Milky Stars

Milky Stars
	Umbellate Milky Star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum )
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily :	Scilloideae
Genre :	Milky Stars
Scientific name
	Ornithogalum
	L.

Arabian Milky Star ( Ornithogalum arabicum )

Ornithogalum arcuatum

Ornithogalum balansae

Green Milky Star ( Ornithogalum boucheanum )

Ornithogalum candicans

Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. is offered as an ornamental plant in pots.

Ornithogalum montanum

Narbonne Milky Star ( Ornithogalum narbonense )

Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. kochii

Nodding Milky Star ( Ornithogalum nutans )

Pyramid Milky Star ( Ornithogalum pyramidale )

Pyrenees Milky Star ( Ornithogalum pyrenaicum )

Ornithogalum reverchonii

Ornithogalum sintenisii

Ornithogalum trichophyllum

Ornithogalum umbellatum

Ornithogalum wiedemannii

The milk stars ( Ornithogalum ), also called bird's milk , star of Bethlehem, Gärtnertod or Gärtnerschreck, are a plant genus of the tribe of the Ornithogaleae from the subfamily of the Scilloideae and thus belong to the asparagus family ( Asparagaceae ) today . The botanical name of the genus and the tribe is derived from the Greek words ornis for bird and gala for milk. They are native to Europe, western Asia, Africa and Madagascar.

features

The milk stars are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes develop onions as persistent organs. The few to a few basal leaves are simple, grass-like and fleshy. The leaf margins are smooth or hairy.

Two to many flowers are clustered together in corymb or racemose inflorescences . There are small membranous bracts in the inflorescence . The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The six similar to slightly dissimilar bracts are free and mostly white, sometimes yellow-green or green striped, rarely orange. The filaments of the six stamens are attached to the backs of the anthers . The stamens are flat, usually wide, sometimes petal-like and run into a tooth at the level of the anthers on both sides. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown; it is six-winged. The only stylus is short with a simple or trilobal stigma . There are fruit capsules with many spherical to egg-shaped seeds formed.

Many species of onions in particular are poisonous due to cardenolides ( convallatoxin and convallosid ).

Systematics

The systematic classification of the milk stars has changed frequently. If they were previously assigned to the lily family, today they are (according to Franz Speta ) as a separate tribe Ornithogaleae in the subfamily Scilloideae.

The scope of the genre is handled differently depending on the author. In the broad generic definition, 200 to 300 species are added, in the narrow generic definition around 50 species remain.

According to Manning et al. In 2004 all genera of the tribe Ornithogaleae are incorporated into the genus Ornithogalum L. Manning et al. (2009) Albuca , Pseudogaltonia and Dipcadi are separated from Ornithogalum . Martínez-Azorin et al. (2011) favor a narrower genus concept within the tribe Ornithogaleae with 19 genera. In Central Europe, ten species are native to the broad version of the genus, while six remain in the genus with a narrow version.

The first description by Carl von Linné was published in 1753 in the first edition of Species Plantarum . The genus Ornithogalum includes the following species which are classified according to their occurrence (double naming possible):

Flora of Europe and Northern Africa

Ornithogalum alatum Turrill : It occurs on the eastern Balkan Peninsula.
Ornithogalum amphibolum Zahar. : It occurs from Bulgaria to the southern Republic of Moldova and northern Greece.
Ornithogalum armeniacum Baker : It occurs from North Macedonia to southern and western Turkey.
Ornithogalum atticum Boiss. & Heldr : It occurs in south-eastern Greece and in Evia .
Ornithogalum baeticum Boiss. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Portugal and Spain.
Green Milky Star ( Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch. )
Ornithogalum bourgaeanum Jord. & Fourr. : It occurs in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands, France and Italy.
Ornithogalum broteroi M.Laínz : It occurs in Portugal, western Spain and western Morocco.
Ornithogalum collinum cast. : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum collinum subsp. collinum : It occurs in southern Europe.
- Ornithogalum collinum subsp. rhodium Speta : It occurs on Rhodes .
Ornithogalum comosum L .: It occurs from Central and Southeastern Europe to Turkey.
Ornithogalum concinnum Salisb. : It occurs in Portugal and in western Spain.
Ornithogalum corsicum Jord. & Fourr : It occurs in Sardinia and Corsica.
Ornithogalum creticum Zahar. : It occurs in Crete.
Ornithogalum cuspidatum Bertol. : It occurs in West Asia.
Ornithogalum dalmaticum Speta : It was first described from Croatia in 2016.
Ornithogalum × degenianum Polg. (= Ornithogalum boucheanum × Ornithogalum umbellatum ): It occurs in eastern Central Europe.
Ornithogalum divergens Boreau : It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Central Europe.
Ornithogalum euxinum Speta : It occurs in the European part of Turkey.
Ornithogalum exaratum Zahar. : It occurs on the Greek islands of Evia and Samos .
Ornithogalum exscapum Ten. : It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Albania, Greece and in the former Yugoslavia.
Fringed Milky Star ( Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd. ): With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum fimbriatum subsp. fimbriatum : It occurs from south-eastern Europe to the Crimea .
- Ornithogalum fimbriatum subsp. gracilipes (Zahar.) Landström : It occurs in southern and central Greece.
Ornithogalum fischerianum Krasch. : It occurs from Ukraine to western Siberia.
Ornithogalum gorenflotii (Moret) Speta : It occurs in the High Atlas in Morocco.
Ornithogalum graecum Zahar. : It occurs in Greece.
Ornithogalum × gugliae ram (= Ornithogalum boucheanum × Ornithogalum comosum ): It occurs in Austria.
Ornithogalum gussonei Ten. : It occurs in Italy and from Greece to southwestern Turkey.
Ornithogalum immaculatum Speta : It occurs in Greece.
Ornithogalum insulare Kypriotakis, Antaloudaki & Tzanoudakis The species first described in 2018 occurs in Crete.
Ornithogalum lychnite Speta : It occurs in North Macedonia.
Mountain Milky Star ( Ornithogalum montanum Cirillo ): It occurs from central and southern Italy to Transcaucasia.
Narbonne Milky Star ( Ornithogalum narbonense L. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean region to western Iran.
Ornithogalum navaschinii Agapova : It occurs in the Crimea and from Turkey to northern Iran.
Nodding Milky Star ( Ornithogalum nutans L. ): It originally occurs from Bulgaria to Turkey, but is a neophyte in the rest of Europe and North America.
Ornithogalum oreoides Zahar. : It occurs from northeastern Bulgaria and from Romania to southwestern Ukraine.
Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. : With five subspecies:
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. acuminatum (Schur) Zahar. : It occurs in the southern Carpathians.
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. : It occurs in northwestern Africa and from Europe to Iran.
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. orbelicum (Velen.) Zahar. : It occurs in the mountains of Bulgaria.
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. orthophyllum : It occurs in central and southern Italy.
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. psammophilum (Zahar.) Zahar. : It occurs in eastern Romania.
Ornithogalum ostrovicense F.K.Mey. : It occurs in Albania.
Ornithogalum pascheanum Speta : It occurs on the eastern Aegean islands and in north-western Turkey.
Ornithogalum pedicellare Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Cyprus.
Ornithogalum pluttulum Speta : It was first described in 2016. It occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey.
Ornithogalum ponticum Zahar. : It occurs in the Crimea and in the Caucasus.
Ornithogalum prasinantherum Zahar. : It occurs in Albania and Greece.
Ornithogalum pumilum Zahar. : It occurs from Crete to the eastern Aegean islands.
Ornithogalum pyramidale L .: It occurs from Central Europe to Eastern Romania.
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L .: It occurs from Western and Central Europe to the Mediterranean area.
Ornithogalum refractum kit. ex Schltdl. : With two varieties:
- Ornithogalum refractum var. Refractum : It occurs from Hungary to the Caucasus.
- Ornithogalum refractum var. Adalgisae (H.Groves) Nyman : It occurs in southeastern Italy and Croatia.
Ornithogalum reverchonii Lange : It occurs in southern Spain and also used to occur in Morocco.
Ornithogalum saginatum Speta : It was first described in 2016. It occurs from Romania to Turkey.
Ornithogalum sessiliflorum Desf. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Ornithogalum sibthorpii Freyn & Sint. (Syn .: Ornithogalum nanum Sm. , Nom. Illeg.): It occurs in northwestern Turkey as well as in Greece and on Crete.
Ornithogalum spetae Wittmann : It occurs in Greece.
Ornithogalum sphaerolobum Zahar. : It occurs on Kastelorizo in the Aegean Sea.
Ornithogalum televirnum Speta : It was first described from Croatia in 2016.
Ornithogalum trichophyllum Boiss. : It occurs in Libya, Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and Cyprus.
Ornithogalum ulixis (Speta) Out : It occurs from western Greece to the Greek islands in the Ionian Sea.
Umbellate Milky Star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum L. ): It originally occurs from Europe to the eastern Mediterranean area, but is a neophyte in numerous other countries.
Ornithogalum umbratile tornad. & Garbari : It was first described in 2003. It occurs in Italy.
Ornithogalum visianicum Tomm. : It occurs in Croatia.
Ornithogalum wiedemannii Boiss. : With two varieties:
- Ornithogalum wiedemannii var. Wiedemannii : It occurs from northeastern Greece to Turkey.
- Ornithogalum wiedemannii var. Reflexum (Freyn & Sint.) Speta : It occurs in northern Turkey.
Ornithogalum × wildtii Podp. (= Ornithogalum boucheanum × Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. Kochii ): It occurs in the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Ornithogalum woronowii Krasch. : It occurs in the Crimea and in the western Caucasus.

Flora Middle East and Asia

Ornithogalum adanense Demirci & E. Kaya : It was first described in 2014. It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum alatepense Yild. & Kiliç It was described from Turkey in 2016.

Ornithogalum alpigenum Stapf : It occurs in south-western and southern Turkey.

Ornithogalum amblyocarpum Zahar. : It occurs in western Transcaucasia.

Ornithogalum amplificatum (Speta) Aslan : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum anamurense Speta : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum anatolicum Zahar. : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum apiculatum Zahar. : It occurs in Syria.

Arabian Milky Star ( Ornithogalum arabicum L. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region and in western Sudan .

Ornithogalum arcuatum Steven : It occurs from eastern Turkey to northern Iran.

Ornithogalum arianum Lipsky : It occurs from southern Turkmenistan to northwestern Afghanistan.

Ornithogalum armeniacum Baker : It occurs from North Macedonia to southern and western Turkey.

Ornithogalum balansae Boiss. : It occurs from Turkey to the Caucasus.

Ornithogalum beyazoglui Bağcı, Savran & ODDüşen : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum boissieri Bidarlord & F.Ghahrem. : It was first described in 2016 from Iran.

Green Milky Star ( Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch. )

Ornithogalum brevipedicellatum Boiss. ex Baker : It occurs in southwestern Turkey.

Ornithogalum bungei Boiss. : It occurs in Iran.

Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum chionophilum Holmboe : It occurs in the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus.

Ornithogalum demirizianum H.Malyer & Koyuncu : It occurs in Turkey in the vicinity of Ankara .

Ornithogalum divergens Boreau : It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Central Europe.

Ornithogalum erichpaschei (Speta) Uysal & Ertugrul : It wasfirst describedin 2011 as Loncomelos erichpaschei Speta . It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum fischerianum Krasch. : It occurs from Ukraine to western Siberia.

Ornithogalum fuscescens Boiss. & Gaill. : It occurs from Syria to Israel.

Ornithogalum gabrielianiae Agapova : It occurs in the southern Transcaucasia.

Ornithogalum graciliflorum K. Koch : It occurs from central Turkey to Transcaucasia.

Ornithogalum hajastanum Agapova : It occurs from northeastern Turkey to Transcaucasia.

Ornithogalum hyrcanum Grossh. : It occurs from the southeastern Transcaucasia to Iran.

Ornithogalum imereticum Sosn. : It occurs in western Transcaucasia.

Ornithogalum improbum Speta : It occurs in western Turkey.

Ornithogalum iranicum Zahar. : It occurs in Iran.

Ornithogalum iraqense Feinbrun : It occurs in northern Iraq.

Ornithogalum isauricum O.D.Düsen & Sümbül : It occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum joschtiae Speta : It occurs in north-western Turkey.

Ornithogalum khuzestanicum Heidaryan, Hamdi & Assadi : It was first described in 2012. It occurs in Iran.

' Ornithogalum kilicii Yild. : The species first described in 2017 occurs in Turkey.

Ornithogalum kuereanum Speta : It occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum kurdicum Bornm. : It occurs in northern Iraq.
Ornithogalum lanceolatum Labill. : It occurs from southern Turkey to Israel.
Ornithogalum libanoticum Boiss. : It occurs in southern Lebanon.
Ornithogalum luschanii Stapf : It occurs from eastern Turkey to western Iran.
Ornithogalum macrum Speta : It occurs in Turkey in the vicinity of Antalya .
Ornithogalum magnum Krasch. & Schischk. : It occurs in the Caucasus.
Ornithogalum malatyanum Mutlu : It was first described in 2012 and occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum mekselinae Varol : It was first described in 2005 and occurs in Turkey.
Mountain Milky Star ( Ornithogalum montanum Cirillo ): It occurs from central and southern Italy to Transcaucasia.
Ornithogalum munzurense Speta : It occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum mysum Speta : It occurs in western Turkey.
Ornithogalum nallihanense Y? Ld. & Do? Ru-Koca : It was first described in 2010 and occurs in northwestern Turkey.
Narbonne Milky Star ( Ornithogalum narbonense L. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean region to western Iran.
Ornithogalum navaschinii Agapova : It occurs in the Crimea and from Turkey to northern Iran.
Ornithogalum neurostegium Boiss. & Blanche : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum neurostegium subsp. Eigii (Feinbrun) Feinbrun : It occurs from Syria to Israel.
- Ornithogalum neurostegium subsp. neurostegium : It occurs from Turkey to Jordan and to western Iran.
Ornithogalum nivale Boiss. : It occurs in northern and western Turkey.
Ornithogalum nurdaniae Bagci & Savran : It was first described in 2009 and occurs in Turkey.
Nodding Milky Star ( Ornithogalum nutans L. ): It originally occurs from Bulgaria to Turkey, but is a neophyte in the rest of Europe and North America.
Ornithogalum ocellatum Speta : It occurs in the western Transcaucasia.
Little-leaved Milky Star ( Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke ): It occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to northwestern Iran.
- Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. : It occurs in northwestern Africa and from Europe to Iran.
Ornithogalum pamphylicum O.D.Düsen & Sümbül : It occurs in southwestern Turkey.
Ornithogalum pascheanum Speta : It occurs on the eastern Aegean islands and in north-western Turkey.
Ornithogalum persicum Hausskn. ex Bornm. : It occurs from eastern Turkey to western Iran.
Ornithogalum pluttulum Speta : It was first described in 2016. It occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey.
Ornithogalum ponticum Zahar. : It occurs in the Crimea and in the Caucasus.
Ornithogalum pycnanthum Wendelbo : It occurs in western Iran.
Ornithogalum rausii (Speta) Danin : It occurs on the Hermon in Lebanon.
Ornithogalum refractum kit. ex Schltdl. : With two varieties:
- Ornithogalum refractum var. Refractum : It occurs from Hungary to the Caucasus.
Ornithogalum saginatum Speta : It was first described in 2016. It occurs from Romania to Turkey.
Ornithogalum samariae Zahar. : It occurs in Israel.
Ornithogalum sanandajense Maroofi : It was first described in 2010. It occurs in Iran.
Ornithogalum sandrasicum Y? Ld. : It was first described in 2009. It occurs in southwestern Turkey.
Ornithogalum sibthorpii Freyn & Sint. (Syn .: Ornithogalum nanum Sm. , Nom. Illeg.): It occurs in northwestern Turkey as well as in Greece and on Crete.
Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn & Sint. : It occurs in northeastern Turkey.
Ornithogalum sintenisii Freyn : It occurs from the eastern Caucasus to northern Iran.
Ornithogalum sorgerae Wittmann : It occurs in southern and central Turkey.
Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum A. Kern. : It occurs from Central and Southern Europe to Syria.
Ornithogalum sumbulianum O.D.Düsen & Deniz : It was first described in 2005. It occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum tardum (Speta) Uysal & Ertugrul : It occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum transcaucasicum Miscz. ex Grossh. : It occurs from northeastern Turkey to Transcaucasia.
Ornithogalum trichophyllum Boiss. : It occurs in Libya, Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and Cyprus.
Ornithogalum uluense Speta : It occurs in north-western Turkey.
Umbellate Milky Star ( Ornithogalum umbellatum L. ): It originally occurs from Europe to the eastern Mediterranean area, but is a neophyte in numerous other countries.
Ornithogalum vasakii Speta : It occurs in Turkey.
Ornithogalum wiedemannii Boiss. : With two varieties:
- Ornithogalum wiedemannii var. Wiedemannii : It occurs from northeastern Greece to Turkey.
- Ornithogalum wiedemannii var. Reflexum (Freyn & Sint.) Speta : It occurs in northern Turkey.
Ornithogalum woronowii Krasch. : It occurs in the Crimea and in the western Caucasus.

Flora southern and tropical Africa

Ornithogalum abyssinicum Fresen. : It occurs in Ethiopia.
Ornithogalum adseptentrionesvergentulum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province .
Ornithogalum aetfatense U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the South African province of Mpumalanga .
Ornithogalum anguinum F.M. Light . ex Oberm. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape .
Ornithogalum annae-ameliae U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in Swaziland .
Ornithogalum baurii Baker : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
Ornithogalum benguellense Baker : It occurs in Angola.
Ornithogalum bicornutum F.M. Light . : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum britteniae F.M.Leight. ex Oberm. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
Ornithogalum campanulatum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum candicans (Baker) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to the southern Mpumalanga .
Ornithogalum capillaris J.M.Wood & MSEvans : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to Mpumalanga .
Ornithogalum cernuum Baker : It occurs in southern tropical Africa.
Ornithogalum ciliiferum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum conicum Jacq. : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum conicum subsp. conicum : It occurs in the Western Cape.
- Ornithogalum conicum subsp. strictum (L.Bolus) Oberm. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum constrictum F.M.Leight. : It occurs in the southeastern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum convallarioides H.Perrier : It occurs in western Madagascar.
Ornithogalum corticatum Mart.-Azorín : It was first described in 2007. It occurs in the Northern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum decus-montium G. Will. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum deltoideum Baker : It occurs from Namibia to the North Cape .
Ornithogalum diphyllum Baker : It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal.
Ornithogalum dolichopharynx U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum dregeanum Kunth : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Orange Milky Star ( Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. ): It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum esterhuyseniae Oberm. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum falcatum (GJLewis) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs in Namibia avor.
Ornithogalum filicaule J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum fimbrimarginatum F.M.Leight. : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum fissurisedulum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in Namibia.
Ornithogalum flexuosum (Thunb.) U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in southern Africa.
Ornithogalum gambosanum Baker : It occurs in Angola.
Ornithogalum geniculatum Oberm. : It occurs from Namibia to northern South Africa.
Ornithogalum gildenhuysii van Jaarsv. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum gracillimum R.E.Fr. : It occurs from southern Ethiopia to Kenya.
Ornithogalum graminifolium Thunb. : It occurs in southern Africa.
Ornithogalum gregorianum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum haalenbergense U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in southwestern Namibia.
Ornithogalum hallii Oberm. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum hispidulum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in Namibia.
Ornithogalum hispidum Hornem. : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum hispidum subsp. hispidum : It occurs from Namibia to the Cape Province.
- Ornithogalum hispidum subsp. bergii (Schltdl.) Oberm. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum inclusum F.M. Light. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum juncifolium Jacq. : It occurs in southern Africa.
Ornithogalum leeupoortense U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum lithopsoides van Jaarsv. : It occurs in the south-southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum longicollum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum maculatum Jacq. (Syn .: Ornithogalum rossouwii U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies ): It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum mater-familias U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum monophyllum Baker : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum monophyllum subsp. monophyllum : It occurs from Mpumalanga to Swaziland .
- Ornithogalum monophyllum subsp. Eckardtianum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
Ornithogalum multifolium Baker : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum namaquanulum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum nanodes F.M.Leight. : It occurs from Namibia to the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum naviculum W.F.Barker ex Oberm. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum neopatersonia J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It was first described in 2006 and occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum niveum Aiton : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum paludosum Baker : It occurs in southern Africa.
Ornithogalum pendens van Jaarsv. : It occurs in the Western Cape. It was first described in 2009.
Ornithogalum perdurans A.P. Dold & SAHammer : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum pilosum L.f. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum polyphyllum Jacq. : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum princeps (Baker) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs from the southwestern Cape Province to western KwaZulu-Natal.
Ornithogalum pruinosum F.M.Leight. : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum puberulum Oberm. : With two subspecies:
- Ornithogalum puberulum subsp. puberulum : It occurs in Namibia.
- Ornithogalum puberulum subsp. chris-bayeri U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in Namibia.
Ornithogalum pullatum F.M. Light . : It occurs in the Western Cape Province.
Ornithogalum regale (Hilliard & BLBurtt) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs only in the Drakensberg in South Africa.
Ornithogalum rogersii Baker : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum rotatum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum rupestre L.f. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum sardienii van Jaarsv. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Giant Chincherinchee ( Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker ): It occurs from Mpumalanga to KwaZulu-Natal .
Ornithogalum sephtonii Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
Ornithogalum subcoriaceum L.Bolus : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum synadelphicum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum tanquanum (Mart.-Azorín & MBCrespo) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum thermophilum F.M. Light. : It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
Ornithogalum thunbergii Kunth : It occurs in the Cape Province.
Cape Milky Star ( Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. ): It occurs in the Cape Province.
Ornithogalum tropicale Baker : It occurs in Sierra Leone .
Ornithogalum verae U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum viridiflorum (I.Verd.) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to Lesotho .
Ornithogalum xanthochlorum Baker : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Ornithogalum zebrinellum U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies : It occurs in the Cape Province.

supporting documents

literature

Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 318 (English). ( online at efloras.org; English).
Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
John Charles Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Michael F. Fay: A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 60, No. 3, 2004, pp. 533-568, DOI: 10.1017 / S0960428603000404 .
Constantinos Alexandros Zahariadi: Ornithogalum L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 35–40 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1591.

Individual evidence

↑ Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 318 (English). , online (English).

↑ John Charles Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Michael F. Fay: A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 60, No. 3, 2004, pp. 533-568, DOI: 10.1017 / S0960428603000404 .

↑ ^a ^b John C. Manning, Felix Forest, Dion S. Devey, Michael F. Fay, Peter Goldblatt: A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions. In: Taxon , Volume 58, No. 1, 2009, pp. 77-107, online ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

^ Franz Speta: Hyacinthaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 3: Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 , pp. 261-285.

^ ^A ^b Mario Martínez-Azorín, Manuel B. Crespo, Ana Juan, Michael F. Fay: Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA regions, including a new taxonomic arrangement. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 107, No. 1, 2011, pp. 1-37, DOI: 10.1093 / aob / mcq207 .

^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 . . Fischer et al. divide the Central European species into three genera.

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . 1st edition, Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 306 ( online ).

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv ^hw ^hx ^hy Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ornithogalum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 28, 2018.

↑ Zacharias Kypriotakis, Eleftheria Antaloudaki, Dimitris Tzanoudakis: Ornithogalum insulare (Hyacinthaceae): A new species from the Cretan area (S. Aegean, Greece) . Botanica Serbica, 41 (1), 2018, pp. 117-122 doi : 10.5281 / zenodo.1173566

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Franz Speta: Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter and O. sigmoideum Freyn & Sint. are not identical. In: Linz Biological Contributions. Volume 22, No. 2, Linz 1990, pp. 787-829 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).

↑ Franz Speta: Ornithogalum improbum (Hyacinthaceae), a new species from Bozdaǧ near Izmir (Turkey). In: Willdenowia Vol. 22, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 119-124, JSTOR 3996872 .

^ Franz Speta: Ornithogalum macrum Speta (Hyacinthaceae), a strange new species from Turkey. In: Folia Geobotanica. Volume 26, No. 3, 1991, pp. 349-355, DOI: 10.1007 / BF02912756 .

↑ Franz Speta: Ornithogalum MySum Speta, a new species from the O. montanum-relationship (Hyacinthaceae). In: Phyton (Horn, Austria). Volume 31, No. 1, 1991, pp. 57-66 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).

Web links

Commons : Milky Stars ( Ornithogalum ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

The subfamily in APWebsite (English)
The species occurring in Austria with links to profiles. (German)
Entry in Plants for a Future. (English)
Description in the Western Australian Flora. (English)
Valid types and synonyms at Kew in the Monocot Checklist.

[FNA-1] Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Ornithogalum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 318 (English). , online (English).

[Manning2004-2] John Charles Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Michael F. Fay: A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 60, No. 3, 2004, pp. 533-568, DOI: 10.1017 / S0960428603000404 .