Suddenly last summer

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Movie
German title Suddenly last summer
Original title Suddenly, last summer
Country of production United States
original language English
Publishing year 1959
length 114 minutes
Age rating FSK 12
Rod
Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz
script Gore Vidal
production Sam Spiegel for Columbia Pictures
music Malcolm Arnold ,
Buxton Orr
camera Jack Hildyard
cut William Hornbeck ,
Thomas Stanford
occupation
synchronization

Suddenly last summer (Original title: Suddenly, Last Summer ) is a feature film by the American director Joseph L. Mankiewicz from 1959 . The drama is based on the play Suddenly Last Summer (original title: Suddenly, Last Summer ) by Tennessee Williams . The film was produced by Sam Spiegel for Columbia Pictures in association with Academy Productions and Horizon Films .

The black and white film is set in the American southern states and focuses on the young Catherine (played by Elizabeth Taylor ), who is in psychiatric treatment after the death of her cousin during a trip to Europe . To suppress the truth about her son's homosexuality and violent death, Catherine's eccentric aunt ( Katharine Hepburn ) plans to have the girl undergo brain surgery to calm her down . This is to be carried out with the help of a young, financially dependent neurologist ( Montgomery Clift ).

The plot fragments of Williams' one-act act were extended to film length by Gore Vidal . However, at the end of the Catholic Legion of Decency , all direct references to homosexuality were removed. Tennessee Williams later distanced himself from the film version of his work. He accused director Mankiewicz of an overly realistic staging, especially with regard to the cannibalism motif that appears in the play. Still, the film was a hit box office and earned Oscar nominations for its leading actresses Elizabeth Taylor and Katharine Hepburn .

action

The USA in 1937: The Chicago doctor Dr. Cukrowicz performs initial lobotomies on patients suffering from severe schizophrenia at Lions View mental hospital in New Orleans . During neurosurgery , nerve tracts in the patient's brain are severed, which leads to a personality change. The conditions for Cukrowicz are not the best. During an operation in front of medical students, an operating lamp fails, the operating theater, a former library, as well as the entire institution, are in dire need of renovation. While Dr. Cukrowicz to the director of the state hospital, Dr. Lawrence Hockstader, complaining and threatening to go back to Chicago, suddenly pushes a letter into his hand. The letter is from Violet Venable, widow and richest woman in town. She expresses interest in Cukrowicz's work and announces that she will allow the hospital to benefit from her financial support. In addition, Mrs. Venable would like to speak to the Chicago experts personally on an urgent matter.

On the same day, Dr. Cukrowicz met Mrs. Venable in her elegant home. The brain specialist is astonished to find, instead of an old widow, a glamorous elderly lady dressed entirely in white and her secretary, Miss Foxhill. Mrs. Venable, who recently lost her husband and son, is herself characterized by a weak constitution, but is keeping up the legacy of her son Sebastian, which among other things consists of a jungle-like garden with Venus fly traps . The young and unknown poet is said to have been in search of God after a stay on the Galápagos Islands , as his mother, who is very fond of him, puts it. He died of a heart attack while in Europe last summer . When Cukrowicz asks Mrs. Venable about possible financial support for Lions View, she tells him about the niece of her late husband, Catherine Holly, who is at St. Mary's Mental Hospital and reportedly suffering from dementia praecox . Catherine had accompanied Sebastian on his trip to Europe last summer and has been obsessed with delusions, memories and hallucinations since his death. She suffers from fits of anger, according to Mrs. Venable, and railed against the character and moral values ​​of her deceased son. Since Catherine is no longer tolerated at St. Mary's for allegedly trying to seduce a 60-year-old gardener, Dr. Cukrowicz to take them up. Despite the risks, which the doctor made clear to her, Mrs. Venable hopes for a lobotomy for Catherine in Lions View and in return wants to support Cukrowicz in his research with the Sebastian Venable Memorial Foundation.

Soon, Dr. Cukrowicz made the acquaintance of Catherine Holly at St. Mary's Mental Hospital. In the library, the beautiful young woman tries to get a cigarette from the brain specialist in the presence of a sister. When she is asked not to do this, she burns the sister's hand with the cigarette. Cukrowicz sends the nun away to talk to Catherine in private. The woman first tries with bitter sarcasm to maintain the role of the nervous patient, but then gives it up after offering a cigarette and becomes talkative. Catherine knows that she is in the mental hospital on the instructions of her aunt, whose love for her son exceeded that of a mother, as she reports. In order to be close to her son on a trip, Mrs. Venable even abandoned her husband, who had sent for her when he was dying. Sebastian also only exploited the people, Catherine tried to "save" him. When asked, she can only vaguely remember the death of her cousin in a southern Spanish village called Cabeza de Lobo (German: "Head of the Wolf") and suffers a nervous breakdown. Catherine also tells him that she was raped by a married man at a Mardi Gras ball last spring and that she has not remembered anything since that momentous event. Apparently completely confused, she kisses Dr. Cukrowicz, who promises to help Catherine find the truth.

After meeting Catherine, Dr. Cukrowicz transfer her to Lions View, where she receives special treatment. She is allowed to wear her own clothes and is housed in the sisters' rooms. Here, while visiting her mother, Grace Holly, and her brother George, Catherine learns that Dr. Cukrowicz is a brain surgeon and is supposed to perform a lobotomy on her. Violet Venable insists on the operation as this is the only way the Holly family can take advantage of Sebastian's $ 100,000 inheritance. Catherine's mother has already signed the declaration of consent. In a panic, the young woman tries to escape from the sanatorium, but inadvertently opens the wrong door, is attacked by insane male patients and can be saved from them at the last minute. The trust between Dr. Cukrowicz and Catherine have been tested but can be restored by the doctor. A meeting between Catherine and Violet Venable arranged by Cukrowicz in the mental hospital brings further insights to light. Sebastian preferred Catherine to his mother as a traveling companion, as she lost her attraction with age. Both Sebastian's cousin and his mother had served him as matchmakers in order to be able to make contact with people more quickly in the fashionable vacation spots. While Mrs. Venable tries to get Dr. To persuade Hockstader to move Catherine's operation forward, Catherine attempts suicide, but a nurse is able to save her from falling several meters deep.

Dr. Meanwhile, Cukrowicz had serious doubts about Catherine's insanity and the next day arranged another meeting between aunt and niece at Mrs. Venable's house. Cukrowicz gives his patient an injection, whereupon Catherine, in the presence of Violet Venable, whose secretary Miss Foxhill, Dr. Hockstader as well as her mother and brother can remember what happened last summer. After the rape, Catherine had started to keep a diary in the third person, but was torn from her agony by Sebastian and selected as a travel companion to Europe. During his stay, however, the restless young man lost his inspiration for the poetic work that was so important to his mother and was insensitive to female advances. In Cabeza de Lobo, where Sebastian met his death, he had his cousin wear a sexy bathing suit against her will in a public swimming pool, which appeared transparent in the water so that young men could become aware of Catherine. Through this maneuver, Sebastian came into contact with men whom he impressed with copious tips. While visiting a restaurant a few days later, Catherine and Sebastian were begged by hungry street children, as they had before. As the two of them left the pub, Mrs. Venables, increasingly sickly and angry, was chased by the mob through the streets up to a hill of ruins, where she was torn apart in a cannibalistic act under Catherine's eyes . While Catherine finds liberation through speaking the truth, Violet Venable falls into mental derangement.

History of origin

Literary template

The film is based on the play Suddenly Last Summer (original title: Suddenly, Last Summer ) by the successful American playwright Tennessee Williams (1911-1983). The one-act play was performed on January 7, 1958 with Williams' piece Something Unspoken under the joint title Garden District Off-Broadway at the York Theater. Herbert Machiz took over the direction. The premiere cast included Anne Meacham as Catherine, Hortense Alden as Violet Venable and Robert Lansing as Dr. Cukrowicz.

Suddenly, Last Summer , which at the time openly dealt with the taboo subjects of homosexuality , prostitution , cannibalism and insanity, was unanimously welcomed by critics, and leading actress Anne Meacham received the Obie Off-Broadway Theater Prize for best actress for her portrait of Catherine . The London premiere of the play took place in September 1958 at the Arts Theater with Patricia Neal as Catherine, Beatrix Lehmann as Violet Venable and David Cameron as Dr. Cukrowicz instead. Suddenly, Last Summer was received comparatively coldly by British criticism.

As in many pieces by Tennessee Williams, Suddenly, Last Summer combines events from the life of the author and also from the life of Williams' idol, the homosexual poet Hart Crane (1899–1932): He committed suicide at the age of 32. Tennessee Williams, homosexual himself, was devoted to his sister Rose, who was a great influence on him. Rose Williams was an elegant beauty. She suffered from schizophrenia and spent most of her adult life in mental hospitals. After unsuccessful attempts to treat her, Rose underwent a lobotomy in Washington in 1943 . This neurosurgical operation saw the severing of nerve tracts in the patient's brain and was originally used to eliminate pain in extremely severe cases that caused a personality change. The procedure developed by the Italian Fiamberti and the Portuguese Antônio Egas Moniz (both received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1949 ) was later also carried out on patients with psychoses and depression. The lobotomy, which fell into disrepute in the early 1950s because of its significant side effects, was disastrous for Rose Williams and made her condition worse. Tennessee Williams has never been able to forgive his parents for agreeing to the surgery, and the incident is said to have driven him into alcoholism . He dealt with the theme of the insane heroine both with the character of Catherine in Suddenly, Last Summer , and with that of Laura Wingfield and Blanche DuBois in Die Glasmenagerie (1944) and Endstation Sehnsucht (1947). The figure of Sebastian in Suddenly last summer , like that of Tom Wingfield (The Glass Menagerie), is considered autobiographical.

filming

Script and cast

For the film version Suddenly last summer , the also homosexual writer Gore Vidal wrote the screenplay without the help of Tennessee Williams, although his name was later found as a co-author on the script. Williams was at the height of his career at the time the film was made, after Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) 's film adaptation Die Katzen auf dem HOT Tin Roof (1958 ) was a huge success. Film producer Sam Spiegel was hoping for similar success and bought the rights to the play from Williams for $ 50,000.

The American Joseph L. Mankiewicz was hired to direct . The two-time Oscar winner, contrary to his habit, did not work on the script because his wife had died a year earlier and he had not put anything on paper since. Vidal's script fascinated Mankiewicz, as did Williams' other work. "I think it's a strange mixture of poetry, drama and an analytical free association ... Tennessee's concept of psychiatry and psychiatrists is far more bizarre compared to reality than its concept of cannibalism. You are probably more likely to encounter cannibalism than psychiatrists doing the way Tennessee makes them act. He has a large puppet theater concept (original: "grand guignol concept") of psychiatry: you either accept it or you don't. But I don't think anyone should or could look at 'Suddenly, Last Summer' as a comment to psychiatry, ” Mankiewicz said decades later.

For the role of Catherine, the 27-year-old Elizabeth Taylor was engaged, who had starred in the successful film version of The Cat on a Hot Tin Roof alongside Paul Newman a year earlier . The actress had risen to become an absolute box-office star and was free to choose her film projects since her studio contract with MGM expired. Her third husband, film producer Michael Todd , had recently died in a plane crash. Taylor hit the headlines in the year of filming when she began a liaison with entertainer and singer Eddie Fisher , after which he divorced his wife, famous actress Debbie Reynolds , and married Taylor (in the film Fisher was supposed to take on an extra role as a street boy begging Taylor for a bite of bread). For Suddenly last summer she received the then unimaginably high sum of 500,000 US dollars as a fee and thus advanced to the highest paid film star of her time (in 1961 she was to double this amount and received 1,000,000 US dollars for Cleopatra , the star named Elizabeth Taylor "The Most Expensive Woman in the World" ). By choosing Taylor, Spiegel decided against Patricia Neal, whose portrayal he had admired in the London production of the play. "Losing this film was the toughest professional setback of my life," Neal would later announce.

Taylor showed an interest in casting Montgomery Clift in the lead male role, with whom she had previously worked on the films A Place in the Sun (1951) and The Land of the Rain Tree (1957). The 38-year-old actor, who kept his own homosexuality a secret from the public, was considered to be in poor health at the time, which was due to a car accident four years ago in which he sustained severe facial injuries. Clift was addicted to alcohol and other drugs and hardly in demand as a film actor. He steadfastly refused to take television offers. "Only an idiot would hire Montgomery Clift," said film producer Pandro S. Berman , when he was suggested to cast the role of Dimitri in the MGM production The Brothers Karamazov (1958) with Clift, which would later be given to Yul Brynner . However, at the urging of Elizabeth Taylor, Clift received the part of Dr. Cukrowicz.

Katharine Hepburn was won over for the role of the calculating Violet Venable , who was one of Hollywood's great stars and who had won an Oscar for Best Actress and had six nominations before filming. Tennessee Williams later said he was unsettled by Hepburn's choice because he initially considered her too young for the role. In the stage version, Hortense Alden played the part in a wheelchair. Albert Dekker , Oscar winner Mercedes McCambridge , Gary Raymond and Mavis Villiers have also been hired for other supporting roles . Scriptwriter Gore Vidal and Tennessee Williams' partner Frank Marlo can be seen fleetingly in the opening sequence, watching the lobotomy.

Filming

The film was shot suddenly last summer from May to August 1959 in Shepperton Studios in Surrey and in nearby London. The film crew consisted mostly of American actors and British technicians, who were paid less wages than Hollywood standards. The external filming took place on the Spanish Costa Brava . Mercedes McCambridge described the mood on the English film set as tense. The shooting itself was not accessible to outsiders. "Everyone involved in the movie was so unhappy," said McCambridge. Taylor was still not over the death of her husband Mike Todd while Hepburn was concerned about the health of her significant other, Spencer Tracy . Since the late 1950s, Tracy became increasingly ailing, which is why Hepburn kept putting her own career on hold to take care of this. Clift tormented himself over the filming and relieved his frustration by having himself regularly driven to Wormwood Scrubs Prison before filming started so that he could yell at the inmates from his car window.

Mankiewicz, who also suffered from health problems during the shoot, viewed Clift as a "great risk" ("a crazy drunk, a pill-foggy man, confused and contentious") . His main actor disappointed him after the first test shots, whereupon Mankiewicz wanted to fire Clift. It was very difficult for him to keep his text and not concentrate for more than half a day. However, Taylor took sides for Clift, whereupon Sam Spiegel claims to have spent several hours with his main actor and immobilized him with the help of coffee and tablets for the film shoot. The scenes have been divided into many short takes for Clift. Both Taylor and Hepburn were loyal to him, including on additional rehearsals.

Hepburn himself disapproved of such methods, and the shooting was overshadowed by a dispute between Spiegel and director Joseph L. Mankiewicz and her, as the American playwright and writer Garson Kanin describes in his book Tracy and Hepburn (1971). Kanins wrote the scripts for such successful comedies as Ehekrieg (1949) and Frank Capras Pat and Mike (1952), which Hepburn and partner Spencer Tracy had offered a common platform. According to Kanin, Katharine Hepburn is said to have been very upset about the way Spiegel and Mankiewicz treated leading actor Montgomery Clift, who suffered from the lack of social acceptance of his homosexuality throughout his life. After it became apparent that Hepburn would no longer be needed for scenes to be re-shot, she reprimanded Mankiewicz and Spiegel, and an argument ensued, with it being unclear whether one or both men were involved in the quarrel.

Mankiewicz was impressed by Taylor's workload, which he paused after a few takes for the final monologue (“The last act 'aria' of the girl ...”) and found it to be physically and mentally exhausted a short time later. When he suggested that the shooting be postponed until the next day, she contradicted him and shot the entire "Williams aria" - in which Catherine remembers and speaks about what happened last summer - finished the same day. “Her talent is primitive in the best sense of the word: she didn't have the technique to go easy on herself; her emotional devotion was always total, " said Mankiewicz, who decades later rated her performance in the" Williams Aria "as " completely extraordinary " (original: " quite remarkable " ).

synchronization

The German dubbing produced the Aura-Film in 1960. Beate von Molo wrote the dialogue book and Conrad von Molo directed the dubbing .

role actor Voice actor
Catherine Holly Elizabeth Taylor Johanna von Koczian
Mrs. Violet Venable Katharine Hepburn Agnes Fink
Dr. Cukrowicz Montgomery Clift Niels Clausnitzer
Dr. Lawrence J. Hockstader Albert Dekker Klaus W. Krause
George Holly Gary Raymond Klaus Havenstein

reception

Suddenly last summer it premiered on December 22nd, 1959 in the US. The advertising campaign for the $ 3 million production was tailored entirely to Elizabeth Taylor. The film poster showed a color drawing of her in a white, low-necked swimsuit with the advertising slogan “Suddenly, last summer, Cathy knew she was being used for something evil!” (German: “Suddenly last summer, Cathy knew that she was for something Evil was used! " ) Provided. Despite topics such as homosexuality, incest and cannibalism, the film was a financial success and grossed 6.4 million US dollars. At the same time, it was the most successful film that Columbia Pictures brought out that year.

Suddenly last summer there was also an echo in the criticism, which praised the acting performances of the two leading actresses Katharine Hepburn and Elizabeth Taylor. The staging of Joseph L. Mankiewicz's seventeenth directorial work was generally criticized. The American magazine Time rated Suddenly last summer as “a psychiatric nursery drama” , while New Yorker's John McCarten rated the film as “a ridiculous and monotonous potpourri of incest, homosexuality, psychiatry” . Bosley Crowther ( The New York Times ) wrote of a "tiresome" film. The mental and sexual abnormality of the characters, which is indicated in hysteria, madness, mother complexes, pimp, homosexuality and cannibalism, was partially blurred in the film adaptation. This is mainly due to the Hays Code , which was still valid at the time , which placed value on the morally acceptable representation of crime, among other things, in American films. The censors of the time, especially the Legion of Decency , founded in 1933 , which vehemently opposed illegal content in films, had caused screenwriter Gore Vidal to omit many of Tennessee Williams' original dialogues from the film script. In contrast to the stage play, Sebastian's homosexuality is only hinted at, and his face and voice remain unrecognized by the audience, according to Vidal in Vito Russo's book Die Schwule Traumfabrik , published in 1981 , which deals with the representation and perception of gays and lesbians in Hollywood. Cinema deals. After the cuts, the Catholic film critics in the United States received the film largely benevolently.

Tennessee Williams distanced itself from the film version of his play, but praised the performances of Katharine Hepburn and Montgomery Clift. Although Williams highly praised Elizabeth Taylor's performance as Maggie in The Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , he disliked her in Suddenly last summer . "She [Taylor] just wasn't right as Catherine Holly ..." said Williams. He was very critical of the treatment of the cannibalism motif, which film director Mankiewicz had captured realistically on the screen as a central metaphor. Williams himself had repeatedly referred to his play as " allegory ", "about how people devour one another in an allegorical sense". He left a private screening of producer Sam Spiegel and called the film version a burlesque (original: "travesty" ).

Mankiewicz's film premiered in the Federal Republic of Germany on March 10, 1960.

On 13 November 2005 Suddenly, Last Summer on the Buenos Aires Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in Argentina republished . The most memorable film scenes are generally considered to be the sequence in which Elizabeth Taylor leaves the sea in a transparent white one-piece suit, as well as the pursuit and death of Sebastian. The latter was compared in Rob Epstein's and Jeffrey Friedman's 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet , based on Vito Russo's book, with the villagers' persecution of Frankenstein in James Whale 's 1931 film adaptation of the same name, Frankenstein .

Reviews

  • “The film dazzles with outstanding acting performances (Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor). It is what is called 'filmed theater'. Only towards the end does he achieve intense tension in the use of the film's own means. Even then one asks oneself about the meaning of the artistically encrypted drama and the only sure answer is that both the risk-taking producer Sam Spiegel and the director Joseph L. Mankiewicz drew too little intellectual benefit from so much effort. " ( Film service )
  • “Elizabeth Taylor was rightly chosen as niece, but her silent agony at its climax is theatrical. Katharine Hepburn plays the villainous and graceful matron with what looks like a stork's nest on her head and poses so thinly and presumptuously that she is a Mary Petty caricature. Montgomery Clift, as a brain surgeon, seems to be beset with pain and indifference ... Joseph L. Mankiewicz's directing is burdensome and sluggish, as is, in fact, the entire conceit of the drama. It should have been left on the off-Broadway stage. " ( New York Times )
  • "If there were prices for dubbing, Aura-Film would have the forehand." ( Filmwoche , 1960)

Awards

Elizabeth Taylor was the favorite for the trophy for Best Actress at the Academy Awards in 1960 (for 1959). The American actress had competed unsuccessfully for The Land of the Rain Tree and The Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in this category for the past two years and was in the lead up to Suddenly last summer with the Golden Globe for best actress in a drama and the Laurel Award of the Motion Picture Exhibitor Magazine . However, Taylor could not prevail at the ceremony on April 4, 1960 at the RKO Pantages Theater against the British Film Academy award winner Simone Signoret , who was honored for Jack Clayton's drama The Way Up . Taylor wasn't to receive her first Oscar until a year later for Daniel Mann's drama Telephone Butterfield 8 . Her screen partner Katharine Hepburn received her eighth Academy Award nomination and her third Golden Globe nomination.

Academy Awards 1960

  • nominated in the categories
    • Best Actress (Katharine Hepburn)
    • Best Actress (Elizabeth Taylor)
    • Best equipment - black and white

Golden Globe Awards 1960

  • Best Actress - Drama (Elizabeth Taylor)
  • nominated in the category Best Actress - Drama (Katharine Hepburn)
Further

1960 Laurel Awards

  • 1st Place Best Actress - Drama (Elizabeth Taylor)
  • 5th Place Best Actress - Drama (Katharine Hepburn)
  • 4th place best film music

Remake

In 1993 the British theater director Richard Eyre made another film into the film under the title Suddenly, Last Summer . The 82 minute remake, with Natasha Richardson in the role of Catherine, Maggie Smith as Violet Venable and Rob Lowe as Dr. Cukrowicz, was also based on Tennessee Williams' play and was broadcast as part of the Great Performances series. Maggie Smith was nominated for the prestigious American television Emmy Award for Best Actress in a TV Mini-Series or Special for her acting performance in 1993 , but could not stand up to Holly Hunter (The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom) prevail.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b cf. Philip C. Kolin: Tennessee Williams: a guide to research and performance . Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. u. a. 1998, ISBN 0-313-30306-1 , pp. 132-133.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g cf. Michelangelo Capua: Montgomery Clift: a biography . McFarland, London a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1432-4 , pp. 118-122.
  3. ↑ cf. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Brian Dauth: Joseph L. Mankiewicz: interviews . Univ. Press of Mississippi, Jackson 2008, ISBN 978-1-934110-23-2 , p. 21.
  4. ↑ cf. Stephen Michael Shearer, Patricia Neal: Patricia Neal: an unquiet life . Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington 2006, ISBN 0-8131-2391-7 , p. 200.
  5. ↑ a b cf. Tennessee Williams, Albert J. Devlin: Conversations with Tennessee Williams . Univ. Press of Mississippi, Jackson et al. 1986, ISBN 0-87805-262-3 , p. 154.
  6. ↑ cf. Larry Swindell: Spencer Tracy: A Biography . The World Publishing Company, New York, Cleveland 1969, pp. 243-247, 253 ff.
  7. ↑ cf. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Brian Dauth: Joseph L. Mankiewicz: interviews . Univ. Press of Mississippi, Jackson 2008, ISBN 978-1-934110-23-2 , p. 114.
  8. ↑ cf. Thomas Bräutigam : Stars and their German voices: Lexicon of the voice actors . Schüren, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89472-627-0 . (CD-ROM)
  9. ↑ cf. Brenda Maddox: Who's Afraid of Elizabeth Taylor? A Myth of Our Time . Evans, New York 1977, ISBN 0-87131-243-3 , pp. 151-153.
  10. ↑ cf. Spoto Donald Spoto: Elizabeth Taylor . Warner, London 1996, ISBN 0-7515-1501-9 , pp. 161-165.
  11. ^ A b Gregory D. Black: The Catholic crusade against the movies, 1940-1975 . Cambridge Univ. Pr., Cambridge 1998, ISBN 0-521-62905-5 , p. 159.
  12. ↑ cf. film service, 13/1960 (accessed via Munzinger Online )
  13. ↑ cf. Annette J. Saddik: The (Un) Represented Fragmentation of the Body in Tennessee Williams's 'Desire and the Black Masseur' and Suddenly Last Summer . In: Modern Drama. 41 (Fall 1998), No. 3, pp. 347-354.
  14. ↑ Film Week No. 12/1960.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on June 2, 2006 .