.
  • Helmut R. Wagner (1904–1989), councilor communist theorist and later sociologist, emigrated to Switzerland in 1934 and to the USA in 1941.
  • Hans Weil (1898–1972), educator, emigrated to Italy in 1933 and to the USA in 1939.
  • Gerhard Ludwig Weinberg (* 1928), historian, emigrated to Great Britain in 1938 and to the USA in 1940.
  • Rudolph H. Weingartner (* 1927), philosopher, emigrated to the USA with his family in 1939 as a child.
  • Hans Wilbrandt (1903–1988), agricultural scientist and political advisor. Emigrated to the Turkish Republic in 1934 and returned to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1953.
  • Emilio Willems (1905–1997), sociologist and anthropologist, emigrated to Brazil in 1931 and to the USA in 1949.
  • Ernst Florian Winter (1923–2014), historian and political scientist, emigrated with his father Ernst-Karl Winter from Austria to the USA in 1938 and returned to Austria in 1964.
  • Ernst Karl Winter (1895–1959), politician and sociologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA via Switzerland in 1938. In 1955 he returned to Austria.
  • Karl August Wittfogel (1896–1988), sinologist and sociologist, 1933 Esterwege / Papenburg concentration camp, emigrated in 1934 to the United Kingdom and from there in 1940 to the USA.
  • George Victor Wolfe (1904–1990), political scientist, emigrated in 1939 from Austria via the United Kingdom to the USA.
  • Kurt Heinrich Wolff (1912–2003), sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1939 via the United Kingdom.
  • Frieda Wunderlich (1884–1965), economist and sociologist, emigrated to the USA in 1933.

Z

  • Hans Zeisel (1905–1992), legal scholar and statistician, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.
  • Heinz Otto Ziegler (1903–1944), sociologist, emigrated to Prague in 1933, then to the United Kingdom, where he became a pilot in the Royal Air Force .
  • Edgar Zilsel (1891–1944), philosopher and sociologist, emigrated from Austria to the USA in 1938.

See also

literature

  • Helge Pross , The German Academic Emigration to the United States: 1933–1941 Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1955 (with an introduction by Franz Neumann ).
  • René König : The situation of emigrated German sociologists in Europe ; Cologne Journal for Sociology and Social Psychology , 11 (1959), pp. 113–131; expanded / updated in: Sociology in Germany. Founder, advocate, despiser. Munich: Hanser 1987, 503 p., 298-328; 474-478.
  • Svend Riemer : The Emigration of German Sociologists to the United States ; "Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie", 11 (1959), pp. 100–112.
  • Werner Röder & Herbert A. Strauss (eds.): Biographical manual of German-speaking emigration after 1933 (= International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933–1945 ). 3 volumes, Saur, Munich et al. 1980–1983.
  • M. Rainer Lepsius : The social-scientific emigration and its consequences , in Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology , sociology in Germany and Austria 1918-1945 , special issue 23/1981, p. 461-500.
  • Lewis Coser , Refugee Scholars in America. Their Impacts and Their Experiences . New Haven / London; YUP, 1984
  • Richard Albrecht , Exile Research. Studies on German-speaking emigration after 1933 . Bern-Frankfurt / Main: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-631-40554-5 .
  • Ilja Srubar (ed.): Exile, Science, Identity, The Emigration of German Social Scientists 1933–1945 . Frankfurt / Main: Suhrkamp 1988, ISBN 978-3-518-28302-8 .
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  • Claus-Dieter Krohn , Patrik von zur Mühlen , Gerhard Paul, Lutz Winckler (eds.): Handbook of German-speaking Emigration 1933–1945 . 2., unchanged. Edition, Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges., 2008, ISBN 978-3-534-21999-5 .
  • Christian Fleck : Establishing in a foreign country. Expelled scientists in the USA after 1933. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2015, ISBN 978-3-593-50173-4 .

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