New Harmony (Indiana)
| New Harmony | |||
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Location in Indiana
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| Basic data | |||
| Foundation : | 1814 | ||
| State : | United States | ||
| State : | Indiana | ||
| County : | Posey County | ||
| Coordinates : | 38 ° 8 ′ N , 87 ° 56 ′ W | ||
| Time zone : | Central ( UTC − 6 / −5 ) | ||
| Residents : | 916 (status: 2000) | ||
| Population density : | 538.8 inhabitants per km 2 | ||
| Area : | 1.7 km 2 (approx. 1 mi 2 ) of which 1.7 km 2 (approx. 1 mi 2 ) are land |
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| Height : | 116 m | ||
| Postal code : | 47631 | ||
| Area code : | +1 812 | ||
| FIPS : | 18-52974 | ||
| GNIS ID : | 0440051 | ||
New Harmony (originally Harmony ) is a German-founded town on the Wabash River in Posey County , Indiana , 15 miles north of the county town of Mount Vernon. In 2000 it had 916 inhabitants, compared to 1,229 in 1910 and 1,341 in 1900.
etymology
The city was called Harmony from 1814 to 1824 . It was given this name in 1814 by the city's founder, Johann Georg Rapp , who had already founded a city of the same name in Pennsylvania ten years earlier . Robert Owen , who bought the town from Johann Georg Rapp together with William Maclure in 1824, gave it the name New Harmony, which is still used today, in 1824 .
geography
New Harmony is located in the southwest of the North American state of Indiana, right on the border with Illinois and 32 km north of the triangle between Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky . As a city in Indiana, New Harmony belongs to the American Midwest and has Central Time (CT) with the time change to daylight saving time (UTC-6 Central Standard Time and UTC-5 Central Daylight Savings Time).
The city is located in the middle of the active earthquake zone Wabash valley seismic zone and on the edge of the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) , is occasionally ravaged by smaller earthquakes and is affected by severe earthquakes like the New Madrid earthquake of 1811 with a magnitude greater than 7 threatened the Richter scale .
Due to its location in the south of the Midwest, New Harmony is in the tornado area. On December 18, 1957, a Category 3 tornado at a distance of 14 miles resulted in damage of several hundred thousand dollars and injured 4 people. On January 7, 1989, a Category 4 tornado 42 km away inflicted many millions of dollars in damage to 55 people.
The city of New Harmony was built on a hill above the valley of the Wabash River, which forms the state border with Illinois and flows into the Ohio River at the tri-border region . The Wabash divides at New Harmony into two river arms, of which the eastern arm is called the Cutoff River .
New Harmony is the seat of city government and the cities association Harmony , is part of the administrative district of Posey County and belongs to the metropolitan Evansville . The city and its parks are an important excursion and recreation area in the Evansville metropolitan area.
Weather
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New Harmony
Monthly normal and extreme temperatures and monthly rainfall |
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| month | Jan | Feb | March | April | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extremely high ° C | 24 | 26th | 29 | 33 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 34 | 28 | 25th |
| Normal high ° C | 4.2 | 12.4 | 13.6 | 19.6 | 23.9 | 29.5 | 31.9 | 31.0 | 26.7 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 6.7 |
| Normal low ° C | -5.2 | -3.2 | 1.8 | 7.2 | 12.8 | 17.8 | 19.9 | 18.4 | 13.9 | 7.0 | 2.2 | -2.8 |
| Extremely low ° C | -29.4 | -30 | -22.8 | -5.0 | -2.2 | 5.0 | 8.3 | 6.1 | -0.5 | -6.1 | -19.4 | -26 |
| Precipitation (cm) | 7.27 | 7.75 | 10.70 | 11.20 | 12.25 | 10.25 | 9.37 | 7.85 | 7.47 | 6.95 | 10.05 | 8.10 |
| Snow (cm) | 10.00 | 9.25 | 6.75 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 1.50 | 6.75 |
City history
overview
The settlement of New Harmony was preceded by three severe earthquakes on December 16, 1811, January 23, and February 7, 1812 , the epicentres of which were 200 km away near New Madrid . That New Madrid earthquake had a magnitude 7 and resulted in numerous aftershocks. These terrible events aroused the expectation of the near end of the world in the whole region , promoted chiliastic thinking and made possible the establishment of a chiliastic colony by Johann Georg Rapp , who, like Johann Albrecht Bengel, believed that the end times with the return of Christ and the dawn of the The millennial kingdom would happen on June 18, 1836 (according to his earlier statements: in August 1829, in 1831).
The original Harmony settlement was built in Pennsylvania in 1805 by order of the Württemberg pietist and chiliast Johann Georg Rapp by the Harmony Society , which is part of the inspiration movement . Rapp lived there with his followers until 1814 and sold the property to a local bank for $ 100,000 in order to establish a larger settlement. Because he was unable to buy additional land in Pennsylvania, he moved to Indiana and founded a second Harmony there .
In 1824, the town and its 121 km² land was sold to Robert Owen and William Maclure for $ 150,000 and named New Harmony . The Harmony Society moved back to Pennsylvania and established Economy in Ambridge . Robert Owen's experiment of the early socialist production cooperative in New Harmony with around 1000 inhabitants lasted only from 1825 to 1827; Robert Owen left town on June 1, 1827, eighteen months after the enthusiastic start. But even after its departure, New Harmony attracted numerous creative personalities with different life plans and important scientists who ensured that New Harmony survived as a city and became a city of culture and science that was important for the development of Indiana .
The Austrian writer Nikolaus Lenau visited New Harmony in 1832 for six months. The German ethnologist and naturalist Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied , the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer and the hunter David Dreidoppel carried out their German expedition to North America from 1832 to 1834 , stayed in New Harmony and from October 1832 to March 16, 1833 explored the city and its surroundings. Karl Bodmer also visited New Orleans in January 1833. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied described his impressions of New Harmony and its surroundings in his work Journeys in the Inner North America 1832–1834 , published in 1840/1841 .
Jane Blaffer Owen , wife of Kenneth Dale Owen, a great-great-grandson of Robert Owen, initially took care of the restoration and conservation of the log houses from the years 1814 to 1824 thanks to her financial means with the Robert Lee Bluffer Trust, which is named after her father and later for the building of the roofless church by the architect Philip Johnson and for the purchase of the altar figure Descent of the Holy Spirit by Jacques Lipchitz , both of which were inaugurated on May 1, 1960.
Jane Owen had heard lectures from the theologian Paul Tillich at the Union Theological Seminary in New York and laid out Paul Tillich Park in New Harmony , which was inaugurated on Pentecost 1963 in the presence of Paul Tillich. After Paul Tillich's death on October 22, 1965, his ashes were buried in this park on Pentecost 1966. Since May 1968 Paul Tillich memorial lectures have been held in the roofless church .
The Atheneum was built by Richard Meier between 1976 and 1979 and inaugurated on October 10, 1979. Its location on the Wabash River marks the place where the settlers moored their boats and ships to reach New Harmony. It serves as a tourist office (English: visitor center ), a city museum, a historical museum and a conference center. Through its picture windows it offers varied views of the city of New Harmony. The sculpture Search for Harmony by Tim Fitzgerald stands in front of the building .
New Harmony in the 19th century
Johann Georg Rapp
Johann Georg Rapp and his Harmony Society
George Rapp , son of a linen weaver and Weingärtners by profession also Leineweber, separated in 1785 in his hometown Iptingen in Württemberg as a separatist opponents of the Lutheran Church, as spiritualistic oriented Radical Pietist and as a Theosophist and Alchemist from the church. He rose to become the most important leader of the radical pietist movement in the Duchy of Württemberg and organized a network of relevant groups throughout the country. Without theological training and ordination , he held meetings in Iptingen in which "love feasts", religious feasts without sacramental meaning, were celebrated. He got into serious conflicts with the state church at the time and the state authorities, which treated him and various followers mildly in order not to make him a martyr .
In 1803, when the pressure from the authorities increased significantly, Rapp emigrated to America and in 1804 bought 1,640 hectares of land for $ 10,000 from Dettmar Basse to establish his first settlement called Harmony in Pennsylvania near the town of Zelienople . On February 15, 1805, Rapp founded the Harmony Society , but had the entire fortune registered for himself and his family. Upon joining, each new member had to sign the 1805 Article of the Unification Policy Statement . This resulted in the handover of the entire property and the renunciation of private property; Rapp committed himself to provide essential goods for the duration of the membership. Rapp referred to the Bible passage Acts 4,32 LUT . If a rapist wanted to leave the Harmony Society , a court ruling gave him back his deposited fortune without interest ; but if he had no assets when he joined, he received a severance payment . Several hundred followers who had followed Rapp to America built the settlement and worked as members of the Harmony Society in various professions and trades with growing economic success. Since there were no good traffic routes to sell the manufactured goods, because the nearest navigable river was 20 km and the city of Pittsburgh was still much further away from Harmony , but also to escape the increasing civilization, Rapp decided in 1813 to give up the city and for sale at a price of $ 100,000.
In the winter of 1813/14 Rapp traveled to Indiana . There he gradually bought around 12,300 hectares of swampy land on the Wabash river and shipping lane from the state for a price of $ 61,050. Only 70 Rappists (English: Rappites or Harmonist ) remained in Pennsylvania ; the remaining 730 moved to Indiana from 1814 to May 1815 to build their second city, Harmony . In 1817, 117 new emigrants from Württemberg came to Harmony because they wanted to escape the famine year of 1817 in Germany. They caused unrest because betrothed wanted to marry, which was forbidden in Harmony ; However, Rapp was forced to carry out some weddings.
Already shortly after 1805 there were many withdrawals, between 1815 and 1825 only 13 withdrawals. Most of Rapp's followers saw the time in New Harmony as the high point of the Rapp community. For example, the book in which the original deposits of the members were recorded was publicly burned in a solemn ceremony. Of course, much later it turned out that the Rapp family still had documents listing the amount of the deposits. According to various sources, the assets of the community treasury rose to $ 5 - 12 million by the time Rapp died in 1847. The members of the Harmony Society (even as already married) were obliged to live together ( Vita communis ) with sexual abstinence , renunciation of private life and exclusively collective work; Only attending the evening religious meetings and the two Sunday services was free. Rapp adamantly monitored compliance with these obligations.
Rapp allowed the Rappists to address him as father . He saw himself as a God- inspired prophet and preacher and as a theocratic "bishop" of the Harmony Society , while his son John (Johann) Rapp to death (1812) and then his adoptive son Frederick Reichert Rapp to death (1834) Managed the community fund of the Harmony Society and, together with the associates, regulated the economic interests of the Harmony Society and its members.
In 1824, Rapp found that the outlets for his products were too far away, malaria was a constant threat, there were problems with neighbors, and the Rappists felt isolated because there were no other German settlements nearby. So Rapp decided to sell Harmony and to found a new settlement called Economy (today's place name: Ambridge ) 18 miles north of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania , which he was later able to develop into a model town and an economic empire. At Christmas 1824 he sold Harmony to Robert Owen for $ 150,000 , and the move to Economy was completed in the summer of 1825.
The founding years 1814–1824
In 1814, the area of what is now Posey County , where the Harmony Society wanted to build their city of Harmony , was populated by only six families who had survived the severe earthquakes of 1811-1812 and the constant aftershocks. When John Baker and the first 100 Rappists docked with the ship on the banks of the Wabash River in July 1814 , the wilderness welcomed them in an almost apocalyptic way with hot, humid tropical temperatures, hours of thunderstorms and myriads of mosquitoes that pounced on their blood donors. The settlers were just about able to measure and mark out the city with its chessboard-like streets when most of them fell ill with malaria and those who were still healthy had to be cared for, so that work was out of the question for weeks.
The remaining Rappists reached their new settlement with nine other ships by May 1814. First they laid out the cemetery , where they had to bury 120 settlers who had died of malaria in the first three years.
Then they cleared the forest with the trees that had fallen in the earthquake, cleared the land, drained the swamps and planted fields, orchards and vineyards . In the first year they built in Harmony hundred log cabins (English: Log Cabin ). Little by little, the city emerged in full beauty with tree-lined avenues, with over 125 log houses, which were later largely replaced by two-story half - timbered houses and served as residential houses for families. These houses had attached stables, tool sheds and toilets , were surrounded by cottage gardens with flowers, vegetables and herbs and separated from the street by picket fences . The single lived in four elongated brick houses with large dormitories. The inn provided for sociable hours. In total, the Harmony Society built 180 buildings, of which about 35 buildings have been preserved.
Between the city and the river were the over 14 hectares of orchards with apple and pear trees. There was also the 2 hectare vegetable garden and the 6.5 hectare vineyard. In total, the Rappists had cultivated 600 hectares of marshland by 1819 and 820 hectares by 1824.
When building the city, Rapp paid attention to the use of the latest technologies . He bought a steam engine and a threshing machine , built two large granaries and a spinning mill for products made from wool and cotton . The fields were of farms farmed, there was also a craft u. a. Pottery , rope makers , distilleries , wineries , blacksmiths , carpenters , shoemakers , tailors and cartwrights .
Harmony soon became a business hub in Indiana. The city's agricultural and industrial products were marketed in major American cities and abroad.
As in the other two settlements of the Harmony Society , Rapp laid out a labyrinth of tall beech hedges in the middle of which was a round grotto built from rough boulders, covered with straw and overgrown with wild vines , with a cave closed with a rough oak door inside was provided with delicate murals and inscriptions on the city harmony desired harmony pointed. When Rapp visited the labyrinth with foreign guests, he let the guests go first and then hurried on the only possible way to his seat by the grotto, where he gleefully watched the guests wandering around and unable to find the way to the grotto without his help could. In 1939–1941, this labyrinth was replanted in a different location based on a drawing perhaps made by Rapp, and the cave, which no longer exists, was reconstructed based on the model of the cave that still existed in Economy ; it's a maze state memorial .
The churches and the cemetery of Harmony
Soon after his arrival, Rapp had a wooden church built in Harmony, in which he held services from 1815 until the church was largely destroyed by lightning. Then Rapp had the wooden church rebuilt. In addition to a tower clock, the tower also had a tower hood with a roof turret and a weather vane. The pictures show that the tower hood was removed between 1826 and 1832. Robert Owen used the church as a workshop and training center for carpenters and shoemakers. He converted the floor space on the first floor into a dormitory with three-story beds and a classroom for the apprentices.
One day Rapp declared that he had dreamed three times and that in the dream he had been given the blueprint for a new church that also had to be built. The Rappists thought that an angel had personally given their father Rapp the blueprint. Then they built the church from 1822 out of red bricks; the church was 120 feet long and 28 feet high (feet = 30.48 cm). The entrance door to Kirchstrasse was called the Door of Promise ; the door frame bore the year 1822 at the top and below it, as a symbol of the biblical promise, the golden rose , which Frederick Reichert Rapp , Johann Georg Rapp's adoptive son, had carved there. The inscription Micha 4th BC was written under the golden rose . 8th.
Inside was a large hall in the shape of a Greek cross ; the roof was supported by wooden pillars. Above that was a second large hall under a dome. Outside, the dome was surrounded by a wide balcony, on which the town band gave their concerts every Sunday evening. A model of the church from 1822 is on display in the Atheneum .
The Golden Rose , a symbol of the Harmony Society , took Rapp's book Christoph Schütz, appeared in the second edition in 1731 under the title. Güldene rose or a witness to the truth of us now so imminent Güldenen time of the millennial and eternal kingdom of Jesus Christ and the associated restoration of all things.
Robert Owen, who bought the churches in 1824, was an avowed atheist and forbade any religious practice in New Harmony; therefore in 1826 about 80 people left the city of New Harmony and founded settlement No. 2 Maclura two miles from New Harmony, where they could hold their services undisturbed. Robert Owen used the church from 1822 as a lecture room, concert hall and ballroom and gave it the name: Hall of New Harmony . After Owen left the town of New Harmony, the building fell into disrepair until descendants of Rapp went to the town of New Harmony in 1874 to build a wall from the bricks of the church around the former cemetery of the Rappists, which was planted with robinia.
In this cemetery , the deceased Rappists were buried in communal graves without burial mounds or tombstones at the place where the burial mounds of an earlier indigenous population were already located. Between 1814 and 1824, 226 members of the Harmony Society were buried. There were many children among them; some families have up to 6 family members here.
The University of Southern Indiana built in 1988 on the grounds of these two churches a Church Park (English Church Park ) with various recreational facilities and 2003 by Don Gummer erected bronze fountain Fountain of commitment , of Kenneth Dale Owen , the husband of Jane Owen , is dedicated. The outlines of the church from 1822 were emphasized by plantings. A replica of the Door of Promise with the Golden Rose stands in its historical place.
Robert Owen
The early socialist production cooperative
Robert Owen , along with other scholars and writers, including William Maclure , Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, and Thomas Say , came to Harmony on a keelboat called the Philanthropist . The scientists called themselves Boatload of Knowledge (German: a boat load of knowledge ) and were resident on a cargo boat in the Wabash River . Together with William Maclure , Robert Owen bought the town of Harmony and the 121 km² land holdings for $ 150,000 from Johann Georg Rapp in 1824 and gave the town the new name New Harmony .
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Robert Owen founded here in 1825 an early socialist cooperative named Owen community and the line, leaving his son William Owen, while its cotton mill in New Lanark ( Scotland sold) and called another production cooperatives in North America to life. When he returned to New Harmony, the failure of his experiment was foreseeable. The Duke Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach visited him there and described his impressions in the second part of his work Journey Sr. Highness of Duke Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach through North America in the years 1825 and 1826 , which his friend Johann Wolfgang von Goethe edited before publication in Weimar .
The production cooperative in New Harmony with around 1000 inhabitants existed only from 1825 to 1827. The individualistic anarchist Josiah Warren (1798-1874), who was himself a member of the experiment under Owen, attributed the failure to the fact that the participants too little independence in their private decisions were left. That is why it was impossible to reach a consensus on the question of a "correct" way of life that is binding for each individual. The sociologist and Owen biographer Helene Simon sees the failure as being due to the fact that Owen wanted to establish a social democracy, but did not plan or build appropriate institutions to balance the various interests. The experiment also failed because members were accepted into the production cooperative who were not suitable, and because Robert Owen was absent from New Harmony for a long time and was therefore unable to influence the development of the production cooperative, especially in the early days.
On the other hand, Robert Owen had succeeded in bringing numerous scientists to New Harmony, who later made New Harmony a scientific center of North America. In addition to William Maclure, they also included Thomas Say and Charles-Alexandre Lesueur and two sons of Robert Owen. The son David Dale Owen became the chief geologist of Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota and the USA and from 1839 to 1856 the head of the first central office for geological research in the USA based in New Harmony, from which the US Geological Survey grew . The youngest son Richard Owen also became a senior geologist from Indiana and North America, served as a professor at Indiana University Bloomington from 1864 to 1872, and was the first president of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana from 1872 to 1874 .
Robert Owen left New Harmony on June 1, 1827, eighteen months after the enthusiastic start. But even after its departure, New Harmony attracted numerous creative personalities with different life plans, who ensured that New Harmony survived as a city and became a city of culture and science that was important for the development of Indiana , in which innovation was recognized North America was home to the first public schools with equal education for boys and girls, the first public vocational school, the first workers' institute, the first public library and the first public kindergarten. The kindergarten in New Harmony was the reason for the English loan word kindergarten . Feminists in New Harmony enforced women's suffrage in New Harmony long before women's suffrage was introduced in Indiana or other US states.
Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer in New Harmony
The German ethnologist and natural scientist Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied , the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer and the hunter David Dreidoppel traveled to North America from 1832 to 1834 and stayed in New Harmony from October 19, 1832 to March 16, 1833 and explored the city and its surroundings. Their hope of meeting Indians there was not fulfilled.
Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied was bedridden here for two months, he had to cure his cholera . He used the stay for research and discussions with the local scientists Thomas Say and Charles-Alexandre Lesueur . Thomas Say had made a research trip from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains between 1819 and 1820. Since Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied was planning a similar trip, he was interested in the scientific results of that trip to the area west of the Mississippi, which was still inhabited by Indians.
In his Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834 , Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied described New Harmony and the Wabash River as follows:
- New Harmony is currently a large village of about 600 souls, the buildings of which are partly made of bricks and not connected to each other, but often separated from each other; the streets are square, wide and unpaved. The church built by Rapp is empty and has been converted into a lovers' theater. New Harmony's position is not uncomfortable.
- The Wabash, a beautiful river as thick as the Moselle, often still wider, meanders through the banks, some of which have been built up, but which recently were covered everywhere with large forests. A hilly area covered with forest adjoins the Wabash lowlands, which in some years the latter is for the most part flooded by the river and thereby gains fertility. Now in winter this lowland was partly covered with the dried up maize plants, which in this condition serve as straw for the food of the cattle, and the grass strips near the river were covered with the high dead remains of a blue flowering liatris.
- The place itself is on a slightly higher point of the lowland, surrounded by its orchards, and does not suffer from flooding. At New Harmony the Wabash divides into two arms, of which the eastern cutoff river is called, but still into several, and forms many wooded islands, of which the larger ones are inhabited. On the wooded range of hills bordering the lowland one has a nice view of the area and the place, and here Mr. Bodmer also took the very faithful view of New Harmony.
- New Harmony is surrounded everywhere by its fields, which are about 600 to 800 paces in diameter, then high forests rise all around, in which the settlers have laid out their small fields everywhere. These people are usually known by the name of Backwoodsmen, as they grow up like half savages, sometimes without schooling and without clergy. The forests in which they inhabit are extremely extensive, their soil extremely fertile.
On their return journey Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Karl Bodmer and David Dreidoppel visited New Harmony again from June 6th to 9th, 1834; here they met Robert Dale Owen, Thomas Say, William Maclure and Charles Alexandre Lesueur for a scientific exchange. Four months later, on October 10, 1834, Thomas Say died of typhus in New Harmony at the age of 47 .
New Harmony in the 20th century
Philip Johnson's “Roofless Church”
When Jane Owen was restoring the historic log cabins in New Harmony, she thought about rebuilding the church from 1822 because the plan had been preserved. But when she found the hint from the writer George Sand that only one roof, namely the sky , was wide enough to gather all humanity for worship, she decided instead to build a roofless church that is open to all religions for religious practice should. Jane Owen was able to win the American architect Philip Johnson for her building project.
Philip Johnson created a rectangular inner courtyard lined with trees, measuring 69 by 38 meters. The inner courtyard is surrounded by a four meter high red brick wall that hides the view of the adjacent housing estate.
The visitor enters the nave through one of the gates designed by Jacques Lipchitz ; his gaze goes through the trees to the wide sky and the canopy in front of the wall at the back and covered with shingles .
The canopy, which Philip Johnson calls the shrine , is vaguely reminiscent of Gothic canopies, for example the canopy in the Maria Laach abbey church , but it does not stand above an altar as in Maria Laach, but above the sculpture Descent of the Holy Spirit by Jacques Lipchitz. Philip Johnson says the shrine is a pure form - ugly or beautiful - and nothing but pure form. At the same time he was building a nuclear reactor in Rechowot , Israel, the reactor dome of which is almost identical in shape to this canopy; that reactor dome is also there in an inner courtyard.
Philip Johnson believes that in a building, the interior and exterior spaces must penetrate each other. The roofless church lives from this tension-filled allocation of the nave bounded by the outer wall as the interior and the boundless outer space as the exterior.
Philip Johnson thus relates the space enclosed inside to the space that surrounds the building upwards. The interior expands into a cosmic expanse, it is - as Philip Johnson calls it - geared towards an outdoor room , towards an extra-portal dimension . To put it philosophically: the limited is transparent towards the infinite. Or to put it another way: the infinite breaks vertically into the finite from above.
The roofless church was consecrated on May 1st, 1960. Philip Johnson received the award for her design in 1961: First Prize from the American Institute of Architects .
The bronze figure Pieta by the Californian artist Stephen de Staebler, completed in 1988, stands on the eastern brick wall .
The Paul Tillich Park
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The Paul Tillich Park is a 1000 m² landscape park modeled with hills and valleys and lined with conifers, through which a narrow path leads. On the edge of the hill stand three boulders with inscriptions from sermons by Paul Tillich , as well as the gravestone for Paul Tillich and - with a lake in the background - James Rosati's bust by Paul Tillich from 1967. The inscriptions were made by the native German Ralf A. Beyer, a student of Henry Moore , worked into the boulders. The park was inaugurated on June 2, 1963 (Whitsun) in the presence of Paul Tillich.
The three boulders bear the following inscriptions in English (translation: Rüdiger Reitz):
- Whoever tries to live without authority is trying to be like God who is alone by himself. And like everyone who wants to be like God, he is prostrated to self-destruction, be it a single human being, be it a nation, be it a section of history like ours.
- Today we know, what the New Testament always knew, that miracles are signs indicating the presence of divine power in nature and history, and that they are in no way negations of the laws of nature.
- Man and nature belong together in their created glory - in their tragedy and in their redemption.
Paul Tillich died in 1965 at the age of 79. His ashes were buried at sunrise on Pentecost 1966 in Paul Tillich Park by Jerald Brauer, dean of the Divinity School where Tillich last taught. The tombstone made of red granite, which stands between fir trees, reminds in English of the 3rd verse of the 1st Psalm : Paul Johannes Tillich 1886 - 1965. And it should be like a tree, planted on streams of water, which brings its fruit to its Time and its leaves do not wither, and everything that he does is fine with him.
The American clergyman Bill Ressl from Brookfield, Illinois, designed a virtual Tillich Park labyrinth on the floor plan of Paul Tillich Park, which gives an insight into the thinking of Paul Tillich.
The Atheneum
The Atheneum was built by Richard Meier between 1976 and 1979 and inaugurated on October 10, 1979. The name Atheneum and the radiant appearance of the exterior are said to be reminiscent of the Temple of Athena in the Acropolis of Athens. The construction costs were covered by the Lilly Endowment of Indianapolis Foundation and the Kranert Charitable Trust . The sculpture Searching for Harmony by Tim Fitzgerald has stood in front of the Atheneum since 1990 .
Richard Meier received three awards for his design: the Architecture Award in 1979 , the American Institute of Architecture Award in 1982 and the Twenty-five Year Award in 2008 .
The Atheneum serves as a tourist office (English: visitor center ), a city museum and a history museum. Large viewing windows allow different views of the city and emphasize the opening to the outside.
Located on the edge of the first Harmony settlement and its orchards near the Wabash River, the building is a reminder that the settlers docked their boats and ships here to reach Harmony. A wooden fence in the vicinity of the building marks the Harmony border and encloses the area of the former orchards.
politics
Town twinning
As a German city foundation, the population of New Harmony Germany feels connected. There is a town partnership with the German municipality of Wiernsheim , which reminds us that Johann Georg Rapp was born in Iptingen (a part of the municipality of Wiernsheim). As part of the city partnership, a German art festival will take place in New Harmony on the third weekend in September .
Culture and sights
Tourist Office
The tourist office is located in the Atheneum (intersection of North Street and Arthur Street). This is where the visitor center is , and this is where the city tours begin.
Opera house and theater
- Drama and concerts take place in the Opera House .
- Performances at the New Harmony Theater run from June to August and October to November. The theater is run by the University of Southern Indiana in Evansville.
Museums
- Workingmen's Institute and City History Collections (407 W Tavern Street).
- City Museum in the Atheneum with models of the city from 1824 and the church from 1822 (intersection of North Street and Arthur Street).
- Historical museum in the Atheneum with an exhibition on the scientists and intellectuals who lived in New Harmony (intersection of North Street and Arthur Street).
- In the Lichtenberger Store Building (corner of Tavern Street and Main Street) there is an exhibition about the expedition by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer . The exhibition shows all of Karl Bodmer's panels from the work Journey to Inner North America in the years 1832 to 1834 by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied. It can be viewed as part of guided tours (as of 2007).
- New Harmony Gallery of contemporary art with contemporary works by artists from the American Midwest (506 Main Street).
- The Scholle House shows changing exhibitions (E Tavern).
- The 1850 doctor's office displays a collection of medical and pharmaceutical items from the second half of the 18th century (Church Street and Brewery Street)
Parks
The New Harmony Historic District has been a National Historic Landmark (NHL) since June 23, 1965 . It is protected by the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association . It was surveyed by the Historic American Building Survey and entered on October 15, 1966 as a Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places . The district is a joint project between the University of Southern Indiana at Evansville and the Division of Indiana State Museums & Historic Sites . Other names for it are New Harmony State Historic Site and New Harmony State Memorial .
Johann Georg Rapp's reconstructed labyrinth is a Labyrinth State Memorial .
Harmonie State Park is located on the Wabash River and has a picnic area and campground , a conservation center and recreational activities for campers, anglers and hikers. Hiking trails and bike paths open up an almost untouched natural landscape. Boats you have brought with you can be left on ramps in the Wabash. The Harmonie State Park is a state park of Indiana and was opened in 1966 with the size of 3,465 acres (= 1.4 hectares). The park is on Romaine Road , a side street off 69.
The Bendix Woods County Park is located near the intersection of the road 2 and Timothy Road. It is equipped with a picnic area, conservation center and hiking trails.
The Carol Owen Coleman memorial garden is a city park with fountains.
Economy and Infrastructure
traffic
New Harmony is located on IN 66 , 68 , and 69 that connects New Harmony with the city of Crossville, Illinois and with the cities of Evansville , Poseyville, Mount Vernon, and Griffin, Indiana. Roads 68 and 69 lead to nearby Interstate 64 for access to the cities of St. Louis , New Albany, and Louisville .
To the west is New Harmony on the New Harmony Toll Bridge to the Illinois State Route 14 connected.
Public facilities
The closest hospitals are here:
- Cornerstone Healthcare of Illinois Inc. in Carmi, Illinois (15 miles away)
- Wabash General Hospital in Mount Carmel, Illinois (22 miles away)
- Deaconess Hospital Inc. in Evansville (27 miles away)
education
schools
In New Harmony there is the following elementary and middle school (Public primary / middle school): New Harmony Elementary & High School with about 230 students and the education level PK-12 (PO Boc 396, 1000 East Street, New Harmony, IN 47631- 0396). This school is under the sponsorship of the New Harmony Town and Township Corp .
City archive and city library
The city archives and the library founded by William Maclure in 1838 with 23,000 volumes and numerous media are located in the Workingmen's Institute (New Harmony, 407 W Tavern).
Colleges and universities
The following colleges and universities are in the vicinity:
- University of Southern Indiana at Evansville (27 miles away)
- University of Evansville at Evansville (27 miles away)
- Trinity Theological Seminary - Trinity College in Newburgh (35 miles away)
- Vincennes University in Vincennes (77 km away)
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Charles Joseph Norwood (1853–1927) geologist, son of Joseph Granville Norwood, 1904–1912 director of the Geological Survey of Kentucky.
Personalities who have worked on site
- Johann Georg Rapp (1757–1847) city founder of (New) Harmony and head of the Harmony Society
- Rosina Rapp (1786–1849), daughter of Johann Georg Rapp (named after the golden rose ).
- Gertrude Rapp (1808–1889), granddaughter of Johann Georg Rapp, daughter of John (Johann) Rapp, who died in 1812
- Frederick Reichert Rapp (originally Friedrich Reichert) (1775–1834), adopted son of Johann Georg Rapp with leading positions within the Harmony Society
- Robert Owen (1771–1858) social reformer, British entrepreneur and early socialist
- Robert Dale Owen (1801–1877) son of Robert Owen, social reformer, philosopher, professional politician
- William Owen (1802–1842) son of Robert Owen, leader of the Owen community in the absence of his father, writer, editor of the New Harmony Gazette , founder of the Harmony Thespian Society
- David Dale Owen (1807–1860) son of Robert Owen, geologist and artist, chief geologist from Arkansas, 1859–60 from Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota and 1839–1856 head of the first central office for geological research in the USA (forerunner of US Geological Survey ) based in New Harmony
- Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy (1806–1861) Third daughter of Robert Owen, wife of Robert Henry Fauntleroy, educator and founder of a school for young women in New Harmony
- Richard Owen (1810–1890) son of Robert Owen, geologist, chief geologist from Indiana (1860/1861) and the United States, professor at Indiana University Bloomington 1864–1872, first president of Purdue University 1872–1874 in West Lafayette, Indiana
- William Maclure (1763–1840) founder of American geology, president of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia .
- Thomas Say (1787–1834) founder of American entomology, scientist in the fields of conchology and carcinology.
- Lucy Way Sistare, wife of Thomas Say, a draftsman and illustrator of conchology and first female member of the Academy of Natural Sciences
- Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) French naturalist and painter, lived in New Harmony from 1825–1837.
- Gerard Troost (1776-1850) geologist
- Joseph Granville Norwood (1807–1895) geologist
- Edward Travers Cox (1821–1907) geologist
- Leo Lesquereux (1806–1889) Swiss paleobotanist
- Jacob Schneck (1843–1906) doctor, botanist, writer
- David Starr Jordan (1851–1931) ichthyologist, educator
- Robert Henry Fauntleroy (1806–1849) husband of Jane Dale Owen, engineer
- Marie Duclos Fretageot (1783–1833) mother of Achille Emery Fretageot, French educator with the methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , later spent her retirement in Paris.
- Achille Emery Fretageot (1813–1873), son of Achille H. and Marie Duclos Fretageot, co-founder of the Labor Institute and the library
- Josiah Warren (1798–1874) social reformer, inventor, writer
- Margaret Chappellsmith (1806–1883) lecturer and writer
- John Chappellsmith (1806–1895) husband of Margaret Chapellsmith, painter and writer
literature
The city history
- Heinrich Luden (ed.): Sr. Highness of Duke Bernhard's journey to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach through North America in the years 1825 and 1826. Second part. With 9 vignettes, 2 charts and 1 plan. Weimar 1828. (Page 130ff: Chapter XXI. Journey from St. Louis to New-Harmony. Mr. Owen's system for improving the world and attempt. Page 310ff .: Supplement. Constitution, laws and ordinances for a community. By Mr. Owen. )
- Stephen S. Witte, Marsha V. Gallagher (Eds.): The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied. Volume I: May 1832 – April 1833. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 2008. (English translation of Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's diary with a detailed description of his stay in New Harmony.)
- GB Lockwood, The New Harmony Communities , New York 1905.
- Erich Küspert: New Harmony. A historical comparison between two views of life. Nuremberg contributions to the economic and social sciences issue 59/60, Verlag Krische & Co., Nuremberg 1937.
- Thilo Ramm (Ed.): The early socialism. Source texts (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 223). Kröner, Stuttgart 1956, DNB 364506377 .
- Karl JR Arndt: George Rapp's Harmony Society 1785–1847. Philadelphia 1965.
- Don Blair, The New Harmony Story , The New Harmony Publication Committee, 1967.
- William E. Wilson, The Angel and the Serpent, The Story of New Harmony. Indiana University Press Bloomington, 2nd ed. 1967.
- Ernst Bloch: Freedom and Order. Outline of the social utopias. Rowohlt Verlag Hamburg 1969.
- Hermann Schempp: Community settlements on a religious and ideological basis. Tubingen 1969.
- Julius Lengert: Utopian experiments of the 19th century in the USA. Diss. 1970, Munich 1973.
- New Harmony as seen by participants and travelers. Porcupine Press, Philadelphia 1975.
- Karl JR Arndt: A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society, 1814-1824. 2 volumes, Indianapolis 1975-78.
- Manfred Hahn: New Harmony or the attempts of practical evidence against capitalist society. Pre-Marxist socialism as communities. State of research. Bremen 1983.
- Eberhard Fritz: Radical Pietism in Württemberg. Religious ideals in conflict with social realities . Tübingen 2003.
Paul Tillich and New Harmony
- Rüdiger Reitz: Paul Tillich and New Harmony. Evangelisches Verlagswerk Stuttgart 1970.
The Atheneum and the architect Richard Meier
- Heinrich Klotz (ed.): The Athenaeum. Text by Richard Meier . In: Yearbook for Architecture: Neues Bauen 1980–1981, pages 53–64.
- Werner Haker: New Harmony and the Athenaeum by Richard Meier. In: Werk, Bauen + Wohnen, December 1980, pages 44–53.
- Richard Meier: Comments on The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana; Manchester Civic Center, Manchester, New Hampshire. In: Harvard Architectural Review, Spring 1981, pp. 176-187.
- Richard Meier: The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana 1975-79. ADA Edita Tokyo Co Ltd., Tokyo.
Remarks
- ↑ Source: New Harmony Historic District ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ In the current Bible translations (e.g. Micha 4,8 LUT ) the translation from the Hebrew has been changed as a result of the historical-critical research on the Bible manuscripts of the Book of Micha. In the Luther Bible of 1534 the translation of Micah 4 verse 8 was as follows: And you thurm Eder / a feast of the daughter of Zion / Your golden rose will come / the previous one / the kingdom of the daughter Jerusalem. Martin Luther wrote the following declaration next to the text: (Gülden Rose) Your kingdom / if you want to go slowly / It should and must come / So hold on tight and suffer / It must give the creutz the churches of Christ.
- ↑ According to another list, 219 people were buried. The list of names can be found in Karl JR Arndt: A Documentary History of the Indiana Decade of the Harmony Society, 1814-1824 . 2 volumes, Indianapolis 1975-78, p. 300 f.
- ↑ American Institute of Architects : list of winners
- ↑ Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Indiana. National Park Service , accessed July 22, 2019.
- ^ New Harmony Historic District on the National Register Information System. National Park Service , accessed August 27, 2017.
Web links
- Historical images of New Harmony in the Library of Congress (English)
- Search for "New Harmony" Indiana in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
- New Harmony . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 12, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 112.
- The New International Encyclopædia 1905: New Harmony (English)
- New Harmony (English)
- History of New Harmony with bibliography and related web links (English)
- Scientists, Educators, Writers & Artists in New Harmony (English with biographies)
- General Rules and Regulations, Proposed by Mr. Owen, for at Independent Community, subject to seeking alterations in circumstances may indicate (English)
- Equitable Commerce by Josiah Warren from 1852 (English; PDF; 454 kB)
- Report on New Harmony in Volume 1 of the book "Journey to Inner North America in the Years 1832 to 1834" by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (Chapter VIII from page 164)
- The Harmonist Labyrinths ( Memento from February 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- Charles Alexandre Lesueur and his pictures from New Harmony (PDF; 70 kB)
- The Atheneum (English)
- Tillich Park maze